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illanfianllanlianli: 

LOEB  CLASSICAL  LIBRARY 

/-. 


PLUTARCH'S  LIVES 

x 

AGIS  AND  CLEOMENES 
TIBERIUS  AND  GAIUS  GRACCHUS 
PHILOPOEMEN  AND  FLAMININUS 


Translated  by 
BERNADOTTE  PERRLV 


Printed  in  Great  Britain 


VOLUMES  PUBLISHED 


GREEK  AUTHORS 


3  vols.     Vols.  I  &  II 
ASCLEPIODOTUS. 


ONASANDER 


ACHILLES  TAT1US 

AELIAN:  ON  ANIMALS. 

AENEAS.    TACTICUS. 

AESCHINES 

AESCHYLUS.     2  vols. 

ALCIPHRON.     AELIAN.     PHILOSTRATUS:  THE  LETTERS 

ANTIPHON  AND  ANDOC1DES,  see  MINOR  ATTIC  ORATORS 

APOLLODORUS.     2  vols. 

APOLLONIUS  RHODIUS 

THE  APOSTOLIC  FATHERS.     2  vols. 

APPIAN:  ROMAN  HISTORY.     4  vols. 

ARISTOPHANES.     3  vols. 

ARISTOTLE:  ART  OF  RHETORIC 

ARISTOTLE:  ATHENIAN  CONSTITUTION,  HLDEMIAN  ETHICS 

ARISTOTLE:  GENERATION  OF  ANIMALS 

ARISTOTLE:  METAPHYSICS.     2  vols. 

ARISTOTLE:  METEOROLOGICA 

ARISTOTLE:  MINOR  WORKS 

ARISTOTLE:  NICOMACHEAN  ETHICS 

ARISTOTLE:  OECONOMICA,  MAGNA  MORALIA  (with  METAPHYSICS 

ARISTOTLE:  ON  THE  HEAVENS  Vol.  II) 

ARISTOTLE:  ON  THE  SOUL,  PARVA  NATURALIA,  ON  BREATH 

ARISTOTLE:  ORGANON.  CATEGORIES,  ON  INTERPRETATION,  etc. 

ARISTOTLE:  POSTERIOR  ANALYTICS,  TOPICS 

ARISTOTLE:  OH  SOPHISTICAL  REFUTATIONS,  etc. 

ARISTOTLE:  PARTS,  MOVEMENT,  PROGRESSION  OF  ANIMALS 

ARISTOTLE:  PHYSICS.     2  vols. 

ARISTOTLE:  POETICS.     LONGINUS:  ON  THE  SUBLIME. 
DEMETRIUS:  ON  STYLE 

ARISTOTLE:  POLITICS 

ARISTOTLE:  PROBLEMS.     2  vols. 

ARISTOTLE :  RHETORICA  AD  ALEXANDRUM  (with  Problems,  Vol.  II) 

ARRIAN:  HISTORY  OF  ALEXANDER  and  INDICA.     2  vols. 

ATHENAEUS:  THE  DEIPNOSOPHISTS.     7  vols. 

ST.  BASIL:  LETTERS.     4  vols. 

CALLIMACHUS.  FRAGMENTS 

CALLIMACHUS.  HYMNS,  EPIGRAMS.  LYCOPHRON.  ARATUS 

CLEMENT  OF  ALEXANDRIA 

DEMOSTHENES     I:     OLYNTHIACS,     PHILIPPICS,     and     MINOR 
ORATIONS:  I-XVI1  and  XX 

DEMOSTHENES  II:  DE  CORONA  and  DE  FALSA  LEGATIONE 

DEMOSTHENES     III:     MEIDIAS,     ANDROTION,     ARISTOCRATES. 
TIMOCRATES  and  ARISTOGEITON,  I  and  II 

DEMOSTHENES  IV-VI:  PRIVATE  ORATIONS  and  IN  NEAERAM 

DEMOSTHENES  VFI:  FUNERAL  SPEECH,  EROTIC  ESSAY,  EXOR- 
DIA and  LETTERS 

DIG  CASSIUS.     9  vols. 

DIO  CHRYSOSTOM.     5  vols. 

DIODORUS  SICULUS.     12  vols.     Vols  I-VII,  IX  and  X,  XI 

DIOGENES  LAERTIUS.     2  vols. 

DIONYSIUS  OF  HALICARNASSUS:  ROMAN  ANTIQUITIES  7  vols. 

EPICTETUS.     2  vols. 

EURIPIDES.     4  vols. 

EUSEBIUS:  ECCLESIASTICAL  HISTORY.        vols. 

GALEN:  ON  THE  NATURAL  FACULTIES 

THE  GREEK  ANTHOLOGY.     5  vols. 

THE    GREEK    BUCOLIC    POETS:    THEOCRITUS.    BION. 
MOSCHUS 

GREEKELEGYandIAMBUSwiththeANACREONTEA.2vols. 

GREEK  MATHEMATICAL  WORKS,     2  vols. 

HERODOTUS.     4  vols. 

HESIOD  and  the  HOMERIC  HYMNS 

HIPPOCRATES.     4  vols. 

HOMER:  ILIAD.     2  vols. 

HOMER:  ODYSSEY.     2  vols. 

ISAEUS 

ISOCRATES.     3  vi 

ST.  JOHN  DAMASCENE:  BARLAAM  AND  IOASAPH 

JOSEPHUS.     9  vols.     Vols.  I-VII 

JULIAN.     3  vols. 

LONGUS:  UAPHNIS  AND  CHI.OE.    PARTHENIUS:  SELECTIONS 

LUCIAN.     8  vols.     Vols.  I-VI 


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FOUNDED    BY    JAMES    LOEB,    LL.D. 

EDITED    BY 
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L.  A.  POST,  L.H.D.   E.  H.  WARMINGTON,  M.A.,  F.R.HIST.SOC. 


PLUTARCH'S   LIVES 


PLUTARCH'S 
LIVES 

WITH  AN  ENGLISH  TRANSLATION  BY 
BERNADOTTE    PERRIN 

IN  ELEVEN  VOLUMES 
X 


AGIS  AND  CLEOMENES,  TIBERIUS 

AND  CAIUS  GRACCHUS 
PHILOPOEMEN  AND  FLAMININUS 


CAMBRIDGE,    MASSACHUSETTS 

HARVARD     UNIVERSITY     PRESS 

LONDON 

WILLIAM    HEINEMANN   LTD 

MCMLIX 


First  Printed  1921 
Reprinted  1950, 1959 


Printed  in  Great  Britain 


PREFATORY  NOTE 

As  in  the  preceding  volumes  of  this  series,  agree- 
ment between  the  Sintenis  (Teubner,  1873-1875) 
and  Bekker  (Tauchnitz,  1855-1857)  editions  of  the 
Parallel  Lives  has  been  taken  as  a  basis  for  the  text 
Any  preference  of  one  to  the  other,  and  any  im- 
portant deviation  from  both,  have  been  indicated. 
An  abridged  account  of  the  manuscripts  of  Plutarch 
may  be  found  in  the  Introduction  to  the  first  volume. 
No  attempt  has  been  made  to  furnish  either  a 
diplomatic  text  or  a  fall  critical  apparatus.  For 
these,  the  reader  must  be  referred  to  the  major  edition 
of  Sintenis  (Leipzig,  1839-1846)  or  to  the  new  text 
of  the  Lives  by  Lindskog  and  Ziegler  (Teubner).  In 
the  present  edition,  the  reading  which  follows  the 
colon  in  the  brief  critical  notes  is  that  of  the  Teubner 
Sintenis,  and  also,  unless  stated  in  the  note,  that  of 
the  Tauchnitz  Bekker. 

In  May,  1920,  Professor  Perrin  put  the  finishing 
touches  upon  the  eleventh  and  last  volume  of  this 
series  of  the  Lives  of  Plutarch  for  the  "  Loeb  Clas- 
sical Library,"  a  task  which  he  had  undertaken  nine 
years  before.  On  August  31,  1920,  he  died  after  a 
brief  illness,  having  nearly  completed  his  seventy- 
third  year.  During  the  nine  years,  of  which  he 


PREFATORY    NOTE 

devoted  the  leisure  hours  to  the  translation  of  his 
favourite  author,  the  very  magnitude  of  the  task, 
and  the  inspiration  of  the  hope  that  he  might  leave 
behind  him  a  version  of  the  Lives  that  would  make 
the  famous  men  of  ancient  Greece  and  Rome,  so 
wonderfully  depicted  by  the  great  biographer,  as 
familiar  to  the  next  generation  as  they  were  to  the 
youth  in  his  own  boyhood,  seemed  to  sustain  and 
strengthen  his  powers.  The  wide  and  discriminating 
experience  with  modern  men  of  action  which  the 
translator  possessed,  combined  with  the  classical 
historian's  special  knowledge  of  the  times  which  he 
was  called  upon  to  interpret  after  Plutarch,  an 
author  whom  he  had  studied  with  sympathetic  in- 
terest for  many  year?,  gave  Professor  Perrin  peculiar 
qualifications  for  the  task  ;  and  the  English-speaking 
world  already  knows  with  what  eminent  success  he 
achieved  it. 

The  American  Editor,  who  had  been  called  in 
constant  consultation  by  Professor  Perrin  during  the 
progress  of  the  work,  has  by  the  wish  of  his  family 
undertaken  to  see  the  present  and  final  volume 
through  the  press.  Volume  XI,  which  will  contain 
an  extensive  General  Index,  will,  it  is  hoped,  be 
published  in  1922. 

THE  EDITORS, 


VI 


CONTENTS 


PAGE 

PREFATORY  NOTE V 

ORDER  OF  THE  PARALLEL  LIVES   IN   THIS  EDITION       .     .     .  viii 

TRADITIONAL  ORDER  OF  THE  PARALLEL  LIVES ix 

AGIS  AND  CLEOSIKNES 1 

TIBERIUS  AND  CAIUS  GRACCHUS 143 

COMPARISON    OF    AOIS     AND    CLEOBIENES    AND    THE 

GRACCHI 241 

PH1LOPOEMEN 255 

TITUS   FLAMININUS 321 

COMPARISON  OF  PHILOPOEMEN  AND  TITUS        387 

DICTIONARY  OF  PROPER  NAMES 395 


VII 


ORDER    OF    THE    PARALLEL    LIVES    IN    THIS 

EDITION  IN  THE  CHRONOLOGICAL  SEQUENCE 

OF  THE  GREEK  LIVES. 


VOLUME  I. 

(1)  Theseus  and  Romulus. 
Comparison. 

(2)  Lycurgus  and  Numa. 
Comparison. 

(3)  Solon  and  Publicola. 
Comparison. 

VOLUME  II. 

(4)  Themistocles  and 

Camillus. 


(9)  Aristides   and   Cato   the 

Elder. 
Comparison. 

(13)  Cimon  and  Lucullus. 
Comparison. 

VOLUME  III. 

(5)  Pericles  and  Fabius  Max- 

im us. 
Comparison. 

(14)  Nicias  and  Crassus. 
Comparison. 

VOLUME  IV. 

(6)  Alcibiades   and   Coriola- 

nus. 

Comparison. 

(12)  Lysander  and  Sulla. 
Comparison. 

VOLUME  V. 

(16)  Agesilaiis  and  Pompey. 

Comparison. 

(8)  Pelopidas  and  Marcellus. 
Comparison. 


VOLUME  VI. 
Dion  and  Brutus. 
Comparison. 
Timoleon   and   Aemilius 

Paul  us. 
Comparison. 

VOLUME  VII. 
Demosthenes  and  Cicero. 
Comparison. 
(17)  Alexander  and  Julius 
Caesar. 


(22) 
(7) 

(20) 


VOLUME  VIII. 
(15)  Sertorius  and  Eumenes. 

Comparison. 

(18)  Phocion  and  Cato  the 
Younger. 

VOLUME  IX. 
(21)  Demetrius  and  Antony. 

Comparison. 
(11)  Pyrrhus  and  Caius  Marius. 


VOLUME  X. 

(19)  Agis  and  Cleomenes,  and 
Tiberius     and     Caius 
Gracchus. 
Comparison. 
(10)  Philopoemen   and    Flam- 

ininus. 
Comparison. 

VOLUME  XI. 

(24)  Aratus. 
(23)  Artaxerxes. 

(25)  Galba. 

(26)  Otho. 


vni 


THE    TRADITIONAL    ORDER    OF    THE 
PARALLEL  LIVES. 

(1)  Theseus  and  Romulus. 

(2)  Lycurgus  and  Numa. 

(3)  Solon  and  Publicola. 

(4)  Themistocles  and  Camillua. 

(5)  Pericles  and  Fabius  Maximus. 

(6)  Alcibiades  and  Coriolanus. 

(7)  Timoleon  and  Aemiliua  Paulus. 

(8)  Pelopidas  and  Marcellus. 

(9)  Aristides  and  Cato  the  Elder. 

(10)  Philopoemen  and  Flamininus. 

(11)  Pyrrhus  and  Caius  Marius. 

(12)  Lysander  and  Sulla. 

(13)  Cimon  and  Lucullus. 

(14)  Nicias  and  Crassus. 

(15)  Sertorius  and  Eumenes. 

(16)  Agesilaiis  and  Pompey. 

(17)  Alexander  and  Julius  Caesar. 

(18)  Phocion  and  Cato  the  Younger. 

(19)  Agis  and  Cleomenes,  and  Tiberius  and  Caius 

Gracchus. 

(20)  Demosthenes  and  Cicero. 

(21)  Demetrius  and  Antony. 

(22)  Dion  and  Brutus. 

(23)  Artaxerxes. 

(24)  Aratus. 

(25)  Galba. 

(26)  Otho. 


AGIS   AND  CLEOMENES 


AH2   KAI  KAEOMENH2 


I.  OVK  aroTTO)?  T^e?  ovSe  <£avXo>$  avyKelcrOai 

TTyOO?  TOU?  <£iXoSo£oi>?   VTTOVOOVCri  TOV  67TI  Tft)  'l^LOVl  a-  1624>  P 

,  ft)?  S?)  \ajB6vTi  rrjv  V€(f)e\.r)v  avrl  T7}?r/Hyoa5 
KevTavpwv  ovrcos  ^vo^kv^v.  Kal  yap 
ovroi  TT}?  dperris  wcnrep  el8a)\w  Tivl 
crvvovres,  ovSev  €L\lKpiV€S  ov& 
aXXa  voBa  KOU  ^LKTCL  iro\\a  TrpaTTOvcriv,  aXXore 
aA,X,a?  (fropas  fyepofjievoi,  £/;Xo£?  KOL  Trdtfecnv  eVa- 
o-rrep  ol  So^o/cXeou?  /9oT/}/}6?  eVl 
\eyovcriv 


yap 


'  dvdyfcr)  Kal  aictiTrwvTWV  K\veiv. 

2  oirep  d\r}0a)<{  ol  Tfyoo?  €7ri0v/jiias  o^XaM'  Aral 

7ro\iTev6/jL€voi  Trdcr^ova'L,  SofXeiWre?  Aral  aA;o- 
\ov8ovi>T€$  r(va  Sq^aycoyol  Kal  cip^ovre^  ovofjid- 
KaOdfrep  yap  ol  Trpcopels  rd  e^TTpoaOev 
TMV  KV/SepvijTcov  dtyopwcrL  TT^O?  e'/cet- 
vov<$  Kal  TO  TTpocrTacrcroiJievov  VTT*  eKeivwv  Troiovaiv, 
01  7TO\LTevop.evoi  Kal  vrpo?  &6t;av  op&vres 
/nev  rwv  7ro\\a>v  elcnv,  ova^a  Be  dp%6v- 
TCOV  eyovviv. 


AGIS   AND   CLEOMENES 

AGIS 

I.  NOT  without  rhyme  or  reason  is  the  supposition 
of  some  writers  that  the  tale  about  Ixion — how  it 
was  the  cloud  that  he  embraced  instead  of  Hera 
and  begat  from  thence  the  Centaurs — has  an  appli- 
cation to  lovers  of  glory.  For  such  men,  consorting 
with  glory,  which  we  may  call  an  image  of  virtue, 
produce  nothing  that  is  genuine  and  of  true  lineage, 
but  much  that  is  bastard  and  monstrous,  being  swept 
now  along  one  course  and  now  along  another  in 
their  attempts  to  satisfy  desire  and  passion.  The 
herdsmen  of  Sophocles  say,1  in  speaking  of  their 
flocks: — 

"  Of  these,  indeed,  though  masters,  we  are  yet  the 

slaves, 

And  to  them  we  must  listen  even  though  they're 
dumb." 

And  this,  in  truth,  is  the  experience  of  public  men 
who  act  in  conformity  with  the  desires  and  impulses 
of  multitudes,  making  themselves  attendants  and 
slaves  in  order  that  they  may  be  called  popular 
leaders  and  rulers.  For  just  as  a  ship's  lookout, 
who  sees  what  lies  ahead  before  the  ship's  captain 
does,  nevertheless  turns  to  him  for  orders  and  does 
what  he  ordains,  so  the  public  man  whose  eyes  are 
fixed  on  glory  is  a  servant  of  the  multitude,  although 
he  has  the  name  of  ruler. 

1  Probably  in  the  lost  "  Poirnenes,"  or  Shepherds  (Nauck, 
Trag.  Graec.  Frag.\  p.  249). 

3 


PLUTARCH'S    LIVES 


II.  'O    /ue?'     'yap    aTrrjKpi  ftw/jievos    Kal 

5  /I  \  J  C>>          5\  rf~i  ^  '  }-  $  '  -\    \  " 

ayavos  ovo  av  oXo>?  OO^T??  oeoiTO,  TTM^V  ocn] 
Trdpo&ov  €7rl  Ta?  Trpdteis  Sid  TOV  Trio-TevearQai1 
BLSoMTi'  ve(p  Be  CTI  QVTI  KOL  ^Lkori^w  Soreoi1  CLTTO 
TWV  KO\.WV  epycov  /cal  5o|77  Tt  Ka\\W7rio'aa'6ai 
/cal  KO/jiTrdcrai.  (^vo^evai  yap  ev  TO??  TT)~\.IXOVTOI<; 
al  dpeToi  Kal  (3d\acrTVOVG'ai  TO  re  Karopdovfj-evov, 
W9  (^r]ai  @eo</>pacrT09,  €K/3e/3aiovvTai 
KOL  TO  \oi7rbv  au^ovTai  jj.era 
2  pojuevai.  TO  Se  c^ya^  Travra^ov 

roXtTt/cat?  <fci\oTifjLiai<;  o\e9piov 
et?  fJiavLav  KOI  irapa^pocrvv^v  vjraiOpov 


orav     j,r    TO 


elvai  6k 


TO  evBo^oi*  elvai.     orrep  2  ovv  tycoKiatv  Trpbs  'Avri- 

Trarpov  d^iovvrd   TL  Trap    avrov   rwv   /u,r) 

"  Ov  Bvvao~ai,"  eljrev,   "  a^ua   KCLI 

^pr]<j6ai  Kal  KO\aK(,"  TOVTO  \eKretv  rj  O/JLOIGV  TL 

3  TOVTCO     7T/)0?      TOU?     TTO/VXoU?"       "  Ov     $Vl>a(T0€     TOP 

Kal  dp^oi'ra    Kal   dicoXovOov"     errel 
ye    Kal    OVTMS    TO    TOV  BpaKovros,  ov 
6  }jLV0o$  Trjv  ovpav  Ty  Ke(fia\ij  VTaa'idarao'av 

rjyelcrBai.  jrapd  /zepo?  Kal  /JL^  %ia  iravTOS   796 
a,KO\ov6elv   eKei-vy,   \aftovcrav  $e 
avT^v  Te  «a/rw?  drraXXaTTeiv  dvoia 
Kal  Tr/v  Ke^aX^v  KaTa^aiveiv,  TU0Xot?  Kal 
[jLepeaiv    dvayKa^o/Aevrjv    irapa     $wfiv    eTrecrOat. 

4  TOVTO  TTOXXOU?  TWV  77/30?  XaPiV  «7r^z/'7"a  7T67roXiT6f- 

/j.eva)v     opcojuev     TrenrovOoTas'     e^apT^cravTe^    yap 


1  Sta  TOV  TT.,  Coraes,  Bekker,  and  Ziegler,  after  Bryan  : 

&  TOV   IT. 

2  girep  Blass  and  Ziegler  (with  Se  p.m.)  :  &ffirtp. 


4 


AGIS  AND  CLEOMENES,  n.  1-4 

II.  The  man,  indeed,  whose  goodness  is  complete 
and  perfect  will  have  no  need  at  all  of  glory,  except  so 
far  as  glory  gives  him  access  to  achievement  by  reason 
of  the  confidence  men  have  in  him  ;  but  a  man  who 
is  still  young  and  is  fond  of  honours  may  be  allowed 
t-3   plume  and    exalt  himself  somewhat  even  upon 
glory,  provided  that  glory  is  the  outcome  of  noble 
deeds.     For   the    virtues,    which  are  incipient   and 
budding  in  the  young,  are  confirmed  in  their  proper 
development,  as  Theophrastus  says,  by  the  praises  of 
men,  and  complete  their  growth  under  the  incentive 
of  pride.     But  excess  is  everywhere  harmful,  and  in 
the  case  of  men  who  cherish  political  ambitions,  it  is 
deadly ;  for  it  sweeps  them  away  into  manifest  folly 
and  madness  as  they  grasp  after  great  power,  when 
they  refuse  to  regard  what  is  honourable  as  glorious, 
but  consider  that  what  is  glorious  is  good.     There- 
fore, what  Phocion  said  to  Antipater,  who  demanded 
from  him  some  dishonourable  service,  "  Thou  canst 
not  have  Phocion  as  thy  friend  and  at  the  same  time 
thy  flatterer,"  this,  or  something  akin  to  this,  must 
be    said    to    the    multitude  :    ' '  Ye   cannot  have  the 
same  man  as  your  ruler  and  your  slave."     Since  in 
this  case  also  one  certainly  can  apply  the  fable  of  the 
serpent    whose    tail   rebelled    against   its   head  and 
demanded  the  right  to  lead  in  turn  instead  of  always 
following ;  so  it  took  the  lead,  and  by  the  folly  of  its 
progress  got  itself  into  mischief  and  lacerated  the 
head,  which  was  compelled,  contrary  to  nature,  to 
follow  a  part  that  had  neither  eyes  nor  ears.     This, 
as  we  see,  has  been  the  experience  of  many  of  the 
men  whose  whole  political  activity  is  directed  towards 
the  winning  of  popular  favour;    they  made  them- 
selves dependent  on  the  multitude,  which  is  borne 


PLUTARCH'S    LIVES 


eltci)    <^epo^evwv    our'    ava\a/3eiv 


OVT    €TTL(TT)](TaL    TT)V 


TavTa  $e  rj/ALV  eh  TTJV  Trapa  TWV  Tro\\wv  Bo 
eTri}\6ev  eiTrelv  evvo^aacriv  r)\iKrjv  €%ei  ^vva/jnv 
e/c  TCOV  Tiftepiw  KOI  Tai'a>  rot?  Fpay^oi?  crv/uiTre- 
GQVTWV,  ou?  KaXkidTa  fjikv  vvTas,  KaXkiara  Be 


\a/36vra<;,  a,7rci)\ 
afjierpos,  &)?  (/)OyQo?  aSo^ta?  e/c  Trpocfrdaeci)?  ov/c 
5  ayevvovs  Tre^u/eco?.  ju.6yd\r/v  yap  evvoiav  TrpoeiXt]- 
00T6?  Trapa  TMV  7ro\iTO)v  yvxyvOrjcrav  eyfcardXi- 
irelv  axnrep  ^peo?*  a^i\\&iJievoi  8'  ael 


ra? 


/jid\\ov  ej;  (bv  eTroKiTevovTo 
rovrov  TOV  rpoTTOV  Ldrj  <pt,\OTi{iia  7T/309  re  TOV 
STJ/JLOV  eavrovs  Kal  TOV  S?]/j,ov  TT/QO?  eavrovs  e/CKav- 
(rawres,  e\a6ov  a-fydfjievoi  Trpayfidrcov  eV  ot?  ov/cer' 
rjv  TO  eTTifieLvai  Ka\6v,  ala"%pov  6'  rjSr)  TO  Trav- 
craaBai. 

6       TavTa  fjiev  ovv  eiritcpiveLS  auro?  etc  T>)? 
Trapa  /3d\w/j,ev  Be  avTols  AaKcoviKov 

,  *Ayiv  Kal  KXeo  ^evr/v  TOU? 
yap  OVTOL  TOV  ^rjfjiov  av^oines,  axTTrep  eKeivoi, 


TTO\VV  ^povov  ava\a/jLj3dvovTes, 

VOVTO  TO??  SvvaTois  fir)  /3ov\o/mei>ois  dtyeivai  TY 

arvvijdr)   TT\eove%iav.      «SeX0oi  /j,ev  ovv  OVK 


AGIS  AND  CLEOMENES,  n.  4-6 

about  at  random,  and  then  could  neither  recover 
themselves  nor  put  a  stop  to  the  progress  of 
disorder. 

These  remarks  upon  the  glory  which  comes  from 
the  favour  of  the  multitude  I  have  been  led  to  make 
because  I  was  reminded  of  its  great  influence  by  the 
fortunes  of  Tiberius  and  Caius  Gracchus.  They 
were  men  of  most  generous  natures,  and  had  a  most 
generous  rearing,,  and  adopted  most  generous  political 
principles ;  and  yet  they  were  ruined,  I  will  not  say 
by  an  immoderate  desire  for  glory,  but  rather  by  a 
fear  of  losing  it.  And  this  fear  had  no  unworthy 
origin.  For  after  they  had  enjoyed  great  kindness 
from  their  fellow  citizens,  they  were  ashamed  to 
leave  it  unpaid,  like  a  debt  of  money  ;  and  so  they 
were  forever  striving  by  the  excellence  of  their 
political  services  to  surpass  the  honours  conferred 
upon  them,  and  were  honoured  all  the  more  in 
consequence  of  their  grateful  political  services.  In 
this  way,  after  kindling  an  equal  ardour  in  themselves 
towards  the  people  and  in  the  people  towards  them- 
selves, they  engaged  in  enterprises  wherein,  though 
they  knew  it  not,  it  was  no  longer  honourable  for 
them  to  persist,  and  already  disgraceful  for  them 
to  stop. 

As  to  this  matter,  however,  my  reader  will  judge 
for  himself  from  my  narrative  ;  and  I  shall  compare 
with  the  Gracchi  a  pair  of  popular  leaders  in  Sparta, 
Agis  and  Cleomenes  the  kings.  For  these  also  tried 
to  exalt  the  people,  just  as  the  Gracchi  did,  and  tried 
to  restore  an  honourable  and  just  civil  polity  which 
had  lapsed  for  a  long  time  ;  and  like  the  Gracchi  they 
incurred  the  hatred  of  the  nobles,  who  were  unwilling 
to  relax  their  wonted  greed.  It  is  true  that  the 


PLUTARCH'S   LIVES 

d\\)]\a)i>  OL  AaKwves,  (rwyyevovs  Be  Kal  a 


III.  'E-Trel  Trapeio-eBu  TrpwTOV  e/9  TJ]V  TTO\LV 
dpyvpov  Kal  %pv(rov  £V}Xo9,  real  (TwrjKoXovOjjcre  TOV 
TT\OVTOV  Trj  /ji€V  KTijcrei,  7r\eovet;la  real  /Ji/cpo\oyia 
TTJ  Se  xpijcrei  Kal  cnroX^avaei  T/3f</>?;  KOI  paXa/cia 
KoL  I7ro\vre\€ia,  TMV  7r\€icrT(ov  e^eTreaev  1}  ^TrdpTY) 
Ka\wv,  Kal  Taireiva  TrpdrTovo-a  Trap1  d^iav  Stere- 


\€t    jiei  TWV        QVwv    eiceivwv  ev  ot? 


e/3acri\€vov, 

iSa  irals,  e/cro?  CLTTO  'Ayrja-iXdov  TOV 
Sia/3dvTO$  et?  rrjv  'Aaiav  Kal  fjieyHrrov  ' 
&vvr)9evTO<$'  r)V  jap  'A>yr}cri\dov  fie 
6  Trepl  MavBvpiov  rr}?  'IraXta?  VTTO 
d7ro9avo)v,  'Ap%iSdjnov  Be  Trpeafivrtpos  fJiev  u/o? 
**A<yis,  EuSayttt^a?  Be  vewrepos,  09,  "A<yi8os  VTTO 
'AvriTrdrpov  Trepl  ^AeydX^v  TTO^LV  dvaipeOevros 
dreKvov,  rrjv  ftacn\eiav  e'cr^e,  TOVTOV  Be  'Ap^t- 
Sa^u-o?,  'ApxiBd/jiov  Be  ere/Jo?  QvBa/jLiBas,  l^vBafjiuBa 

3  Be  '  Ayis,  Trepl  ov  rdBe  yeypaTTTar    AecoviBa?  Be 
6  KXeayi'Vfjiov  T>}?  jJiev  erepas  ot'/aa?  r)V  'AyidBrjs, 
07^00?    Be    CLTTO    YLavcraviov    TOV    vLK^aavio^     ev 
riXaTamt?     f^d^r]    MapBoviov.      TIavcravias    yap 
viov  eo")(€  nXeiCTTco^a/cra,  TlXeLcrrwpa^  Be   nau- 
craviaVi  ov  (frvyovros  el$  rYeyeav  eK  AaKeBai/^ovos 
o  re    Trpeo-jSvrepos  f/o?   'A  77/0-^770X^9  efiacriXevcre 
Kal  TOVTOV  TeXeuT?;cra(>'TO9  aTeKvov  KXeoya/9/90TO9 

4  o    vea)T€pos.     €K    Be    KXeo//-/3poToi'    rrdXiv    aXXo9 


OVTC  rjp^e  TTO\VV  ypovov  ovre    TralBas   ec 
\L\eojjLevi]*;  Be  /3acriXeucra9  yLtera  'Ayrjo-iTro'kiv  TOV 


8 


AGIS  AND  CLEOMENES,  n.  6.-m.  4 

Spartans  were  not  brothers  ;  still,  they  adopted 
political  courses  which  were  kindred  and  brother  to 
one  another.  The  occasion  was  as  follows. 

III.  When  once  the  love  of  silver  and  gold  had 
crept  into  the  city,  closely  followed  by  greed  and  par- 
simony in  the  acquisition  of  wealth  and  by  luxury, 
effeminacy,  and  extravagance  in  the  use  and  enjoy- 
ment of  it,  Sparta  fell  away  from  most  of  her  noble 
traits,  and  continued  in  a  low  estate  that  was  unworthy 
of  her  down  to  the  times  when  Agis  and  Leonidas 
were  kings.  Agis  was  of  the  Eurypontid  royal  house, 
a  son  of  Eudamidas,  and  the  sixth  in  descent  from 
the  Agesilaiis  who  crossed  into  Asia  and  became  the 
most  powerful  Greek  of  his  time.  For  Agesilaiis  had 
a  son  Archidamus,  who  was  slain  by  the  Messapians 
at  Mandurium  in  Italy  T  ;  Archidamus  had  an  elder 
son  Agis,  and  a  younger  son  Eudamidas,  who,  after 
Agis  was  slain  by  Antipater  at  Megalopolis  2  leaving 
no  issue,  became  king ;  Eudamidas  was  succeeded 
by  Archidamus,  Archidamus  by  another  Eudamidas, 
and  Eudamidas  by  Agis,3  the  subject  of  this  Life. 
Leonidas,  on  the  other  hand,  the  son  of  Cleonymus, 
was  of  the  other  royal  house,  the  Agiad,  and  was 
eighth  in  descent  from  the  Pausanias  who  defeated 
Mardonius  at  Plataea.  For  Pausanias  had  a  son 
Pleistoanax,  and  Pleistoanax  a  son  Pausanias,  upon 
whose  exile  and  flight  from  Sparta  to  Tegea4  his 
elder  son  Agesipolis  became  king ;  Agesipolis,  dying 
without  issue,  was  succeeded  by  a  younger  brother 
Cleombrotus,  and  Cleombrotus,  in  turn,  had  two 
sons,  Agesipolis  and  Cleomenes,  of  whom  Agesipolis 
reigned  only  a  short  time  and  left  no  sons,  while 
Cleomenes,  who  became  king  after  him,  lived  to 

1  In  338  B.C.          2  In  330  B.C.          8  In  244  B.C. 
4  In  395  B.C.     See  the  Lysander,  xxx.  1. 

9 


PLUTARCH'S   LIVES 

jrpecrftvTepov  rwv   viwv  'A/cporarov   en 
d\6,  veutrepov  8e   KXeoavvfjLOV  Kare\i7rev,  o? 
ov/c   e/3a<TL\ev(T6V,  aXX'  "Apevs   vioovbs  wv   KXeo- 
,  'A/cpordrov  S'   woV   "A/jew?  8e 


aireOave  Se  /cat  OL»TO? 

7ro\iv  VTTO  'AptcrToSijfjiov  rov  Tvpdv- 
vov,  Kara\LTT(i)v  eyicvfjiova  rrjv  yvvalrca.     Tra 
Be  appevo?  ^evo^vov  Aea)i^8a?  6  KXecovuyLtou 

ecr^ev,  elra   irplv  ev   ?}7u/aa   yeveadat 
,  our&)9  et?  avrov  77  (BacriKela  Trepi- 
rf\9ev  ou    irdw   rot?  TroXtrat?    evap/jioa'TOV  bvra. 
6  KaiTrep  yap  eyK6K\iKoro)v  77877  TT}    Siafydopa   TOV 
7ro\iT€v^iaro<;    6yL6<xXco?    cnrdvTwv,    rjv    rt?    eV    T&> 
TWV  Trarpcowv  eVi^a^?  e/c^atTTycrt?,  are 
rj\ivBrjfjL6Vti)  Trokvv  ev  auXat?  a-arpaTTi- 
/cat  reOepaTrevKort.  ^eXevicov,  etra  TOI^  etceWev 
oyrcov  eh  'RXXyvi/ca  TrpdyfjLara  KOI 

OVK  e'yUyLteXw?  fjL6TCt<f)epOVTl. 

IV.  'O  S'^AY^?  OI;T&)  7roXi>  7r 

-^1^779    OL»    fjiovov    TOVTOV,    aXXa 
cLTTavras  ocrot,  per  \Ay^ffi\aov  TOV  peyav 
ware  fJLrjBeTTQ)  yeyovcos  eiKOcnov  ero?, 
Se  TrXouroi?  /cal  rpu^at?  yvvai/cwv, 
TT}?    re   /jir)Tpb<i   'Ayrjo-ia'T  paras   Kal    rfjs 

,  at  TrXetcrra  ^p^yct 
,   TTyoo?  re  Ta?  i)&ovd<t  ev&v<? 
KCU  rov    eTTLTTpe^rai  /j,d\icrra   rfj 
10 


AGIS  AND  CLEOMENES,  m.  4-iv 

lose  his  elder  son  Acrotatus,  but  left  behind  him 
a  younger  son  Cleonymus  ;  Cleonymus,  however,  did 
not  come  to  the  throne,  but  Areus,1  who  was  a 
grandson  of  Cleomenes  and  son  of  Acrotatus  ;  Areus 
fell  in  battle  at  Corinth/2  and  his  son  Acrotatus  came 
to  the  throne ;  Acrotatus  also  was  defeated  and 
slain  at  Megalopolis,  by  the  tyrant  Aristodemus, 
leaving  his  wife  with  child ;  and  after  she  had  given 
birth  to  a  son.  Leonidas  the  son  of  Cleonymus  was 
made  the  child's  guardian.  But  the  young  king 
died  before  reaching  manhood,  and  the  kingship 
therefore  devolved  upon  Leonidas,8  who  was  al- 
together unacceptable  to  the  people.  For  although 
the  destruction  of  the  constitution  had  alreadv  led 

•/ 

to  a  general  decline  in  manners,  there  was  in  Leoni- 
das a  very  marked  departure  from  the  traditions  of 
his  country,  since  for  a  long  time  he  had  frequented 
oriental  courts  and  had  been  a  servile  follower  of 
Seleucus,  and  now  sought  to  transfer  the  pride  and 
pomp  which  prevailed  abroad  into  Hellenic  relations 
and  a  constitutional  government,  where  they  were 
out  of  place. 

IV.  Agis,  on  the  contrary,  far  surpassed  in  native 
excellence  and  in  loftiness  of  spirit  not  only  Leonidas, 
but  almost  all  the  kings  who  had  followed  the  great 
Agesilaiis.  Therefore,  even  before  he  had  reached 
his  twentieth  year,  and  although  he  had  been  reared 
amid  the  wealth  and  luxury  of  women,  namely,  his 
mother  Agesistrata  and  his  grandmother  Archidamia 
(who  were  the  richest  people  in  Sparta),  he  at  once 
set  his  face  against  pleasures.  He  put  away  from 
his  person  the  adornments  which  were  thought  to 

1  See  the  Pyrrhus,  xxvi.  8  if. 

*  In  265  B.C.,  in  battle  with  Antigonus  Gonatas. 

8  About  256  B.C. 

II 


PLUTARCH'S   LIVES 

s  wpaifffjiov  BoKovvTa  TrepHTTraaas  TOV 
,  teal  Traaav  eVSu?  Kal  Bia^vywv  7ro\vre- 
\eiav,  eyKa\\a)7Ti^€crdai,  rco  TpifScoviw,  Kal  Beljrva 
Kal  \ovTpd  Kal  BiaiTas  AaKcovi/ca?  ^Telv,  KOI 
\eyeiv  &)?  ovSev  Securo  T>)?  /3acri\,€ias,  el 
avrrjv  avd\r)"fyoiTO  TOU?  vop.ov<;  KOI  rrjv 


V.  'Ap%r)v  f.i€v  ovv   Bia<f)0opas  Kal  TOV  vocrelv 

Ta  Trpdyfjiara  rwv  AaKeSai/jiOViwv 
ov  rrjv  *  KOqvai&v  KaToXvcravTes 
Xpvcriov  re  /cal  dpyvpuov  KareTT^rjcrav  eavrov?. 
ov  (Jirjv  aXXa  /cal  TWV  O'LKWV  ov  o  Av/covpyos  wpicre 
dpi&  JJLOV  €V  rat?  £iaSo^at?,  /cal 
TratSl  TOV  K\r)pov  avroXetTro^TO?,  a/ia)9  76 
TTCO?  TI  TCL^LS  avTr]  ital  laoTr)?  8ia/j,evov(ra  TTJV 
'TToX.iv  €/c  TU>V  a\\wv  avefyepev  ap.apTrj^dTwv. 

2  etpopevcras   Be   Ti?   dvrjp   &vvaTQ$,  avQdo'rjs  Se  Kal 
^aXeTro?  TOV  TpoTTOv,    EtTriTaSevs  ovo/ia,  TT^OO?  TOV 
vlov    avTU)   yevo/nevtis   Sia^Oyoa?   piJTpav 
e^elvai    TOV    O!KOV    avTOv    Kal  TOV  K\rjpov 
edeXoi  Kal  £wvTa  Bovvai  Kal  KaTa\i7relv 

3  fjievov.      OUTO?    /JLCV    ovv  avTOv    TLva    Ovfjiov   diro- 

iStov  £.lcn]ve<yK€  TOV  VO/JLOV  ol  Be  aXXot 
eveKa  Be^d/jievoi  Kal  KvpwcravTes  aTrco- 
Xecra/;  TTJV  dpLaTrjv  KaTaGTacriv.  HKTWVTO  yap 
d(j)eiBw$  jjBr)  TrapayffovvTes  ol  BvvaTol  TOL/?  Trpocrij- 
Kovras  GK  TWV  BiaBo^wv  Kal  Ta%v  TT}? 
et?  6\i<yovs  wppveicrris  irevia  TIJV  TTO\LV 
acr^o\iav  TWV  Ka\wv  Kal  dve\ev6epiav  e 

12 


AGIS  AND  CLEOMENES,  iv.-v.  3 

befit  the  grace  of  his  figure,  laid  aside  and  avoided 
every  extravagance,  prided  himself  on  his  short 
Spartan  cloak,  observed  sedulously  the  Spartan 
customs  in  his  meals  and  baths  and  general  ways 
of  living,  and  declared  that  he  did  not  want  the 
royal  power  at  all  unless  by  means  of  it  he  could 
restore  the  ancient  laws  and  discipline. 

V.  And  here  I  may  say  that  the  Lacedaemonian 
state  began  to  suffer  distemper  and  corruption  soon 
after  its  subversion  of  the  Athenian  supremacy  filled 
it  with  gold  and  silver.  However,  since  the  number 
of  families  instituted  by  Lycurgus 1  was  still  pre- 
served in  the  transmission  of  estates,  and  father  left 
to  son  his  inheritance,  to  some  extent  the  con- 
tinuance of  this  order  and  equality  sustained  the 
state  in  spite  of  its  errors  in  other  respects.  But 
when  a  certain  powerful  man  came  to  be  ephor  who 
was  headstrong  and  of  a  violent  temper,  Epitadeus 
by  name,  he  had  a  quarrel  with  his  son,  and  in- 
troduced a  law  permitting  a  man  during  his  lifetime 
to  give  his  estate  and  allotment  to  any  one  he 
wished,  or  in  his  will  and  testament  so  to  leave  it. 
This  man,  then,  satisfied  a  private  grudge  of  his 
own  in  introducing  the  law  ;  but  his  fellow  citizens 
welcomed  the  law  out  of  greed,  made  it  valid,  and 
so  destroyed  the  most  excellent  of  institutions.  For 
the  men  of  power  and  influence  at  once  began  to 
acquire  estates  without  scruple,  ejecting  the  rightful 
heirs  from  their  inheritances ;  and  speedily  the 
wealth  of  the  state  streamed  into  the  hands  of  a  few 
men,  and  poverty  became  the  general  rule,  bringing 
in  its  train  lack  of  leisure  for  noble  pursuits  and  occu- 
pations unworthy  of  freemen,  along  with  envy  and 

1  See  the  Lycurgus,  viii.  f. 

13 


PLUTARCH'S    LIVES 


a  <f)06vov  Kal  Sfcr/zeyeta?   rrpos  TOi/9 
4  arrre\€L<^0->'ja'av  ovv  eTTTaKOcriajv  ov  TrXetot'e? 
Tiarai,    KCLI     TOVTWV    I'cra)^    eKaTOv    i]<jav    ol 


l  K\r/pov    6  5'  aXXo9  6'%Xo9  aTro/909 
ev   rfj   7ro\€i    TrapeKaOrjro,   TOU?    fiev 
7roXe//ou?    a/jyw?    /cat  aTrpodv/ 
,   aet   Se   Tiz^a    tcaipov    eiriTtjp&v 
fj-eracn-dcrews  rcov  Trapovrcov. 

VI.  Ata  ravra  Bt]  KO\OV  o  '  \r/i$,  &cr7rep  r)V, 
Tro/ou/ze^o?  e^Lcrwcrai  Kal  dva7r\r)pa)aai  rrjv  Trokiv, 
eTreipdro  TU>V  dv6pu>7rwv.  ol  fJLev  ovv  veoi, 
Kal  Trap*  eXvrtSa?  vm^Kovcrav  avro),  Kal 
cravro  7T/30?  ir)v  dperrjv,  wcnrep  la&rfra  rrjv  Siairav 
2  eV  e\ev6epia  crf/^yLtera/^aXXo^Te?.  TWV  Se  irpe- 
Tepwv,  are  Brj  Troppw  ciacfrdopds  yeyovorcov, 
rot?  TrXetcrrot?  axiTrep  eVi  Seo-Trorrjv 
dyo/j.evovs  €K  Bpacr/jLOv  BebievaL  Kal  rpe/j,eiv  TOV 
\VKovpyov,  Kai  Ka9r)7rrovro  TOV  *Afyi$os  oSvpo- 
fievov  rd  irapovra  7rpdy/j.aTa  Kal  TO  7ra\aiov  798 


e  o      t/i'o?  Ka        a^6po/c\eta9 
e    Ayrja-£\ao<i   aTreSe^avro   Kal 

3  avrov  TTJV   (^L\OTifjiiav>     rjv  Be  A.vcrav$pos  /j.ev  ev 

TWV  iroKiT&v,   ^lav&oKXei&as    Be 


7rpy/j.ara 

i   TO   crvverov  rovro  Kal  8o\epbi>  ToX/z?;  /j,e/jiiy- 
pevov  e%a*v    'Ayq<ri\aov  Se  6elov  ovra  TOV  ftacn- 


6 


14 


AGIS  AND  CLEOMENES,  v.  3-vi.  3 

hatred  towards  the  men  of  property.  Thus  there  were 
left  of  the  old  Spartan  families  not  more  than  seven 
hundred,  and  of  these  there  were  perhaps  a  hundred 
who  possessed  land  and  allotment ;  while  the  ordin- 
ary throng,  without  resources  and  without  civic 
rights,  lived  in  enforced  idleness,  showing  no  zeal  or 
energy  in  warding  off  foreign  wars,  but  ever  watching 
for  some  opportunity  to  subvert  and  change  affairs  at 
home. 

VI.  Agis,  therefore,  thinking  it  a  noble  achieve- 
ment, as  it  was,  to  equalize  and  restore  to  full 
numbers  the  body  of  citizens,  began  to  sound  the 
inclinations  of  people.  The  young  men,  as  he  found, 
quickly  and  beyond  his  expectations  gave  ear  to 
him,  and  stripped  themselves  for  the  contest  in 
behalf  of  virtue,  like  him  casting  aside  their  old 
ways  of  living  as  worn-out  garments  in  order  to 
attain  liberty.  But  most  of  the  older  men,  since 
they  were  now  far  gone  in  corruption,  feared  and 
shuddered  at  the  name  of  Lycurgus  as  if  they  had 
run  away  from  their  master  and  were  being  led 
back  to  him,  and  they  upbraided  Agis  for  bewail- 
ing the  present  state  of  affairs  and  yearning  after 
the  ancient  dignity  of  Sparta.  Lysander,  how- 
ever, the  son  of  Libys,  Mandrocleidas  the  son  of 
Ecphanes,  as  well  as  Agesilaiis,  approved  of  the  king's 
aspirations  and  supported  him  in  them.  Lysander 
was  in  the  highest  repute  among  the  citizens,  and 
Mandrocleidas  was  the  ablest  Greek  of  his  time  in 
setting  schemes  on  foot,  and  his  sagacity  and  craft 
were  mingled  with  daring ;  Agesilaiis,  who  was  the 
king's  uncle  on  his  mother's  side,  and  a  powerful 
orator,  though  otherwise  effeminate  and  avaricious, 
was  openly  urged  on  and  encouraged  by  his  son 

IS 


PLUTARCH'S    LIVES 


Kal    TrapeOdppvvev,    evSo/ayuo?    eV 
7ro\e/j.ois    avrjp    Kal    /tie/a    Si    evvoiav    TWV   vewv 
4  8vi'd/.iei'o<s'   ->}  Be  aX>/$&>9  avaireicraaa  TOV  ' 
Xaoi'  atria  TWV  Trparrofjievcov 


/j.€Ta/3ci\\a)V    TTJV    TroXtreiay.      009     ovv 
Trpocnjydyero  TOVTOV  o  'A7t?,  evOvs  eTri%€ipei  ^er 
avrov    Ti]v   firjrepa  TreiOeiv,   dBe\<pr)v  ovcrav  TOV 
'Ayr](Ti\dov,  rrr\if)6ei  &e  TreXarwv  Kal   (fjiXwv  Kal 
Xpewarcov  /j.eya  Svva/jievTjv  ev  rfj  7ro\€t  Kal  TroXXa 
TCOV  Koivaiv  SiaTrpaTTO/uievriv. 

VII.  'H  Be  aKovcracra  TO  /Jiev  Trp&rov  e^eTrXdyrj 
Kal  Karejrave  TO  /jieipaKiov  co?  ovre  SvvarMv  ovre 
\vcriT€\a)v  e^LejJLevov  eVel  Be  ravra  IJLCV  6 
crtXao?  e8L 


7T/30?    oav  avra) 
TOV  7r\oi>TOV,  a)?  xptj/^ao'i,  fiev  ov  Bwdfjievos  7Tyoo9 
2  TOU9  aXXou9  /3ao~/Xet9  el-KrcoG'tjvai  (aarpaTrwv  yap 
Kal  Bov\ow$  eTTLTpoTrwv 


TWV  ev  ^Trdprrj  /3acrtXe&)i/),  eay  Se 
\iror7jrt    Kal     yueyaXox^-u^/a    T«9 

Tpv(f)ds  laor^ra  Kal  Koivwv'iav  Kara- 


009 

,  OI/TCO 
at      vvaiKes    vrro 


TOV    veavcrKOv,    Ka     ToaavTrj 
3  (T^eOtjaav  olov  zTmrvoia  777309  TO  Ka\ov,  coo~Te  TO 

16 


AGIS  AND  CLEOMENES,  vi.  3-vn.  3 

Hippomedon,  who  had  won  fair  fame  in  many  wars, 
and  had  great  influence  because  he  stood  in  favour 
with  the  young  men.  But  what  really  induced 
Agesilaiis  to  take  part  in  the  king's  enterprise  was 
the  multitude  of  his  debts,  of  which  he  hoped  to  rid 
himself  by  changing  the  constitution.  As  soon,  then, 
as  Agis  had  won  over  Agesilaiis,  he  straightway 
sought  with  the  aid  of  his  uncle  to  persuade  his 
mother,  who  was  a  sister  of  Agesilaiis,  and  owing  to 
the  multitude  of  her  retainers,  friends,  and  debtors, 
had  great  influence  in  the  state  and  took  a  large 
part  in  public  affairs. 

VII.  When  she  heard  her  son's  plea,  she  was  at 
first  amazed,  and  tried  to  stop  the  young  man  from 
attempting  what  she  thought  was  neither  possible 
nor  profitable ;  but  Agesilaiis  tried  to  show  her  that 
the  king's  project  would  be  feasible  and  its  accom- 
plishment advantageous,  and  the  king  himself 
besought  his  mother  to  contribute  her  wealth  for  the 
advancement  of  his  ambition  and  glory.  For  in  the 
matter  of  property,  he  said,  he  could  not  equal  the 
other  kings  (since  the  servants  and  slaves  of  the 
satraps  and  overseers  of  Ptolemy  and  Seleucus  had 
larger  possessions  than  all  the  kings  of  Sparta  put 
together)  ;  but  if  in  self-restraint,  simplicity,  and 
magnanimity  he  should  surpass  their  luxury,  and 
thereby  establish  equality  and  community  of  posses- 
sion among  his  citizens,  he  would  win  the  name  and 
fame  of  a  really  great  king.  The  women,  lifted  up  by 
the  young  man's  high  ambition,  were  so  changed  in 
their  purposes,  and  possessed,  as  it  were,  by  so  great 
an  inspiration  to  take  the  noble  course,  that  they 
joined  in  urging  and  hastening  on  the  projects  of 


PLUTARCH'S   LIVES 

crvvet;op/nav  Kal  avvemra^vveiv, 

Be  rou?  <ptA,ou9  irapaKakelv  teal  rat? 
eyecrOai  yvvaL^ivtare  Br)  rovs  AaKeBai- 
s  KarrjKoovs    6Wa9    del    rwv 

yvvaiKwv,   teal  rr\elov  etceivais    TWV   ^fjLoaiwv  r\ 
ISiwv  aurot?  TTokvTrpayiJLOvelv  BiSovra?. 

&€  rore  T&v  Aa/cwviKtov  TT\OVTWV  eV  rat? 
l  TO  TrXetcrro^,  Aral   rovro   Trjv   Trpd^iv  rc5 

4  "AytSi    Svcrepyov    Kal    ^aXeTrrjv   eTroiycrev.      avrk- 
(TTrjcrav  <yap  ai  <yvvaiK€s  ov  /JLOVOV  rpu^r}?  €KTTL- 
TTTOvcrai  $1   aireipoKa~\.iav  ev&aifjiovi^o/jLev'tjs,  aXXa 
real  Ti[j.r)v  Kal  Bvva/j-tv,  r)v  e/c  TOU  r7T\ovrr€li>  €/cap- 

7TOVVTO,  7replK07rTO/jL€VT]l>  CLVT&V  OptoGai.      KCU,  TTyOO? 

rov  A.eu)vi$av  rpaTro/Jievai  TrapeKti\ovv  ovra  jrpe- 
(rfivrepov    eTriXafJiBdveffOai    rov   "Ay^So?  KOI    ra 

5  TrpaTTofjieva    SiarcwXiieiv.     ej3ov\€ro    fjiev    ovv    6 

rot?  7rXou<rtot?  fto^Oelv,  Se&ia><$  Be   rov 
rT/9    /xera/3oXr}?    ovStv   avre- 
\d6pa    Be    rrjv    Trpa^iv   etrjrei 
/ca/covpyelv  /cat  Bta(f)0eLpeiv  evrvy^dvwv  To?9  ap- 
%ovcri    Kal    Bia/3d\\ayv   TOV  *Ayiv    a>?  rvpawiBo? 
piaQov  TOi?  Trevrjcn  ra  TWV  TrXoi/crtcoi/  TrpOTeivovra, 
Kal  7^9  fJ.eraB6<Tecn  Kal  xpewv  dffreaea'i  TroXXoi/9 
eavro)    Bopvcfropovs,     ov     rf) 


VIII.   Ov    fjirfv    d\\d 

€(j>opov  yeveaQai  TOV  AvaavBpov,  evdvs  elcre^epe 
avrov  pijrpav  et9  rou9  yepovras,  ^9 
Xpewv  p.ev  d(f)€0r)vai  roL/9  o^)€tXo^Ta9,  Trj?  Be  7779 
dvaBaa~0€iO'r)<$   rrjv  /Jiev  diro  rov  Kara  HeXXijvrjv 
^apdBpov    7T/309    TO    Tau76To^   Kal    MaX.eai'    Kal 


18 


AGIS  AND  CLEOMENES,  vn.  3-vin.  i 

Agis,  sent  for  their  friends  among  the  men  and 
invited  them  to  help,  and  held  conference  with  the 
women  besides,  since  they  were  well  aware  that  the 
men  of  Sparta  were  always  obedient  to  their  wives, 
and  allowed  them  to  meddle  in  public  affairs  more 
than  they  themselves  were  allowed  to  meddle  in 
domestic  concerns. 

Now,  at  this  time  the  greater  part  of  the  wealth  of 
Sparta  was  in  the  hands  of  the  women,  and  this  made 
the  work  of  Agis  a  grievous  and  difficult  one.  For 
the  women  were  opposed  to  it,  not  only  because  they 
would  be  stripped  of  the  luxury  which,  in  the  general 
lack  of  higher  culture,  made  their  lives  seem  happy, 
but  also  because  they  saw  that  the  honour  and  in- 
fluence which  they  enjoyed  in  consequence  of  their 
wealth  would  be  cut  off.  So  they  had  recourse  to 
Leonidas,  and  besought  him,  since  he  was  an  older 
man,  to  withstand  Agis  and  hinder  what  he  was  trying 
to  accomplish.  Leonidas,  accordingly,  was  desirous  of 
aiding  the  rich,  but  he  feared  the  people,  who  were 
eager  for  a  revolution.  He  therefore  made  no  open 
opposition  to  Agis,  but  secretly  sought  to  damage  his 
undertaking  and  bring  it  to  nought  by  slandering 
him  to  the  chief  magistrates,  declaring  that  he  was 
purchasing  a  tyranny  by  offering  to  the  poor  the 
property  of  the  rich,  and  by  distribution  of  land  and 
remission  of  debts  was  buying  a  large  body-guard  for 
himself,  not  many  citizens  for  Sparta. 

VIII.  However,  Agis  procured  Lysander's  election 
as  ephor,  and  at  once  employed  him  to  introduce  a 
bill  into  the  senate,1  the  chief  provisions  of  which 
were  that  debtors  should  be  relieved  of  their  debts, 
and  that  the  land  should  be  divided  up,  that  which 
lay  between  the  water-course  at  Pellene  and  Taygetus, 

1  About  243  B.C. 

19 


PLUTARCH'S    LIVES 

s  irev- 


2  /cal    ravr^v    p,ev    rot?    oTrXa    tfcepew    bwa/JLevois   799 
rwv  rrepioiKwv   ^&pi(jQY\vait  rrjv   Be   eVro?    avrols 
^rrapridraw   ava7r\r)pw6rjvai  Sc   TOUTOU?    CK    re 
TrepioiKwv  teal  %evwv,  OCTOL  rpo(f>ij<; 
e\ev6epiov    KOI 


KOL   Ka       riKiav   aK,ovres   elev 


TOVTWV  ei?   Tr€VT€KaiSeKa  'yeveaOai  (f)i&L7ia  Kara 
TCTpaKocTLov^  teal  StaKOffiovs,  /cal  SiaiTav  rf 
ol  nrpo<yovoi  SiairdaOai. 

IX.    Ypa$>ei(Tr)s  &e  T/}?  pijrpas,  /cal  TWV 


€i?    TavTO    rat9  ^vai^   ou 


€KK\r)criav     (rvvayayajv    6     AixravSpos    auro?    re 
TO??  TroXtra^?,   /cal  Ma^8/oo«:XetSa?  «al 
e&eovro  yu,?;  St'  oXtyou?   evrpv<f)<0vra<i 
Trepu&eiv  eppi/xfjievov  TO  d^itofia  TT}?  ZTrdp- 
,     aXXa     TCOI^     re     Trporepwv    %prjd  JJLWV 

rj 


,   KOL 


2  'le/ooz;  ^e  ITacr^aa?  /^at  {jLavrelov  rjv  ev  ©aXa- 
/zat?  TLjJLMfJLevov,  r]V  rives  [Jbev  io-ropovcri  rwv   Ar- 
\avrL$a)v  fjiiav  ovcrav  etc  Aio?  TOI^  "A/jL/acova  retcelv, 
Tiz/e?  £e  ¥ia<jdv&pav  ri]V  Ylpta/iov 

evravOa  teal  Sta  TO  rrdcn  (fraivetv  rd 
Hacri<f)dav  rrpocrayopevdelcrav.  6  8e  Oi^ 
'Ayu,uA:Xa  Ovyarepa,  &,d<$>vi~iv  rovvofia,  faialv  VTTO- 
(frevyovdav  'ATroXXaj^a  (3ov\6/ji6vov  avrfj  fuyfjvai,, 
/cal  /jiera(3a\ovcrav  £i?  TO  (frvrov,  ev  rijjifi  rov  6eov 

3  yevecrOai,  teal  ^avriKriv  \aftelv  &vva/jiiv.      e^acrav 


20 


AGIS  AND  CLEOMENES,  vm.  i-ix.  3 

Malea,  and  Sellasia,  into  forty-five  hundred  lots,  and 
that  which  lay  outside  this  into  fifteen  thousand ; 
that  this  larger  land  should  be  apportioned  among 
those  of  the  provincials  who  were  capable  of  bearing 
arms,  and  the  smaller  among  the  genuine  Spartans : 
that  the  number  of  these  Spartans  should  be  filled 
up  from  the  provincials  and  foreigners  who  had 
received  the  rearing  of  freemen  and  w^ere,  besides,  of 
vigorous  bodies  and  in  the  prime  of  life ;  and  that  these 
should  be  formed  into  fifteen  public  messes  by  four 
hundreds  and  two  hundreds,  and  should  practise  the 
mode  of  life  which  the  ancient  Spartans  had  followed. 

IX.  The  "rhetra"  was  introduced  in  the  senate, 
and  the  senators  were  divided  in  opinion.  Lysander 
therefore  called  together  a  general  assembly  and 
discussed  the  matter  himself  with  the  citizens,  and 
Mandrocleidas  and  Agesilaiis  begged  them  not  to 
suffer  the  insolent  opposition  of  a  few  to  blind  them 
to  the  prostration  of  Sparta's  dignity,  but  to  call  to 
mind  the  earlier  oracles  which  bade  them  beware  of 
the  love  of  riches  as  a  fatal  thing  for  Sparta,  as  well 
as  the  oracles  which  had  lately  been  brought  to  them 
from  Pasiphae. 

Now  there  was  a  temple  of  Pasiphae  at  Thalamae, 
and  her  oracle  there  was  held  in  honour.  Some  say 
that  Pasiphae  was  one  of  the  daughters  of  Atlas,  and 
the  mother  of  Ammon  by  Zeus,  and  some  that  Cas- 
sandra the  daughter  of  Priam  died  at  Thalamae,  and 
was  called  Pasiphae  because  she  declared  her  oracles 
to  all.  Phylarchus,  however,  says  that  she  was  a 
daughter  of  Amyclas,  Daphne  by  name,  and  that, 
fleeing  the  embraces  of  Apollo,  she  was  changed  into 
the  tree  of  like  name,  after  which  she  was  honoured 
by  the  god  with  the  gift  of  prophetic  power.  Be 

VOL.  X.  21 

15 


PLUTARCH'S    LIVES 

ovv  Kol  ra  TrapcL  ravrrj^  /juavrela  TrpocrrdTreiv 
TO??  J^TrapTidrais  f<joi><?  yevecrOat,  iravra^  Kad^  ov 
o  AvKovpyo<;  e%  ap^rjs  era^e  vojuov.  eVl  Tracri  Be  o 
/3aai\ev$  Ayi$  eh  /Jiecrov  irape\0o)v  teal 

€<f>rj    GV[ji(Bo\a<$    SiSovai  rfj 
TJV  KaOicrrrjo-i,'    rrjv  yap  avrov  Trpcorov 
ovcriav   et?  JACCTOV  riOevai,,  iroXXrjv  jjuev  ovcrav  ev 


rot?   yewpyov/jLevois   /cal  v€/j,o/ji€vois,  avev  $f.  rov- 
e^afcocria  rd\avra  vo^icr  pharos  e^ovaav   TO 
avrb  /cal  ra?  ^rea?  Troielv  Kal  rovs 


Kal  ol/ceiovs,  TrXofcr^wTttToi;?  6Vra? 

X.  'O    IJLGV    ovv    S^/zo?     ej;€7r\dy)]     rrjv    fj,eya- 


TOU   veavicTKOV,   Kal  ireiarj^  rjv   a>? 


Si*  erwv  6/jiov  n  BiaKoa-iaii'1  7T€(j)ijv6ro<;  d^uov 
^TrdpTris  ySacriXeo)?'  o  Be  Aew^tSa?  Tore  &rj  fid- 
Xicrra  Trpo?  Tovvavrlov  e'^iXozW/^cre.  Xoyt^o- 
yuet'o?  lyayo  6Vt  ravrd  ^ev  avayKacrOi'icreTai  Troielv, 
ov  rrjv  avrrjv  8e  ^dpLv  e^et  rrapa  rot? 
aXXa  TTUVTCOV  o/xotco?  a  KeKrijvrai 
fjiova)  TW  dp^a/jievco  TrpocrO^crovcrL 
rjpcora  rov  *Ayiv  el  Strcaiov  avSpa  Kal  (nrovSaiov 
2  ijyeirai  yeyovevai  A.VKOvpyov.  o/noXoyrjcravTos  &* 
€K€ivov,  "  TIov  Tolvvv"  €(f>rj,  "  A  VKovpyos 
aTTOKOTras  eBaiKev  17  %evov<$  Karera^ev  eh 
iro\iTeiav,  05  ovSe  oXw?  evofju.^ev  vyiaiveiv  rrjv 


'O    Be    *Ayi<$     (nreKpivaTo    /ULTJ     @av/jid%eiv    TOV 
Aewvi&av,   el   reOpa/jL/nevo^  ev  %evy  Kal 

1  6f.'.ov  n  $tano<rlwv  Blass  (Fuhr)  :  6/j.ov 
22 


AGIS  AND  CLEOMENES,  ix.  3-x.  2 
this   as  it  may,    it   was    now    said    that  the    oracles 

•/  * 

brought  from  this  goddess  ordained  that  all  Spartans 
should  be  on  an  equality  according  to  the  original 
law  made  by  Lycurgus.  And  finally,  King  Agis  came 
forward  and  after  a  brief  discourse  said  that  he  offered 
very  large  contributions  to  the  constitutions  which 
he  was  trying  to  establish  ;  for  in  the  first  place  he 
put  into  the  common  stock  his  own  estate,  which 
included  extensive  tillage  and  pasture,  and  apart  from 
this  six  hundred  talents  in  money  ;  and,  besides,  his 
mother  and  his  grandmother  did  likewise,  together 
with  their  relatives  and  friends,  and  they  were 
the  wealthiest  among  the  Spartans. 

X.  The  people,  accordingly,  were  filled  with 
amazement  at  the  magnanimity  of  the  young  man, 
and  were  delighted,  feeling  that  after  a  lapse  of 
nearly  two  hundred  years  a  king  had  appeared  who  was 
worthy  of  Sparta  ;  but  Leonidas,  now  more  than  ever, 
strove  in  opposition.  For  he  reasoned  that  he  would 
be  compelled  to  do  as  Agis  had  done,  and  that  he 
would  not  get  the  same  gratitude  for  it  among  the  citi- 
zens, but  that  if  all  the  rich  alike  made  their  property 
a  part  of  the  common  fund,  the  honour  for  it  would 
be  given  to  him  alone  who  had  led  the  way.  He 
therefore  asked  Agis  if  he  thought  that  Lycurgus 
had  shown  himself  a  just  and  worthy  man,  and  when 
Agis  said  that  he  did,  "  When,  then,"  said  Leonidas, 
"  did  Lycurgus  either  grant  abolition  of  debts  or 
admit  foreigners  into  citizenship — a  man  who  held 
that  the  state  was  in  no  healthy  way  at  all  if  it  did 
not  practise  expulsion  of  foreigners  ?  " 

But  Agis  replied  that  he  was  not  astonished  to  find 
Leonidas,  who  had  been  reared  in  foreign  lands  and 


PLUTARCH'S   LIVES 


e/c    y/^fov    (TaTpaTU/cwv       yvoet    rov 
Avfcovpyov,  on  TO  //ei>  o$ei\€iv  /cal  8avei£etv  a/xa 

3  rco  vo/jLicr/j-ari  <rvvej;el3a\€V  etc  rfy  TroXeo)?,  rwv  8' 
ev  TCU<?  iroKevi  %evwv  TOU?  rot?  eTTLr^Sev/^acri  KCU 
rat?   Siairais   acrv  /Ji$v\ov<$  /j,a\\ov    eSva^epaive' 
real  yap  eice'ivovs  ^\avvev  ov  rots  <rco/iacrt  TroXe- 

,  d\\a  rou?  y9tou?  avTwv  KO\  roL/9    T/DOTTOU? 

(Tvvava^pwi'vvfievoi    rot? 
rpv(j)jj<f   /cal    yttaXa^ta?    Aral    TrXeoi/e^ta?  e 

eVel    TepTravSpov    ye    fcal    (8)aX??Ta    /cat 
rjv    %evov<;    ovras,   OTI    ra    avra    TO*  Av- 
Kovpyta    &iere\ovv    aSovres    /cal    (f)i\oao(f)OvvTes, 

4  eV     ^Trdprr)     TifJurjOrji/at     SiatyepovTa)?.      "  "2,v     B€ 

[Jiev"  etyrjaev,  "  eTraivels,  o?   eipopevcov 

rou  /jLovaiKOv   crKe7rdpi>(p    ra? 
evvia    xopScov    e^ere/ie,     KOL    rot/?    eVl 
7rd\LV  TO  auTO  TOVTO  Trpd^avras,  rj/JLas  Be  yiteyu</>7i   800 
rjv   teal   7ro\VT€\€tav  /cal  dXa^oveiav  etc  T/}? 

dvaipovvras,     wcnrep     ov%l 
TO     eV      jLOvaiK       aojSapov    fcal     TrepiTTOv 


evrav6a    jir    7roeX.@r    (>v\aTTojL€va)vt  OTTOV 


(i)v  Ka    rpoTToov     /jLerpa  Ka 

eavrfj 


XI.    'E/C  TOUTOf   TW    fJL€V    "Ajl&l   TO   7r\?)00$   e 

/co\ovOrja'6i>}  ol  oe  7r\ov(7iot  rov  re  Aewvl&av 
7rape/cd\ovv  {JLTJ  cr^>a?  Trpoecrdai,  /cal  TOU?  yepovras, 
ol?  TO  KpaTos  ?)V  ev  TO)  TrpoftpvXeveiv, 
Kal  TreiOovTes  icr^ua-av,  ocrov  evl  TrXetoi'a? 
2  crOat  TOI;?  a7ro"^r;04o-a/xeVoL'?  r^v  prfrpav.  6 
AvcravSpos  eri  rrjv  dp%r)V  €%a)v  ajp/^rjcre  rov  Aeco- 


24 


AGIS  AND  CLEOMENES,  x.  2-xi.  * 

had  children  by  an  oriental  marriage,  ignorant  that 
Lycurgus  had  banished  from  the  state  debts  and 
loans  along  with  coined  money,  and  that  foreigners 
in  the  cities  were  held  by  him  in  less  displeasure 
than  men  to  whom  the  Spartan  practices  and  ways 
of  living  were  not  congenial  ;  these,  indeed,  he 
sought  to  drive  away,  not  because  he  was  hostile  to 
their  persons,  but  because  he  feared  lest  their  lives 
and  manners  should  contaminate  the  citizens,  and 
breed  in  them  a  love  of  luxury,  effeminacy,  and 
greed ;  for  certainly  Terpander  and  Thales  and 
Pherecydes  were  foreigners,  and  yet,  because  the 
teachings  of  their  songs  and  philosophy  always  ac- 
corded with  those  of  Lycurgus,  they  were  held  in 
surpassing  honour  at  Sparta.  "  Thou  praisest 
Ecprepes,"  said  Agis,  "  who,  as  ephor,  cut  out  with 
an  adze  two  of  the  nine  lute-strings  of  Phrynis  the 
musician,  and  likewise  the  magistrates  in  the  time  of 
Timotheus,  who  did  the  same  thing  in  their  turn,  but 
thou  blamest  me  for  trying  to  remove  luxury,  extra- 
vagance, and  ostentation  from  Sparta,  as  if  those 
magistrates  also  wrere  not  on  the  watch  to  prevent 
the  pompous  and  superfluous  in  music  from  making 
such  advances  as  our  lives  and  manners  have  come  to, 
whose  excess  and  discord  has  made  the  city  dissonant 
and  out  of  tune  with  itself." 

XI.  After  this,  the  common  people  took  sides  with 
Agis,  but  the  men  of  wealth  entreated  Leonidas  not 
to  abandon  them.  And  by  prayers  and  arguments 
with  the  senators,  whose  power  lay  in  their  privilege 
of  presenting  all  measures  to  the  people,  they  so  far 
prevailed  that  by  a  single  vote  the  proposed  rhetra  was 
rejected.  Lysander,  however,  who  was  still  ephor, 
set  on  foot  an  indictment  of  Leonidas  by  virtue  of 


PLUTARCH'S    LIVES 


viSav  SiwKeiv  Kara  S?;  riva  vo^ov  rraXatov,  fa 
OVK  ea  rbv  'HpaKXeiSijv  CK  yvvaifcos  dX\,oSarrr)s 
7€Kvovcrdai,  rov  &€  drreXOovra  TT}?  ^rrdprt]^  em 

JJ,€TOlKl(T/jLM     TTyOO?     6Te'/90U9      aTTo6vr)<J  KGtV     K€\€V6i. 

ravra  Kara  rov  AewviSa  \e*/€LV  erepovs  SiSa^a?, 
auro?  7rape(j)v\arr€  per  a  rwv  crvvap^ovrwv  TO 


3  "Ecrrt  Se  roto^Se'    St'   eVcoi/  Ivvka  \a(3ovre<$  ol 
e(f)Opoi  vvKra  Ka6apav  Kal  aaekyvoVy  criwrrf)  KaOe- 
fyvrai    TT/OO?    ovpavbv    arrofiXerrovres.      eav    ovv 
€K    (jiepovs    nvbs    et?    erepov  yu,e/?o?  acrrrjp 

KplVOVai     TOVS     fS(l(TL\€l<$     CO?     7T€pl    TO    0GLOV 

[jiaprdvovras,  Kal  Kararravovcrt.  TT}? 

av   CK  AeX(/)c5i>  rj  'OXf/^vrta?   ^J;CT/.IO?  e'X^?;  Tot? 

rjXwKoai  rwv  ySacrtXecoj'  j3orj0&v. 

4  TOUTO  5?)   TO  aij/jLeiov  auru)  yeyovevai  \€ja)V  o 

KpLuw    ry    Aea>i>i$a     TrpovOrjKe,    Kal 
rrapel^ev  w?  e'/c  yvvaiKos  'Acrm^r??,  r}v 

avrw 


Kal  jjna-ovfjievo^  vrro  TT)?  <yvvaiKo$  errave\6oi  rcapa 
'yvoo/jHjv  OiKaSe,  Kal  BiaBo^rj^  epijpov  dv6\oiro  TO 
5  fta<Ji\eiov.  dfjia  Se  ry  SiKrj  KXeo/ji/Bporov  eireiQe 
TT}?  /Sao-^Xeta?  dvrnroieicrOai,  yapfipov  ovra  rov 
AewvuSa,  <y€vov<$  8e  TOI)  fBacri\LKov.  (po^yjOel^  ovv 
6  AeamSa?  Ixerrjf  <yiverai  Tr)?  XaX/ciot/cou,  Kal 
(jvviKerevev  1}  dvydrrjp  ra>  rrarpi,  rbv  KXeo/z- 
fiporov  drroXiTrovffa.  KCL\OV  fjiivov  Se  rrpbs  rrjv 
Bi/crjv  avrov  Kal  prj  Karafiaivovros,  CKGLVOV 

26 


AGIS  AND  CLEOMENES,  xi.  2-5 

an  ancient  law  which  forbade  any  descendant  of 
Heracles  to  beget  children  by  a  foreign  woman,  and 
ordained  that  anyone  who  left  Sparta  to  settle  among 
foreigners  should  be  put  to  death.1  After  instructing 
others  to  spread  these  charges  against  Leonidas,  he 
himself,  with  his  colleagues,  proceeded  to  observe 
the  traditional  sign  from  heaven. 

This  is  observed  as  follows.  Every  ninth  year  the 
ephors  select  a  clear  and  moonless  night,  and  in  silent 
session  watch  the  face  of  the  heavens.  If,  then,  a 
star  shoots  across  the  sky,  they  decide  that  their 
kings  have  transgressed  in  their  dealings  with  the 

c5  ?5  c> 

gods,  and  suspend  them  from  their  office,  until  an 
oracle  from  Delphi  or  Olympia  comes  to  the  succour 
of  the  kings  thus  found  guilty. 

This  sign  Lysander  now  declared  had  been  given 
him,  and  indicted  Leonidas,  and  produced  witnesses 
showing  that  he  was  the  father  of  two  children  by  a 
woman  of  Asia  who  had  been  given  him  to  wife  by 
one  of  the  lieutenants  of  Seleucus ;  and  that  owing 
to  the  woman's  dislike  and  hatred  of  him  he  had 
come  back  home  against  his  own  wishes,  where  he 
had  assumed  the  royal  dignity,  to  which  there  was 
then  no  direct  successor.  Besides  bringing  this 
indictment,  Lysander  tried  to  persuade  Cleombrotus 
to  lay  claim  to  the  royal  dignity.  Cleombrotus  was 
a  son-in-law  of  Leonidas,  and  one  of  the  royal  line. 
Leonidas,  accordingly,  took  fright,  and  fled  as  a  sup- 
pliant to  the  temple  of  Athena  of  the  Brazen  House. 
His  daughter  also  forsook  Cleombrotus  and  became 
a  suppliant  with  her  father.  When  Leonidas  was 
summoned  to  his  trial  and  did  not  appear,  he  was 

1  Plutarch  here  merges  two  separate  laws.  Cf.  the  Lycur- 
gus,  xxvii.  3. 

27 


PLUTARCH'S   LIVES 

ro> 


TrapeBcoKav. 

XII.  'Ei>    TOVTW    Be 

rov  %p6vov  Bi€\06vTO$.  ol  Be  tcara- 
€(j)opot,  TOP  fjiev  AecoviBav  avearr^crav 
iKerevovra,  ry  Be  AvGavBpa)  Kal  ra>  MavBpo- 
K\eiBa  BiKrjv  eirfpyov  co?  irapa  rov  VO^JLOV 
diroKOTra^  fcal  ^r\v  dvaBd(Tacr0ai  tyrjcjiicra 

2  KivBvvevovres  ovv  eiceivoi  Trei&ovcri  TOJ)?  /3a<ri\ei$ 
O/JLOV  yevo/jievovs  j^aipeiv  edv  rd  TCOV  ecfropcov  /3ov- 
\evfjiaTa'  TOVTO  <ydp  TO  dp-^etov  layysiv  e/c  Bia- 

crtXeo)^,   TO>    ra    jBe\Tiova  \eyovTi 
Tr)V     tyrifyov,    OTCLV    are/30?     epi^rj 
7T/30?   TO   (TVfjL<pepov'    d/jL(f)Oiv    Be    TavTa   {3ov\evo- 
d\VTOV  elvau  rr)i>  e^ovcriav,  Kal 
TT/OO?    TOU?    ftaaiX-eis,   wv 
SLCLITCLV    Kal    ftpafteveiv    avTols    elvat,    TrpocriJKov, 

3  ov^l   7To\v7rpay/jiOveiv  ofJLofypovovvTWv.      oirra)   Bi) 


Kal   yttera    T&V 

dyopdv  /cara/Sayre?  dve&Trjcrav  /lev  6K  TWV  Bi(f>po)v 
TOU?   e(f)6pov<;,   aXXou?    8'   ai/r'   avTwv    aTreBet^av, 
el?  YJV  yA.yrj(Ti\ao<;.     o7rXto*a^re?  Be  TO)V  vewv 
Kal  Xuua^re?  TOU?  BeBefj,evov$  eye 
rot?    virevavTiois    a>?   TroXXou? 
4  vovvres.     diTeOave  Be  ovBels  VTT  avrcov,  d\\d 
t?     Teyeav     vTre^iovT 
TOV  'A^crtXaou,   Kal 

avTov   et?   Tijv  6Bbv   avBpas,   TrvOo/jievos   6   * 
28 


AGIS  AND  CLEOMENES,  xi.  5-xn.  4 

deposed,  and  Cleombrotus  was   made   king   in   hia 
place.1 

XII.  At  this  point,  Ljsander's  term  expired  and 
he  went  out  of  office.  The  new  board  of  ephors 
encouraged  Leonidas  to  leave  his  suppliant's  asylum, 
and  brought  an  indictment  against  Lysander  and 
Mandrocleidas  for  violating  the  law  in  proposing  an 
abolition  of  debts  and  a  distribution  of  land.  Thus  put 
in  legal  peril,  Lysander  and  Mandrocleidas  persuaded 
the  two  kings  to  act  together  and  disregard  the 
edicts  of  the  ephors ;  for  that  board  of  magistrates, 
they  said,  derived  its  power  from  dissension  between 
the  two  kings,  by  giving  their  vote  to  the  king  who 
offered  the  better  advice,  whenever  the  other  was  at 
variance  with  the  public  good ;  but  when  the  two  kings 
were  in  accord,  their  power  was  indissoluble,  and  it 
would  be  unlawful  for  the  ephors  to  contend  against 
them,  although  when  the  kings  were  in  contention 
with  one  another  it  was  the  privilege  of  the  ephors 
to  act  as  arbiters  between  them,  but  not  to  interfere 
when  they  were  of  one  mind.  Persuaded  by  these 
arguments,  both  the  kings  went  with  their  friends 
into  the  market  place,  removed  the  ephors  from  their 
seats,  and  appointed  others  in  their  stead,  one  of 
whom  was  Agesilaiis.2  Then  they  armed  a  large 
body  of  young  men  and  set  free  all  who  were  in 
prison,  thus  striking  fear  into  their  opponents,  who 
thought  they  would  put  many  of  them  to  death.  No 
one,  however,  lost  his  life  at  their  hands  ;  on  the 
contrary,  when  Agis  learned  that  Agesilaiis  had 
plotted  to  make  away  with  Leonidas  as  he  was  trying 
to  withdraw  to  Tegea,  and  had  sent  men  to  assault 
him  on  the  road,  he  sent  out  another  company  of 

1  About  242  B.C.          •  See  chapter  vi.  3  f. 

29 


PLUTARCH'S    LIVES 

erepovs    aTreareiXe    TTKTTOIX;,     01     TOV    Ae&viBav 
7r€pi(T%6vT€S  d<T(f)a\w$  et?  Teyeav  KaTe&Tijcrav. 

XIII.   OVTW  Be  T?}?  7r/?a^6&)9  aurot?  oBta  fiaBi-   801 
£bu<n?9     Kal    /jLTjSevos    evicrra/jievov   /-iT/Se    BtaKO)- 
\VOVTOS,   el?   avr}p,  'A^^crtXao?,   avirpe^re  iravra 
Kal  Si€\vp,ijvaro,  Ka\\L(nov  &iavorj/j.a  teal  A.CLKU>- 
viK(OT(iTOV    alcr^io-TO)    voatj/Aari  Trj    <f)i,\o7r\ovTLa 

2  £>ia<fi0eLpa<;.      €7rei8rj    yap    eKeKTijro  JAW    ev    rot? 
/jLo\icrra  7ro\\r)V   teal  dyaOrjv  ^oopav,   wtfreiXe  Be 

xr;re    &ia\i>crai    Svvd/jLevos    TO,    %/oea 
T)]V  'Xjoopav  irpoeaOai  ftovXofjievos  eVeicre 
a>?  d/ji<porepcov  /jiev  a/jLa  irpaTTO^ev 
ecroiTO   7T€pl  Tijv  TTO\IV   6   veutTepicr/jLos,   el  Be  rfj 
TMV    %pewv    dtyecrei    OepaTrevOelev   ol    Krr)fj,art/col 
irporepov,  evKO\co^  av  avrayv  teal  icaO"  ^av^iav  1 

3  varepov  ev&e^o/jievMV  TOV   dvaSacr/j,6v.     ravra  Be 
/cat    rot?    Trepl    AvaavBpov   eBo/cei,    crvve^aTraTa)- 
p,evoi<$    VTTO    TOV  'A^o'tXaoi',   Kal   ia  irapa   rcov 
XpeoccTTwv  ypafJi/JLaTela  avveveyKavTes  et?  dyopdi', 
a    K\dpia   KaXovcn,  Kal    Trdvra    avvQkwres  et?  ev 

apdeiar]^  Be  (^Xoyo?  ol  ^Lev  TT\OV- 
Kal  Baveia-TiKol  TrepiTraOovvTes  dirffkOov,  6 
Be  'A7?;c7tXao9  waTrep  e<pv/3pi£a)v  OVK  €<prj  \afji- 
TrpoTepov  kwpaKevai  <j5a>9  ouBe  irvp  eKeivov  KaOa- 
pwrepov. 

4  'AgiovvTGW  Be  TWV  7roX\a)V  Kal  Trjv  yriv  evQv<$ 
vefjLeaQat,     Kal    TWV    /3acri\ea)v    ovra)     iroielv    K€- 
\evovT(i)v,   acr^oXta?   Tii/a?   €/A/3d\\a)V   o 

Xao?     ael     Kal     Trpcxpdcreis     \eya)v     Traprjye 

d^pi    ov    (TTpareia    avveftr)    ry    "AyiBi, 


1  Kal  KaO*  T]ffvxiav  Coraes  and  Ziegler  :  icaff  ^< 
30 


AGIS  AND  CLEOMENES,  xn.  4-xm.  4 

trusted  followers  who  took  Leonidas  under  their 
protection  and  brought  him  safely  to  Tegea. 

XIII.  Thus  the  enterprise  of  the  kings  was  making 
good  progress  and  no  one  tried  to  oppose  or  hinder 
them,  when  one  man,  Agesilaiis,  upset  and  ruined 
everything.  He  allowed  a  most  shameful  disease  of 
avarice  to  wreck  a  most  noble  and  most  truly  Spartan 
plan.  For  since  he  was  an  exceedingly  large  owner 
of  valuable  land,  but  owed  huge  sums  of  money,  being 
unable  to  pay  his  debts  and  unwilling  to  give  up  his 
lands,  he  persuaded  Agis  that  if  both  his  projects 
should  be  carried  through  at  the  same  time  the 
resulting  convulsion  in  the  state  would  be  great;  but 
that  if  the  men  of  property  should  first  be  won  over 
by  a  remission  of  their  debts,  they  would  afterwards 
accept  the  distribution  of  land  contentedly  and 
quietly.  This  was  also  the  opinion  of  Lysander, 
who  was  deceived  in  like  manner  by  Agesilaiis.  So 
they  caused  the  mortgages  (the  Spartans  call  them 
"  klaria,"  or  allotment  pledges)  to  be  brought  into  the 
market-place,  heaped  them  altogether,  and  set  fire  to 
them.  As  the  flames  rose,  the  men  of  wealth  and 
the  lenders  of  money  went  away  with  heavy  hearts; 
but  Agesilaiis,  as  if  in  mockery  of  them,  declared 
that  his  eyes  had  never  seen  a  brighter  or  purer 
flame  than  that. 

And  now  the  multitude  demanded  also  that  the 
land  should  at  once  be  divided,  and  the  kings 
gave  orders  that  this  should  be  done  ;  but 
Agesilaiis  would  always  interpose  some  obstacle  or 
make  some  excuse,  and  so  consumed  time  until  it 
became  the  duty  of  Agis  to  head  a  military  expedi- 
tion, when  the  Achaeans,  who  were  their  allies,  sent 


PLUTARCH'S   LIVES 


€/c  Aa/eeSatynoyo?.     AlrwXol  yap  rjaav 
Bia  TT}?  MeyapLfcfjs  efj,/3a\ovvTes  et?  Ile- 

\OTTQVVr\GOV    Kal    TOVTO    KW\.V<JU>V    "ApaTO?    O    TCOI> 

arparrjyo^    ijdpoi^e     ^vvapiv    Kal    rot? 
eypa<pev. 

XIV.   Ot  8e  TOV  *Ayiv  €v@vs  e^eTre/ATrov  eirrip- 
TT)  <^L\OTifJiia   KOI  irpoOvfjiia   rwv  avvrpa- 
T€vofjL€va>v.      veoi     yap     ovres    ol     7T\elcrToi     Kal 
teal    TI-JV    pev    UTTO    TMV    %pewv    aSetav 
&r)  Kal  \e\vfjievoi,  TOL/?  Se  dypous  e\,7Ti- 
,  av  eTraveXOwaiv  IK  TT}?  crrpareias, 


2  Kal    dea/jLa    rat?    iroXecriv    rja-av     tt/3Xa/3w9 

TTyOttft)?  Kal  fJLOVOV  OVK  a^O^rjr],  &ia7TOp€v6/ji€VOl  TTjV 

TLeXoTrovvtjcrov,  ware  davpd^eiv  Kal  &ia\oyi- 
£,ea6ai  TOL/?  f/E\\7;^a?  oiO9  rjv  cipa  ^ocr/io? 
AaKoiviKov  o-Tpareu/jLaros  'AyrjcriXaov  e^o^TO?  7} 
Aixrav&pov  €Keivoi>  rj  AewvL^av  TOV  irakaiov 

11<yOVp,€VOV,      O7TOV      7T/90?      (JLClpCLKLOV       O\LyOV      &61V 

veayrarov  airdvTwv  aiSoos  Tocravrr)  Kal  <£o/3o?  earl 

3  TWV    o-varpareuofiei>a)i'.1      Kal    ^kvroL    Kal    at»ro? 
o  veavlcrKQS  evreXetq  Kal  (f>i>\oiroviq  Kal  rw  /j/)jSei> 
tSicorou    \afjiTTpoTepov    rujL^ieaOai    Kal    a)7r\i(T0ai 
a€/jivvi>o/jL€vo$    a^LoOecLTOs    rjv    Kal     £97X0)1*09    VTTO 
rwv  7ro\\(t)i>'  eirel  rot?  ye  TrXoucrtoi?  OVK  7Jp€(7K6i> 
o    vea)T6pi(T/jLo<>    avrov,    &€&i6cri    yu-?/    KivrjfjLa     Kal 

eiy/jLa  rot?  Tra^Ta^ocre  Sry/zot?  yevrjrai. 
XV.  SfyLt/xt^a?  &e  ra>  'Aparw  Trepl  K.6ptv0ov  6 
6T«  (3ov\evofjiei>w  Trepl  yua^?  /cat  irapaTa- 
7T/3O?   TOI/<?   TToXe/itou?,  eVeSet^aro  Acal  TT/JO- 
dvfuav    TToXkrjv    Kal    ToX^iav    ov    fj.avixrjv    ov&e 

1  ffvffTpaTevo/j.fvuiv  Blass  : 
32 


AGIS  AND  CLEOMENES,  xin.  4-xv.  i 

for  aid  from  Sparta.  For  the  Aetolians  were  expected 
to  invade  Peloponnesus  by  way  of  Megara ;  and 
Aratus,  the  general  of  the  Achaeans,  in  an  effort  to 
prevent  this,  was  assembling  a  force  and  wrote  a 
letter  to  the  ephors. 

XIV.  These  at  once  sent  out  Agis,  who  was  exalted 
in  spirit  by  the  ambition  and  ardour  of  the  soldiers 
under  him.     For  being  young  men  for  the  most  part 
and  poor,  and  having  now  immunity  from  their  debts 
and  absolution,  and  expecting  that  they  would  receive 
allotments  of  land  if  they  returned  from  the  expedi- 
tion, their  devotion  to  Agis  was  astonishing.     And 
they  were  a  spectacle  to  the  cities  as  they  marched 
through  the  Peloponnesus  without  doing  any  injury, 
without  rudeness,  and  almost  without  noise,  so  that 
the  other  Greeks  were  amazed  and  asked  themselves 
what  must  have  been  the  discipline  of  a  Spartan  army 
under  the  command  of  the  great  Agesilaiis,  or  the 
famous  Lysander,  or  Leonidas  of  old,  since  towards  a 
stripling  who  was  almost  the  youngest  of  the  whole 
army  so  great  reverence  and  fear  were  felt  by  his 
soldiers.     And  indeed  the  young  man  himself,  owing 
to  his  simplicity,  his  love  of  hardships,  and  the  pride 
he  took  in   clothing   and   arming   himself   with  no 
more    splendour   than   a    common  soldier,  won    the 
admiration  and  devotion  of  the  multitudes ;    for  to 
the   rich,   certainly,  his  innovating    ways  were    not 
pleasing,  owing  to  a  fear  that  they  might  prove  a 
disturbing  force  and  set  a  bad  example  among  the 
common  people  everywhere. 

XV.  Aratus,  when  Agis  joined  him  near  Corinth, 
was  still  deliberating  whether  or  not  to  meet  the 
enemy  in  open  battle.     Here  Agis  displayed  great 
ardour,  and  courage  which  was  sane  and  calculating. 

33 


PLUTARCH'S   LIVES 


d\6yi(TTOV.      €^>rj    yap    avrq>    fiev    Sofceiv 

Kal  fJLrj  irapievai,  TOV  iro\e[jLOv  etrjw,   ra? 
T/}<?    Yle^OTTOwrjcrov  Trpoejuevovs,   iroi^aeiv 
Be   TO  SOKOVV   'Apdry    KOI  yap  Trpecr/BvTepov  re 
Kal    tjT  parity  e  Iv    'A^atw^,    ol?    ov^t,    irpocr- 


avrbv  OVK 


TJKOI,  /cal  /3oi]0ij<rcov. 
2       fO  &e  ^ivtoTrevs 

L  <f)rjcn  TOV  *A<yiv  'Apdrov  K€\€VOVTOS,  OVK 
co<;  ol?  "A/3aro9   yeypatye  irepl   TOVTWV, 
s    on   fie\Tiov    rjyeiro,    TOU?    Kap- 


,  7rape\6elv  rov?  TroXe/uou?  rj  pd^r) 
Kiv&vvevcrat,  Trepl  TWV  o\wv. 

3        'ETret    8*   ouz>  "A/oaro?   aTreyvco    fJid^jeaOaL  KOI 
TOVS  crv/A/jsd'Xovs  eiraiveaa^  &ia(f)f}Ke,  OavfiaaOels 
o  TA7i9   dve^evyvvev,  ijSr]   TWV  evbov  ev  ^Trdprrj   802 
66pv/3ov  TTO\VV  G^OVTWV  Kal  [JLeTaj3o\r)v. 

XVI.    O  yap  'Ayr)(Ti\ao$  €<popeva)v}  d7rij\\ay- 
fjievos  049  TaTreivos  rjv  irpoTepov,  ovSevos  e^ei 
<f>epovro<;  dpyvpiov  dSiKrj/naro^,  d\\d  ^ 

,  OVK   ajraiTovari^   rore  rr)s   TrepioSov, 


Trapa 


TOt9    reXecrt    Kal    irapeirpaTre.       SeSiax;    Be    TOU? 
Kal  fjnaov^evo^  VTTO  Trdvrwv  erpecfre 


Kal    ^v\arTOfjL€Vo^    VITO    TOVTWV 
2  Kareftaivev  et9  TO  dp^elov.     Kal    TWV    fBacri\€wv 
TOV  fj.ev  6Xa>5  KaTafypovelv,  TOV  Se 

34 


AGIS  AND  CLEOMENES,  xv.  i-xvi.  2 

For  he  declared  that  in  his  opinion  it  was  best  to 
fight  a  decisive  battle  and  not  to  abandon  the  gate  of 
the  Peloponnesus  and  suffer  the  enemy  to  pass  inside  : 
"However/'  he  said, "  1  will  do  as  seems  best  to  Aratus, 
for  Aratus  is  an  older  man,  and  is  general  of  the 
Achaeans  ;  I  did  not  come  hither  to  be  their  leader  or 
to  give  them  orders,  but  to  give  them  aid  and  share 
their  expedition." 

Baton  of  Sinope,  however,  says  that  Agis  himself 
was  unwilling  to  give  battle  although  Aratus  urged 
it ;  but  Baton  has  not  read  what  Aratus  wrote  about 
this  matter,1  urging  in  self-defence  that  he  thought  it 
better,  now  that  the  husbandmen  had  gathered  in 
almost  all  their  crops,  to  suffer  the  enemy  to  pass  by, 
instead  of  risking  everything  in  battle. 

When,  therefore,  Aratus  decided  not  to  give  battle, 
and  dismissed  his  allies  with  praises  for  their  proffered 
aid,  Agis,  who  had  won  universal  admiration,  led  his 
forces  back  to  Sparta,  where  there  was  already  much 
commotion  and  a  revolution. 

XVI.  For  Agesilaiis,  who  was  one  of  the  ephors, 
being  now  freed  from  what  had  kept  him  in  restraint 
before,  shrank  from  no  injustice  that  brought  him 
money,  nay,  contrary  to  the  customary  arrangement 
of  the  calendar,  and  when  the  time  for  it  had  not  yet 
come,  he  inserted  a  thirteenth  month  2  and  exacted 
the  taxes  for  it.  Moreover,  in  fear  of  the  victims  of 
his  injustice  and  hated  by  all  men,  he  kept  an  armed 
bodyguard,  and  would  go  down  to  his  magistracy 
under  their  protection.  And  as  for  the  kings,  he 
wished  men  to  think  that  he  utterly  despised  the  one, 

1  In  his  "Commentaries."     See  the  Aratus,  iii.  2. 

9  This  was  regularly  done  thrice  during  a  period  of  nine 
years,  but  in  distinctly  specified  years.  The  object  was  to 
equalize  the  lunar  and  solar  years. 

35 


PLUTARCH'S    LIVES 

Sia  rrjv  (rvyyev€iav  fia\\ov  rj  Sia  rrjv 
j3ao~i\€iav  ev  nvu  ripy  riOecrdat.  SteSayfce  8e 
\6yov  ft>?  KOI  avOis  etyopevcrwv. 

Aio  /col  Qaacrov  aTroKiv$vvevcravT€<$  ol   6%0pol 
Kal  avo-rdvres  etc  Te7ea?  avafyavbov  rov  A.eo)vi8av 
apyj)V  Karrjyayoi',  77860)?  /cal  TMV 

a)pyi%ovTo  yap  TrefavaKicr/AevoL 


fjurj  vefirjOeLcrYi^.      TOV  /JLCV  ovv 


6  f/o?  'ITTTT  o^i^wv,  Seoytte^o?  TWV  TroKirwv  real 
iracri  7rpocr<f)L\r)<?  wv  Si  avSpayaQiav,  vjrefyjyaye 
Kal  Sieacocre'  TWV  Se  ftaaiX-ewv  6  /JLCV  'A^?  eVl 
Trjv  Xa\KioiKOv  Karefyvyev,  6  Be  KXeo/i/3/9oro?  et? 
TO  rov  IlocreiSw^o?  lepbv  €\0a)i>  itce-reve'  KOI  yap 
e&o/cei  TOVTW  fjia\\ov  o  AewviSas  ^aXevro?  eivai, 
Kal  7ra/36t9  TOV  *Ayiv  eVl  TOVTOV  avefiri  (7rparta)- 
ra?  e^oiv  Kal  Karrjyopei  /zer'  opyijs  on  ya/j,/3pb<> 
&v  e7ref3ovX6V(T€V  avrw  fcal 
Xero  /cal  avve%€[3a\e  Trjs  T 

XVII.  'O    fjiev    ovv    K\eo/zy5/ooT09   ovbev 
eiTrelv,  aXX*   rjTroprf/jievos  eKaBrjro  Kal  CTIWTTWV'   r) 
Be  XtXwy/9,    77   rov  AecoviSov   Ovydrrjp,  rrporepov 

\>r\  /  «  \  p.«  \^N 

/j,ev  aoiKOV/jLevy  ray  rrarpi  avvrjOiKeiTO,  KOI  rov 
KXeoya/3poroL'  TTJV  /3a(Ti\€iav  rrrapa\a^ovro^  arco- 
aracra  rrjv  rov  rrarpos  crvf-Kpopav  eOepdireve,  Kal 
irapovrt,  fJL€V  avviKereve,  favyovros  Be  nrevOovcra 
7ra)9  e%ovcra  77/309  rov  KXeo^fiporov 
rore  5e  av  rrd\iv  rat9  ru^at9  crva/j.era- 


AGIS  AND  CLEOMENES,  xvi.  a-xvu.  i 

and  held  Agis  in  some  slight  honour  more  because  of 
his  near  relationship  than  because  he  was  king.  He 
also  spread  reports  that  he  was  going  to  be  ephor 
again. 

For  this  reason  his  enemies  lost  no  time  in  taking 
the  great  hazard,  and  banding  together,  openly 
brought  home  Leonidas  from  Tegea  to  exercise  the 
royal  power.  Even  the  common  people  were  glad  to 
see  this  done,  for  they  were  incensed  at  their  decep- 
tion in  the  promised  division  of  the  land.  Agesilaiis, 
accordingly,  was  taken  out  of  the  country  and  saved 
by  his  son  Hippomedon,  who  entreated  his  fellow- 
citizens,  and  was  beloved  of  all  because  of  his  valour; 
and  as  for  the  kings,  Agis  fled  for  refuge  to  the  temple 
of  Athena  of  the  Brazen  House,  while  Cleombrotus 
went  as  a  suppliant  to  the  sanctuary  of  Poseidon;1  for 
Leonidas  was  thought  to  be  more  bitter  against  him, 
and  in  fact  he  left  Agis  unmolested  and  went  up 
against  Cleombrotus  with  soldiers.  And  when  he 
arrived  he  denounced  Cleombrotus  angrily  because, 
though  a  son-in-law,  he  had  plotted  against  him, 
robbed  him  of  the  royal  power,  and  helped  in  driving 
him  from  the  country. 

XVII.  Cleombrotus,  on  his  part,  had  naught  to  say 
for  himself,  but  sat  perplexed  and  speechless;  Chilonis, 
however,  the  daughter  of  Leonidas,  who  before  this 
had  felt  herself  wronged  in  the  wrongs  done  to  her 
father,  and  when  Cleombrotus  was  made  king  had  left 
him  and  ministered  to  her  father  in  his  misfortunes, 
— sharing  his  suppliant  life  while  he  was  in  the  city, 
and  in  his  exile  continually  grieving  for  him  and 
cherishing  bitter  thoughts  of  Cleombrotus — at  this 

1  On  the  promontory  of  Taenarum.     See  the  Cleomenes, 
xxii.  5. 

37 


PLUTARCH'S    LIVES 


ftd\\ovcra  fjiera  TOV  dvSpb?    IKCTIS   a>cf)0r)    rcaOe- 
%0/JLevr],  TrepL^e^KrjKvla  rav  ^elpa^  eKeivq*  Kal  TWV 

5>/  v  \          "/]  s       £•'      "    /3  '  j  '          f      v 

Traioiwv    TO    [Jiev    evttev,    TO    o     evuev    v<p     avrrjv 

2  e^ovcra.    0avf.ia£6vTcoi>  Be  TCCLVTWV  KOI  SaKpvovrcov 
€7rl  Trj  xpyaTOTrjTi,  fcal  <$>i\ocrTop<yiq  TT}?  <yvvaiKo<s, 

TWV   TrerrXwv  KOL  TT}?   «royu^?   ar?;yueXw5 

ffrp^Jl?  tt'*  '  'N  v 

Lovro,  eirrev,  co  Trarep,  eyuot  TO 
Kal  Ti]v  o^riv  ov%  6  KXeo/x/Sporou  Trep^re- 
eXeo?,  aXX'  airo  TWV  awv  /catcwv  Kal  TT}? 
yf)s  /j,6/j,evrjK6  /AOL  avinpofyov  KOI  GVVOIKOV 
TO  nrevOos.  TroTepov  ovv  Bel  yu,e  crov  f3aGi\evowro<$ 
ev  ^TrdpTrj  /col  VIKWVTOS  ejKaTafitwvai  raurat? 
rat?  av/j,(popaLS,  rj  \aftetv  ecrOffTa  Xa^rrpav  Kal 
/3acri\iKrjv,  eiriBovcrav  VTTO  crov  TOV  irapOeviov 

3  avSpa  <por€v6fj,evov;  o?  el  /j,rj  TrapaiTeiTau  ere 
TreiOei    TZKVWV    Kal    yvvaiKos    SaKpuai, 

Tepav  rj  crv  ftoii\ei  BLKIJV  v(f)ej;€i  T7/9  KaKoftov\ias 
toV  e/jie  Ti]V  <f)L\TaTrjv  avTip  TCpoaTroOavovcrav. 
yap   e'/ze  Bel  £,r)v   irappr^ffla  rrpbs  r«9  aXXa? 
y  /urjTe  Trap1  dvBpbs  Beo/j.evrj  iirjre  rrapa 
eXeo?  eo-Tiv;  d\\a  Kal  yvvrj  Kal  OvyaTrjp 
Kal    avvaTi/jLa^eaOai    rot?    efjLavTijs 

4  eyevo/jtyv.     TOVTW    /AW    ovv   el    Kal  ri?  fjv  \6yos 

eyco   TOVTOV  d(})ei\6jJLr)v  TOTG    crol  avv- 
Kal    Kara/uapTVprfcracra     TWV    VTTO 
TOVTOV  yevofjievwv  crv  Be  avTfo  TO  a$[fcrjfia  Troiels 
evaTro\6<yi]Tov,  OVTCO  j^eya  Kal  TrepLfjid^r)TOV  drro- 
cfiaivcov  TO  (Bacrikeveiv  wcrre  Bi   avTo  Kal 
fyoveveiv  Kal  TeKvcov  df.ie\elv  elvai  BiKaiov 
XVIII.  'H    fjitv  XiXcoi'l?    ToiavTa 

TO    T6     TTpOCrCOTTOV     €Trl    T1JV    K€(f)a\r)V    eTTe0r)K6     TOV 

K\eojj,/3poTov,  Kal  TO  /SXeyuyua  $Lecf>Oapfji€vov 
38 


AGIS  AND  CLEOMENES,  xvn.  i-xvm.  i 

time  changed  back  again  with  the  changed  fortunes 
of  the  men,  and  was  seen  sitting  as  a  suppliant  with 
her  husband,  her  arms  thrown  about  him,  and  a  little 
child  clinging  to  her  on  either  side.  All  beholders 
were  moved  to  wonder  and  tears  at  the  fidelity  and 
devotion  of  the  woman,  who,  touching  her  robes  and 
her  hair,  alike  unkempt,  said:  "This  garb,  my  father, 
and  this  appearance,  are  not  due  to  my  pity  for 
Cleombrotus ;  nay,  ever  since  thy  sorrows  and  thine 
exile  grief  has  been  my  steadfast  mate  and  companion. 
Must  I,  then,  now  that  thou  art  king  in  Sparta  and 
victorious  over  thine  enemies,  continue  to  live  in  this 
sad  state,  or  put  on  the  splendid  attire  of  royalty, 
after  seeing  the  husband  of  my  youth  slain  at  thy 
hands  ?  That  husband,  unless  he  persuades  and  wins 
thee  over  by  the  tears  of  his  wife  and  children,  will 
pay  a  more  grievous  penalty  for  his  evil  designs  than 
thou  desirest,  for  he  shall  see  me,  his  most  beloved 
one,  dead  before  he  is.  For  with  what  assurance  could 
I  live  and  face  the  other  women,  I,  whose  prayers 
awakened  no  pity  in  either  husband  or  father  ?  Nay, 
both  as  wife  and  as  daughter  I  was  born  to  share  only 
the  misfortune  and  dishonour  of  the  men  nearest  and 
dearest  to  me.  As  for  my  husband,  even  if  he  had 
some  plausible  excuse  for  his  course,  I  robbed  him  of 
it  at  that  time  by  taking  thy  part  and  testifying  to 
what  he  had  done  ;  but  thou  makest  his  crime  an  easy 
one  to  defend  by  showing  men  that  royal  power  is  a 
thing  so  great  and  so  worth  fighting  for  that  for  its 
sake  it  is  right  to  slay  a  son-in-law  and  ignore  a 
child." 

XVIII.   Uttering  such  supplications  Chilonis  rested 
her  face  upon  the  head  of  Cleombrotus  and  turned 


39 


PLUTARCH'S   LIVES 


VTTO     Au-Tn??     rrepn}veyKev    els     rou9 


Trapovras.  6  Se  AewviSas  SidXe^del^  rot? 
rov  fJLev  KXeou/3/ooToy  CKeXzvaev  dvaardvra  (fiev- 
yeiv,  rr)S  Se  TratSo?  fievetv  eSelro  teal  IJLTJ  fcara- 
\nrelv  eawrov  ovrco  $>I\OVVTCL  KOL  BeBcoKora 
2  TT]V  TOV  dvbpbs  avrfi  crwrripiav.  ov  p,rjv  e 

aXV  dviara/JLevu)  TW  dvSpl  OciTepov  T&V  7rai&LO)V 
€yxeipi(ra(Ta,  Odrepov  S'  dvaXa/Sovaa  KCU  Trpoa-fcv- 
vr](Jcnua  TOV  /3a)[j,bv  rov  ]  Oeov  avve^XOev,  ware 


el  ytt?;    TTUVV   &i€(f)0ap/A£iios  i]v  VTTO  /cevijs  So£?/9   o 

av  ijjijcraro   rrjv 


TT}?  /SacriXeta?  nelt^ov  elvat,  Sia  rrjv  yvvaifca. 
TacrT^^cra^e^o?  Se  rov  K.\€o/j,/3porov  6  Aewvi- 
KOL  TOU?  TT/OCOTOU?  e^o/Jou?  €Kj3a\wv  TT}? 


3  TO>  "AyiSi.     KOI  Trpwrov  fiev  eireidev  avrbv  dva- 


KOI 


rwv  TToXircov  crvve^rjTrarTJa-  Qai  yap  VTTO  rov 
'  'PvyriG  i\dov  veov  ovra  KOI  fyikorifjiov.  e/ceivov 
8e  v<pop(t){i€vov  KOL  Kara  %(*)pav  /j,evovros  auro? 

eTravaaro   (j>evaici^cav    xal    Karetpa)vev6/J€i>o$, 


/cat        aLtoa)?    /cat 


dvafiaivovres    elajOecrav    avrw    &ta\ey€cr0ai'    /cai 
Trore    /cal    TrapaXafiovres    eVl    \ovrpov    dirb    rov 
iepov   Kar/f/ayov   /cal    \ovcrdfjievov  rrd\iv    et?    ib 
4  icpbv  Karear^aav.     Kal  fj&av   rrdvres   /JLCV   avru> 
6  &€ 


6fov  Coraes,  Bekker,  and  Ziegler,  after  Bryan  ;    TT)S 
6tov.  *  Kal  /c«xP7JAt€'J/OJ  Coraes  and  Bekker  delete  KOL(. 

40 


AGIS  AND  CLEOMENES,  xvm.  1-4 

her  eyes,  all  melted  and  marred  with  grief,  upon  the 
bystanders.  Then  Leonidas,  after  conference  with 
his  friends,  bade  Cleombrotus  leave  his  asylum  and 
go  into  exile,  but  begged  his  daughter  to  remain, 
and  not  to  abandon  him,  since  he  loved  her  so  much, 
and  had  made  her  a  free  gift  of  her  husband's  life. 
He  could  not  persuade  her,  however,  but  when  her 
husband  rose  to  go  she  put  one  of  her  children  in  his 
arms,  took  up  the  other  one  herself,  and  went  forth 
in  his  company  after  an  obeisance  to  the  altar  of  the 
god;  so  that  if  Cleombrotus  had  not  been  wholly 
corrupted  by  vain  ambition,  he  would  have  con- 
sidered that  exile  was  a  greater  blessing  for  him  than 
the  kingdom,  because  it  restored  to  him  his  wife. 

After  removing  Cleombrotus  from  his  asylum, 
Leonidas  expelled  the  officiating  ephors  from  their 
office,  appointed  others  in  their  place,  and  at  once 
began  to  lay  plots  against  the  life  of  Agis.  To  begin 
with,  he  tried  to  persuade  Agis  to  leave  his  asylum 
and  share  the  royal  power  with  him,  assuring  Agis 
that  the  citizens  had  pardoned  him,  because,  being 
a  young  man  and  ambitious,  he  had  been  one  of 
those  whom  Agesilaiis  had  completely  deceived. 
But  Agis  continued  to  be  suspicious  and  would  not 
leave  his  asylum.  So  Leonidas  himself  stopped 
trying  to  cheat  and  play  tricks  upon  him,  but 
Amphares,  Damochares,  and  Arcesilaiis  did  not. 
They  were  wont  to  go  up  to  the  temple  and  con- 
verse with  Agis  ;  and  once  they  actually  took  him 
in  charge  and  brought  him  down  from  the  temple 
for  a  bath,  and  after  he  had  bathed,  restored  him 
again  to  the  temple.  They  were  all  comrades  of 
his,  but  Amphares  had  also  borrowed  recently  some 


PLUTARCH'S   LIVES 


l/ndna  /col  Trortfpia  TWV  fjro\VTe\wv  Trap&  rfjs 
'Ayijo'KTTpdTas  eTrefiovXeve  Bia  ravra  TW  ftaori\ei 
real  TOU9  yvvai^lv  w?  airoa'Tepi'ifJwv.  Kal  /jLoXtard 
ye  at>T09  i>TraKovcrai  TO>  AewviBa  \eyeTai  teal 
Trapo^vvai  TOVS  efyopovs,  &v  /cat  auro?  et?  r)v. 

XIX.  'ETrel  Se  o  *A<yi$  TOP   pev  ciXXov  ev  r& 
lepw  Sierpifte  ^povov,  elwOeu  Be  KcnaftalveLV  ore 

TV%Ol     7T/30?     TO     \OVTpOV,    €K€i     GvXXa/SeLV     CLVTOV 

eyvwcrav,  QTCLV  e£w  TOV  lepov  <yevr)rai.  /ecu  irapa- 
^)uAa^ayre?  \€\ov  pevov  arJTi]vrr](Tav  KCU  r}<77ra- 
cravTo,  KOL  crvfjLrrpOTJyov  a/j.a  SiaXeyo/Jievoi,  Kal 
2  irai^ovTes  &)?  vrpo?  avvrjOrj  Kal  veov.  eKrpojrrjv 
Be  Tiva  TT}?  oSoO  TrXayiav  TT^O?  TO 


eyevovro    KCIT*  avrrjv  f3aBi£oVT€S,  6 

Bia  TO  ap^€iv  a^lrd/jievo^TOv 

>»  •?  ft      *         \  ^  '   J     '  ^ 

ere,      eiTrev,       em   TOU?    e^opou?,    a> 
\6yov    i>(f)ej;ovTa    ro^v    TreTroXireujuievcov  "     6 

evpwaros  wv  KOI  /jLeyas,  TO  IfidnoV 


3  7T€pt(3a\wv  irepl  TOV  Tpd^rj\ov  elXfcev.  a\\wv  Be 
eTTwOovvTwv  OTTicrOev  etc  TrapaaKevrjs,  ovBevbs 
fioiiOovvTOS,  aXV  eprjfua?  ovo"r)$,  e/jiftaXXovcriv 
avTov  et9  TO  Bea'/JLtoT'ijpiov.  evOvs  Be  rrapfjv  6  jj,ev 


TO 


ej"O)0ev,  ol  Be  e<j>opot,  737)09  TO 
*A<yiv  elaijXOov,  KOI  TWV  yepovTwv  et?  TO 


TOL/9  TavTa  /3ov\o/jLevov$,  ft)9 


avTy   <ytvojji€vr)s,  e/ceXevov   vTrep  TWV  ire- 
4  7rpay/j.€vcov    d7ro\oyelaOaL.     <ye\da-avTO<s    Be    TOV 
veaviaKov  777)09  T?;Z^  elpwvetav  avTWv,o  f^ev  Ajj,<f>a- 

etcaXei  KCU  BLKTJV  v<f>e£ovTa   T?}? 


,  olov 


AGIS  AND  CLEOMENES,  xvm.  4-xix.  4 

costly  vestures  and  beakers  from  Agesistrata,  and 
therefore  plotted  to  destroy  the  king  and  the 
women,  that  he  might  not  have  to  return  what  he 
had  borrowed.  And  he,  certainly,  more  than  any- 
one else,  as  we  are  told,  followed  the  counsels  of 
Leonidas  and  embittered  the  ephors,  of  whom  he 
was  one,  against  Agis. 

XIX.  Now  Agis  spent  most  of  his  time  in  the 
sanctuary,  but  was  wont  to  go  down  from  time  to 
time  to  his  bath.  There,  then,  they  determined  to 
seize  him,  when  he  was  outside  the  sanctuary.  So 
they  waited  till  he  had  finished  his  bath,  and  then 
came  to  meet  him  with  friendly  greetings,  and 
walked  along  with  him,  conversing  and  jesting  with 
him  after  the  manner  of  youthful  comrades.  But  at 
a  certain  point  the  road  branched  off  towards  the 
prison,  and  when  they  were  come  to  that  place, 
Amphares,  by  virtue  of  his  office,  laid  hands  on  Agis 
and  said :  "  I  shall  lead  thee,  Agis,  to  the  ephors,  to 
answer  for  thy  measures  of  state  "  ;  and  Damochares, 
who  was  tall  and  robust,  threw  his  cloak  about  the 
king's  neck  and  dragged  him  along.  Others  pushed 
him  along  from  behind,  as  had  been  agreed,  and 
since  he  had  no  helper  but  was  without  a  friend, 
they  thrust  him  into  the  prison.  At  once  Leonidas 
was  at  hand  with  a  large  band  of  mercenaries  and 
surrounded  the  prison,  while  the  ephors  went  in  to 
Agis.  After  sending  for  those  of  the  senators  who 
were  of  the  same  mind  as  themselves,  as  though  the 
king  were  to  have  a  trial,  the  ephors  ordered  Agis 
to  defend  his  conduct  of  affairs.  The  young  king 
laughed  at  their  dissimulation,  whereupon  Amphares 
threatened  that  he  would  rue  the  day  and  be 
punished  for  his  temerity;  but  another  ephor,  as 

43 


PLUTARCH'S   LIVES 

TO)  "Ayioi    KOI    SeiKVvwv    aTrofivyrjV    7779    alrias, 

ilpaiTijo'ev  el  ravra  eirpa^ev  VTTO  Avo-avSpov  /cal 

5  *Ayi]cri~\,dov     ftiaaOeis.      airoKpiva/jievov    Se    TOV 


TOV  Av/covpyov  eTrl  Trjv 
e\6oi  7ro\iT€iav,  Trd\iv  6  auTO?  r/pcoT^crev  el 
/jieTavoet  Tot?  TreTTpay/jievcis.  <j>ijaavTOS  $6  TOV 
veavLcrtcov  /jirj  /neTavoelv  e-rrl  TO??  Ka\\io~Ta  fteftov- 
\€V/jL€voi$,  KCLV  TO,  ea^aTa  TreiaofJievov  avTov  iSrj, 
OdvaTOv  avTov  KaTe-^n^Lo-avTO,  Kal  TOU?  uTT^era? 
6  e/ce\€vov  dye iv  els  TIJV /ca\ov/j,evrjv  Ae^aSa.  TOVTO 
Se  IGTIV  o'tKrifxa  TT}?  eipKTTJs  ev  w  OavaTOVcn  TOU? 
/ca~aoiKovs  (iTTO7rviyovTG<$.  opoiv  Be  TOL<?  VTTrjpeTCis 
o  Aa/uo^apr;?  ov  TO\jjLO)VTas  dtyacrOat  TOv"AyiSo$, 
Be  Ka\  TWV  fjii(r0o(f)6pct>v  TOU?  Tra/aeo-TWTa? 
Kai  (foeuyovTas  TO  epyov,  oo?  ov 
@€jj,iTov  ovBe  vevop,io~iJiivov  /3a(Ti\ea>$  a(t)ju,aTi  Ta?  804 

>,  oia7r€i\r)o~(ifjL€i>o<}    avTots  K,CL(, 
ei\tcev  at»To?  et?  TO  ol'/cijfj,a  TOV  '  Ayiv. 
yap    yaurivTO     TroXXot     Ttjv   (rv\\rr)~^riv,    /cal 
*jv  evrl  Tat?  Ovpais  Kal  (^wra  TroXXa,  KOL 

1]     T€     jJLTjTrip     TOV    '  AyiBo$     KCLl    T!    fJ.djA/jL1} 

teal  oe6/j,evai  TOV /SacriXea  Twv^TrapTiaTwv 
\oyov  /cal  Arpicrea)?  Tv^elv  eV  Tot?  TroXtVa^?.      8/0 
Kal  /xaXto-ra  KaTtjTrei^av  T^i'  dvaipeo~iv,  &)?  < 
Trayr)(To/jLevov  VVKTOS  av  TrXe/o^e?  €Tre\0a)o~iv. 

~V~V       (f~\  ^  *        *  A  '      v  v 

AA.    ij    yu-ei^    ofz^    A^yt?    eTTt    T^I^ 
Tropevofjievos,  cu?  ei^e  Tii/a  Taif  VTnipeT&v  Ba/cpv- 

44 


AGIS  AND  CLEOMENES,  xix.  4-xx.  i 

though  plainly  offering  Agis  a  way  ot  escape  from 
the  charges  against  him,  asked  him  if  he  had  done 
what  he  did  under  compulsion  from  Lysander  and 
Agesilaiis.  And  when  Agis  answered  that  he  had 
suffered  compulsion  from  no  one,  but  that  in  admira- 
tion and  imitation  of  Lycurgus  he  had  adopted  the 
same  public  policy  as  his,  the  same  ephor  asked  again 
if  he  repented  of  what  he  had  done.  But  the  young 
king  declared  that  he  had  no  repentance  for  what  he 
had  most  excellently  planned,  and  would  not  have, 
even  if  he  saw  that  he  was  to  suffer  the  extremest 
penalty.  So  they  condemned  him  to  death,  and 
ordered  the  officers  to  lead  him  into  the  "  Dechas," 
as  it  was  called.  This  is  a  chamber  of  the  prison  in 
which  they  strangle  those  who  are  under  sentence  of 
death.  But  Damochares,  when  he  saw  that  the 
officers  did  not  dare  to  lay  hands  on  Agis,  and  like- 
wise that  even  the  mercenaries  who  were  there 
shrank  from  the  deed  and  were  loth  to  do  it,  feelin<r 

y  o 

as  they  did  that  it  was  contrary  to  the  laws  of  God 
and  man  to  lay  hands  upon  the  person  of  a  king, 
heaped  threats  and  abuse  upon  them  and  himself 
dragged  Agis  into  the  chamber  of  death.  For 
already  many  people  were  aware  of  the  arrest,  and 
there  was  a  noisy  throng  at  the  door  and  many 
torches,  and  the  mother  and  grandmother  of  Agis 
were  there,  with  cries  and  prayers  that  the  king  of 
the  Spartans  should  have  a  hearing  and  a  trial  before 
the  citizens.  For  this  reason  especially  the  ephors 
hastened  on  the  king's  execution,  believing  that  he 
would  be  taken  out  of  their  hands  in  the  night  if 
the  concourse  should  increase. 

XX.  Agis,  then,  on  his  way  to  the  halter,  saw  one 
of  the  officers  shedding  tears  of  sympathy  for  him. 

45 


PLUTARCH'S    LIVES 

r>v-ra  Kal  rrepiTraOovvra,  "  ilavcrai  //£,"  eljTer, 
ai'OpwTre,  K\aiwv'    Kal  yap  OVTWS  Trapavofiws 
dBiKcos  a7ro\\v/n€vos  KpeiTTwv  elfJU  TWV  avaipovv- 
TCOV  '     Koi  70,1)7'  elrrcbv  TrapeBwK€  r5>  /5/jo^o)  701 


2    -1\0l'     €KOV<TLCdS.        6 


eirl  ra?  Ovpas,  Kal  TIJV  '^yijcricrTpaTav  jrpocr- 
irecrovcrav  avra)  Bia  crvvi]@eiav  KCU{  (£>I\LCLV  ava- 
cr7?;'(7a?,  ov&ev  e<prf  Trepl  TOV  \\yiv  ecrecrdai  ftiaiov 
ov8e  avi]K€G"rov  eieeXeve  Be  Ka/ceivrjv,  el  /3ov\oiTO, 
Trpos  roi>  viov  el<re\6elv.  etceiinjs  Be  teal  rrtv 
H&T'  airrfft  wapeivai  $eofJL€vi)s  ovSev 
3  o  \ 


OV 


TTporepav   p.ev   rrjv   '  A.p%i8a/juav    Tr 

<T(f)6^pa  TrpecrftuTiv  ovcrav  Kal  KarayeyijpaKvlai' 
ev  a^KOfiari  p.€yi(n(i)  rcov  7ro\iTiB(0v,  drroOavov- 
(TJjs  Be  efceLvrf;  eKe\evcre  TIJV  '  A^y^aLcrrpdrav  ecrco 

4  /3a$i£eiv.     0)9  Be  €lae\6ov(ja  TOV  Te  vibv  eOedcraTo 
\aaal   Keifievov   Kal    7/;z'  fj.i-jTepa    veKpav    eK    TOV 
fipo^ov  KpepafJLevrjv,  exeivrjv  fiev  au7?;  70??  vrrrfpe- 
7af?  crvyKaOelXe  Kal  TrapeKTeii-acra  ra5  *A.yi8i  TO 

7repie<TT6i\e   Kal    KaTeKaXv^e"    T£)    Be    vlu> 
Kal  (j)i\i'/<racra  TO   TrpocrcoTrov,  "  CH 
7ro\\?;'  cr£,"  elrrev,  "  w  rral,  ev\d/3eia  Kal  TO  Trpaov 

5  Kal       i\dv9u)7rov    a~'j}\e<je     xeO"    7twi'."      o    Be 


CITTO  7>}?  GvpcLS  opwv  TO,  yivo/j.ei>a  Kal 


e,  Ka 
/X67'   opyffc    eiTTev    "  Et   Tolwv?     ec/)?;, 


eSoiei/JLa^e^    TW   viw,   TavTa   Kal   freury." 

)  '  Xyrjcna-TpaTa    TT/PO?    TOV 


AGIS  AND  CLEOMENES,  xx.  1-5 

"My  man/'  said  he,  "cease  weeping;  for  even 
though  I  am  put  to  death  in  this  lawless  and  unjust 
manner,  I  have  the  better  of  my  murderers."  And 
saying  these  words,  he  offered  his  neck  to  the  noose 
without  hesitation.  But  Amphares  went  to  the  door 
of  the  prison,  where  Agesistrata  fell  at  his  feet  in  an 
appeal  to  his  friendship  and  intimacy.  Amphares 
lifted  her  up  and  assured  her  that  Agis  was  not  to 
suffer  violence  or  death  ;  and  he  bade  her,  if  she 
wished,  go  in  to  her  son.  And  when  Agesistrata 
begged  that  her  mother  might  go  in  with  her, 
Amphares  said  there  was  nothing  to  prevent.  So 
he  admitted  both  the  women,  and  after  ordering 
the  door  of  the  prison  to  be  locked  again,  delivered 
Archidamia  first  to  the  executioners.  She  was  now 
a  very  aged  woman,  and  had  lived  all  her  days  in 
very  high  repute  among  her  countrywomen.  After 
she  had  been  put  to  death,  Amphares  ordered 
Agesistrata  to  enter  the  chamber  of  execution.  So 
she  went  in,  and  when  she  saw  her  son  lying  dead 
upon  the  ground,  and  her  mother's  dead  body  still 
hanging  in  the  noose,  with  her  own  hands  she  helped 
the  officers  to  take  her  down,  laid  her  body  out  by 
the  side  of  Agis,  and  composed  and  covered  it. 
Then,  embracing  her  son  and  kissing  his  face,  she 
said :  "  My  son,  it  was  thy  too  great  regard  for 
others,  and  thy  gentleness  and  humanity,  which  has 
brought  thee  to  ruin,  and  us  as  well."  Then 
Amphares,  who  stood  at  the  door  and  saw  and  heard 
what  she  did  and  said,  came  in  and  said  angrily  to 
her :  "  If,  then,  thou  hast  been  of  the  same  mind  as 
thy  son,  thou  shalt  also  suffer  the  same  fate."  And 
Agesistrata,  as  she  rose  to  present  her  neck  to  the 

47 


'* 

»» 


PLUTARCH'S    LIVES 
Movov,"     €<£>;,     "  crvveveyKai     Tavra     rfj 


XXI.  ToO  Be   TrdOovs  et?   rr/f  TTO\LV  e 
Oivros  Kol  TWV  rpiwv  o~wjj,drcov  eKKOfJU^o^evdnv  ovtc 


o    >oySo9  OVTO)  fjieyas,  ware  fJLrf  KaTatyaveis  elvat 


TOI;?   TroXtra?   dXyovvras  fi€V  eVt  rot? 
Be    TOV  AewviBav   teal    TOV  ' 
ev  Beivorepov  /jirjBe  dvcKTiayrepov  e^  ov 
TIe\07r6vvr]crov  olfcovaiv  olofievovs  ev  ^Trdprrj  TTC- 

2  irpa^OaL.     j3d(Ti\el  yap,  w?  eoLK€,  AaKeBatfj,oviwv 
ovBe  ol  7ro\efuot  pa&iws  eVrat?  yiia^ 
irpoaefyepov  ra?  %€lpa$,  aXV  direrperrovro 

KOI  oreftoiJtevoi,  TO  aj~LwjjLa.  Bio  KOI  TTO\\MV  ye<yo- 
VOTCDV  AatceBai/jLovLOis  ay^vwv  jrpos  r/Ei\\rjva<s  el? 
/uoz/09  dvypedr)  Trpb  rwv  <&i\i7nritc&v  Bopari,  TT\r)- 
7619  7re/ot  AevKrpa  KXeo/z/9/30TO?.  ^Lecrcrrjvitov  Be 

KOi  ©eOTTO/LLTTOV  VTT    'AyOf  (7TO/A6VOV$  7TeO~€.lv  \€y6l>TCi)V 

3  ou  <^)acri  Aa/ceBai/jiovioi,  irKTjyijvat  Be  p,6vov.    d\~\a 
ravra  p.ev  e^et  Tivas  d/jL^iXoyias.     ev  Be  Aa/ceBai- 
IJLOVI  TT/JCUTO?  *A7*9  fiacriXevwv  VTTO    TO)V   e(f>6pcov 

,  /ca\d  fjiev  epya  real  Trpeirovra  rfj  ^irdpjy 
£e    yeyovcbs  ev   y  dp.aprd- 
vovres  av0pa)7roio-v<yyva>fj,'r]<;  Tvy%dvovo~i,  /zeya^^ek 

^€    VTTO    TWV  (f)L\.COV   BlKdlOTepOV  T)  TWV    C^OpCOV,  OTl 

KOI    AewvLBav    Trepieo-wo-e    teal    rot?    a'XXoi?    eVt- 

KCU  TrpaoraTos 


48 


AGIS  AND  CLEOMENES,  xx.  5-xxi.  3 

noose,  said  :  "  My  only  prayer  is  that  this  may  bring 
good  to  Sparta." 

XXI.  YVhen  tidings  of  the  sad  event  had  been 
carried  to  the  city  and  the  three  bodies  were  carried 
forth  for  burial,  the  fear  felt  by  the  citizens  was  not 
so  strong  as  to  prevent  them  from  manifesting  sorrow 
over  what  had  been  done,  and  hatred  for  Leonidas 
and  Amphares.  It  was  thought  that  nothing  more 
dreadful  or  heinous  had  been  done  in  Sparta  since 
the  Dorians  had  dwelt  in  Peloponnesus.  For  against 
a  king  of  the  Lacedaemonians,  as  it  seems,  not 
even  their  enemies  would  willingly  raise  their  hands 
if  they  met  him  in  battle,  but  they  would  spare 
him,  out  of  fear  and  reverence  for  his  dignity. 
And  for  this  reason,  although  there  had  been 
many  conflicts  between  Lacedaemonians  and  other 
Greeks,  only  one  Spartan  king  had  been  slain  up 
to  the  time  of  Philip  of  Macedon,  namely,  Cleom- 
brotus,  who  was  smitten  by  a  spear  at  Leuctra.1 
The  Messenians,  however,  say  that  Theopompus  also 
fell  in  battle,  at  the  hands  of  Aristomenes  ;  but  the 
Lacedaemonians  deny  this,  and  say  that  their  king 
was  only  wounded.  This  matter  may  be  disputed  : 
but  Agis  was  certainly  the  first  king  of  Sparta  to  be 
put  to  death  by  the  ephors.  And  yet  he  had  chosen 
a  line  of  conduct  that  was  noble  and  worthy  of  Sparta, 
and  was  of  an  age  in  which  men  are  usually  pardoned 
for  their  errors,  and  his  friends  could  with  more 
justice  blame  him  than  his  enemies,  because  he 
spared  the  life  of  Leonidas,  and,  most  mild  and 
gentle  man  that  he  was,  put  faith  in  his  other  foes. 

1  See  the  Pelopldas,  xxiii. 


49 


PLUTARCH'S   LIVES 


KAEOMENH2 

I.  'KnoOavovTos    Be    avrov    TOV    /uev    dBe\<bbv   805 
'Ap%iBa/jiov  OVK  e<f)0-r)  (rv\\a/3eiv  6 
e/cffrvybma,    TTJV     Be     yvraiKa     TrcuSbOV 
veoyvbv  etc  r?}?  olfcias   drrayaycDV  /3ta 

Tft)    VIW     (TVVWKlGtV    OV    TTCLVV    yd/LLWV    WpCtV 

TIJV  Be  avOpa)7Tov  a\\(p  SoOr/vai 
r)V  jap  overlap  re  /j.eyaXri^  €7TiK\i)po$  TJ  ' 
Tv\L7nrov  rov  Trarpos,  copa  re  KOL  Ka\\ei  TTO\V 
TWV    'E'XXrjviSwv     SiCKpepovaa    teal    TOV    Tpojrov 
CTTieiKifc.     Sib  TroAAa  fjiev  erroL^o'ev,  co?  (fiadi,  /Arj 
ftiaa9r)va(,  Seo/jLevrj,  avi><ik6ovo-a  Se  tt?  ravrb  TCO 
KXeo/jieveL  TOV  fjiev  AewviSav  e/jiiaeL,  Trepl  Be  avrbv 
TOV  veav'iCTKov    r^v  ayadrj  yvvr]  KOL  (f)i\6crTOpyos, 

iKws  afia  TU>  \aftelv  TT/JO? 
i  TLva  Tponov  av/j.TraOovi'Ta  TTJ  TT/OO?  TOV 


evvoia   Kal    jLVr    T>9      vvaiKos,  wcrre  /cal  rrvv- 


7roXXa/ci?  nepl  TWV  yeyovoTwv 
eTrf/u-eXw?  Sn^OL'/zeVr;?  efceivr)?  T)V  b 
e  Bidvoiav  Kal  Trpoaipecnv. 
Be  /cal  (friXorifjios  fjiev  Kal  ^eya\6(f)pa)i'  6 
Kal  TT/QO?  ey/cpdreiav  /cal  dtyeXetav  ov% 
TOV  "AyiBos  ev  TretyvKws,  TO  ^e  ev\a/3es 
ayav  e/ceivo  /cal  irpaov  OVK  ei^ei1,  d\\a  Kevrpov  TI 
dvfjiov  TT)  (frvaei  Trpoae/ceiTo  /cal  //-era  ff<poBp6ryj- 
TO?  opfjbr)  7T/309  TO  (^aivbfjLevov  del  Ka\bv.  e^alve-TO 
Be  /cd\\L(TTov  fjiev  avru)  /cpareiv  e/covTwv,  /ca\6v 
Be  /cal  fjLr]  Tf&iQo^vwv  Trepielvai  TT/JO?  TO  fte\Tiov 


AGIS  AND  CLEOMENES,  i.  1-3 


CLEOMENES 

I.  Upon  the  death  of  Agis l  his  brother  Archidamus 
at  once  took  to  flight,  and  thus  escaped  arrest  at  the 
hands  of  Leonidas ;  but  his  wife,  who  had  an  infant 
son,  was  taken  from  her  home  by  Leonidas  and  com- 
pelled to  marry  his  son  Cleomenes.  Cleomenes  was 
too  young  for  marriage,  but  Leonidas  was  unwilling 
to  have  Agiatis  marry  anyone  else.  For  she  was  heir 
to  the  great  estate  of  her  father  Gylippus,  in  youthful 
beauty  she  far  surpassed  the  other  women  of  Greece, 
and  she  had  an  excellent  disposition.  Therefore  she 
begged  most  earnestly,  we  are  told,  that  she  should 
not  be  forced  into  this  marriage,  but  after  she 
was  united  to  Cleomenes,  though  she  hated  Leonidas, 
to  the  young  man  himself  she  was  a  good  and  affec- 
tionate wife.  And  he,  as  soon  as  Agiatis  was  his, 
became  passionately  fond  of  her,  and  in  a  way  sym- 
pathized with  her  devotion  to  the  memory  of  Agis, 
so  that  he  would  often  ask  her  about  the  career  of 
Agis,  and  listen  attentively  as  she  told  of  the  plans 
and  purposes  which  Agis  had  formed. 

And,  besides,  Cleomenes  was  aspiring  and  magna- 
nimous, and  no  less  prone  by  nature  than  Agis  to 
self-restraint  and  simplicity.  He  had  not,  however, 
the  scrupulous  and  gentle  nature  for  which  Agis  was 
remarkable,  and  his  natural  courage  was  always 
goading  him  on,  as  it  were,  and  fiercely  impelling  him 
towards  that  which  in  any  case  appeared  to  be  the 
honourable  course.  He  thought  it  a  most  excellent 
thing  to  rule  over  willing  subjects,  but  a  good  thing 
also  to  subdue  such  subjects  as  were  disobedient,  and 
force  them  towards  the  better  goal. 

1  About  241  B.a 


PLUTARCH'S   LIVES 


II.     OvK     Jjpe&Ke     /JLeV     OVV     dVTO)    TO,     Kara     T1]V 

7r6\iv,  CLTrpay/jiOcrvvrj  real  rjBovf)  KaTaKeKi-jXrjfjLei'wv 
T0)v  7ro\iTwv  Kal  TOV  (3a<Ti\ew<$  TrdvTa  TO,  irpdy- 
fjiara  %aipeiv  ecoiro?,  el  /nr/Bels  avTOv  €vo%\oir) 
cryoXa^eii;  ev  afyOovoLS  tcai  rpv(£>dv  /3ov\6/n€vov, 
du€\ov/j.ev(0v  Se  TWV  KOIV&V,  rear  olrciav  kKciarov 
Trpo?  avrbv  eXtcovros  TO  Kep$a\eov  dcrK^aew^ 
Be  Kal  (jwfypcxTvvris  rewv  Kal  Kaprepias  teal  icro- 
TT;TO?  ov$e  acr^aXe?  rjv  TOVTWV  rwv  Trepl  *A.yi,v 


Be  Kal  \oywv  <$>i\ocr6(f)c0v  rov  K.\eo- 
'xeiv  en  fxeipctKiov  ovra,  ^(fraipov  TOV 
BopvcrOeviTov  Trapa(3a\6vTo<;  eh  TTJV  AaKeBai/jiova 
Kal  Trepl  TOVS  veovs  Kal  TOV$  €<f>i]/3ovs  OVK  ayiteXw? 
SiaTpijBovTos.  o  Be  2</>ai/oo?  ev  rot?  TrpcoTois  eye- 
TWV  Ziijvwvos  TOV  KtTiew?  fj,ad^T(t)i>,  Kal  TOV 
eoiKe  TT}?  ^ucrew?  TO  dvBpwBes  dya- 


T€    Kal    TrpocreKKavaai    Trjv 
3  AewviBav  /j,ev  yap  TOV  Tra\aibv  \eyovo-iv,  eirepw- 
7To?o?    Ti?    avTw    (fraiveTai,    7ron)Trjs    ye- 


Tu/3rat09>  elirelv   "'Aya^o?  veu>v 

€/jL7rnr~\.d/jLevoi  yap  viro  TMV 
evOova'iaa'iJLOv  Trapd  ra?  /ita^a?  rj<peiBovv 
o  Be  ^TCOIKOS  Xoyo?  e^ei  TL  TTpos  ra? 
(frvcreis  Kal  o£aa?  eVfcr^aXe?  Kal  irapd- 
fio\ov,  (Badel  Be  Kal  irpam  Kepavvv^evos  jjOei, 
udXiaTa  et?  TO  olxelov  dyaOov  eTTiBiBcocriv. 
III.  'Evret  Be  TeXeuT^^crayTO?  TOU  AewviBov  rrjv 
?ra/)eXa/9e  Kal  TOU?  TroXtTa?  TOTC  Bij 
eVXeXu/zeVou?  ewpa,  TWV  /.iev  TT\OV- 
criwv  Ka@*  rjBoi'd?  ISia?  Kal  vrXeoi'e^ta?  Trapo- 


AGIS  AND  CLEOMENES,  n.  i-m.  i 

II.  Of  course,  then,  the  condition  of  the  city  was 
not  pleasing  to  him.    The  citizens  had  been  lulled  to 
sleep  by  idleness  and  pleasure  ;  the  king  was  willing 
to  let  all  public  business  go,   provided  that  no  one 
thwarted  his  desire  for  luxurious  living  in  the  midst 
of  his  wealth  ;  the  public  interests  were  neglected, 
while  every  man  was  eagerly  intent  upon  his  own 
private  gain;  and  as  for  practice  in  arms,  self-restraint 
in  the  young,  hardiness,  and  equality,  it  was  even 
dangerous  to  speak  of  these  now  that  Agis  was  dead 
and  gone. 

It  is  said  also  that  Cleomenes  studied  philosophy 
when  he  was  still  a  stripling,  after  Sphaerus  of 
Borysthenis  had  made  a  voyage  to  Sparta  and  busied 
himself  sedulously  there  with  the  youth  and  young 
men.  Sphaerus  had  become  one  of  the  leading 
disciples  of  Zeno  of  Citium,  and  it  would  appear  that 
he  admired  the  manly  nature  of  Cleomenes  and  in- 
creased the  fires  of  his  high  ambition.  For  Leonidas 
of  old,  as  we  are  told,  when  asked  what  manner  of 
poet  he  thought  Tyrtaeus  to  be,  replied;  "A  good 
one  to  inflame  the  souls  of  young  men."  And  indeed 
they  were  filled  with  divine  inspiration  by  his  poems, 
and  in  battle  were  prodigal  of  their  lives.  However, 
for  great  and  impetuous  natures  the  Stoic  doctrines 
are  somewhat  misleading  and  dangerous,  although 
when  they  permeate  a  deep  and  gentle  character, 
they  redound  most  to  its  proper  good. 

III.  But    at  the    death    of  Leonidas1    Cleomenes 
came    to    the    throne,    and    saw   that    the    citizens 
were  by  that  time  altogether  degenerate.     The  rich 
neglected  the  common  interests  for  their  own  private 

1  In  235  B.C.    Cleomenes  was  then  about  twenty -four  years 
of  age. 

TOL.  T.  53 


PLUTARCH'S    LIVES 

pcf)VT(0v  TO,  Kotvd,  TWV  Be  TroXXooi/  Bid  rb 
Trepl     TCL    ol/ceia    KCU   irpb^    TOV 
teal    7T/9O?    TTjV    ajwjrjv 
avTOv    Be    ovo^a    {BaaiXevovTOs 

2  fjibvov,  TI  Be   dp\i]   Trdcra  TGOV  e<$bpu>v,  evOvs 

et?  vovv  e0€TO  TCL  TrctpovTct  pzQ  iGTcuvai  real  Kivelv, 
6Wo?  Be  avTM  <f)i\ov  Izevdpovs,  epaarov  <yeyovbro<$ 
(TOVTO  Be  efJurvelaOai  Aa/ceBai/jiovLOi 

rovrov   Biairvv6avop.ei>os  TOV  * 
ryevoiro  fiaai\evs  KOI  T'IVI  Tpbirw  KOI 
ejrl  TUVT^V  e\9oi  Tr/v  6B6v.      b  Be 
TO  fjiev  TrpwTov  OVK  drjBws   e/me/^i>r)TO  TWV   irpay- 
p,aT<t)v  erceivfov,  <W9  eTrpd^Or]  tcaff  efcaaTa  fMv0o\o-   806 

3  <ywv    KOL    Bir/yov/jievos'     co?    Be    rjv    KaTafyavr)1?    b 

efjiTraOecrTepou    Trpoae^wv    KCU    KLVOV- 
77730?  TYJV  KaivoTo^iav  TOV  "AyiBo? 


KOI  Tavra  TroXXa/ff?  dicoveiv 


W  7T/309  bpyr)V  b 

i    re'Xo?   direaTrj    TOV   Bia\€<yea'0ai  KOI    <$>OLTCLV 
avTov,  ovBevl  ^kvTOi  TTJV  aiTiav  efipaae  T?}? 
Bia(f)0pa$,  aA,X'  CLVTOV  efii]  yivwcr/ceiv  eitelvov. 
4        Oi/rft)  ^e  TOV  tlevdpovs  dvTiKpovcravTOS  b  KXeo- 
teal   TOL/?    aXXou?   o^ota)?   e^eiv 
ev   eavTro  <rvveTi0ei  TTJV  Trpafyv. 
8*  av  ev  TToXe/xw  p,a\\ov  r)  /car'  elpijwrjv 
aai  TCL  Trapbvra,  crvveKpovcre  TT/JOV  rou? 


Trjv  Trb\tv,  avTovs  BiBbi'Tas  e<yK\r)/jidTQ)v  Trpo- 
(f)d(rei<t.  b  yap  "A/oaro?  Icr^ycov  ^L^KJTOV  ev  rot? 
*A^aiot?  efBovkeTO  /JLCV  e£  dp%rjs  et?  /j,iav  avvTa^iv 
dyayeiv  T\.e\OTrovvria-iov<;,  Kal  TOVTO  TWV  7ro~\Xwv 
CLVT&  KUL  TT}?  p.aKpd^  TroXtreta?  t]v 


54 


AGIS  AND  CLEOMENES,  in.  1-4 

pleasure  and  aggrandizement;  the  common  people, 
because  of  their  wretched  state  at  home,  had  lost  all 
readiness  for  war  and  all  ambition  to  maintain  the 
ancient  Spartan  discipline;  and  he  himself,  Cleomenes, 
was  king  only  in  name,  while  the  whole  power  was 
in  the  hands  of  the  ephors.  He  therefore  at  once 
determined  to  stir  up  and  change  the  existing  order 
of  things,  and  as  he  had  a  friend,  Xenares,  who  had 
been  his  lover  (or  inspirer,  as  the  Spartans  say),  he 
would  make  trial  of  his  sentiments  by  inquiring  in 
detail  what  sort  of  a  king  Agis  had  been,  and  in  what 
way  and  with  what  assistants  he  had  entered  upon 
the  course  of  action  so  fatal  to  him.  At  first  Xenares 
was  quite  glad  to  recall  those  matters,  and  rehearsed 
the  events  at  length  and  in  detail ;  but  when  it  was 
apparent  that  Cleomenes  took  an  unusual  interest  in 
the  story,  and  was  profoundly  stirred  by  the  innova- 
tions of  Agis,  and  wished  to  hear  about  him  over  and 
over  again,  Xenares  rebuked  him  angrily,  calling  him 
unsound  in  mind,  and  finally  stopped  visiting  and 
conversing  with  him.  To  no  one,  however,  did  he 
tell  the  reason  of  their  variance,  but  merely  said  that 
Cleomenes  understood  it. 

And  so  Cleomenes,  finding  Xenares  averse,  and 
thinking  that  everybody  else  was  of  like  mind  with 
him,  began  to  arrange  his  project  all  by  himself. 
And  because  he  thought  that  he  could  better  bring 
about  his  reforms  in  time  of  war  than  in  the  midst  of 
peace,  he  embroiled  the  state  with  the  Achaeans, 
who  were  themselves  giving  grounds  for  complaint. 
For  Aratus,  the  most  powerful  man  among  the 
Achaeans,  was  from  the  outset  desirous  of  bringing 
all  the  Peloponnesians  into  one  confederation,  and 
this  was  the  end  pursued  by  him  during  his  many 

55 


PLUTARCH'S    LIVES 


av  oi/Tft>9 


6  ZcreaOai  TO??  eVro?  iroKefjiio^.  eVet  3e  T&V  d\\wv 
(r%toov  drrdvTwv  avTU)  TTpocryeyovoTwv  ttTreXet- 
TTOVTO  AaKeBai/Liovioi  Kal  'HXetot  teal  ooroi  Aarce- 
^ai/JiovioL^  'Ap/cdSwv  Trpoael^ov,  ajJLO,  rw  rov 
Aewvi&av  cnroOaveiv  7raprfvu>-^\et,  rot?  'Ap/cdcri  Kal 
TrepietcoTrrev  avT&v  jjidXiara  TOU?  rot? 


/cal   rov  KXeo/jievovs  co?  veov  Kal  direipov  Kara* 


IV.  'E/c    TOVTOV    KXeofMevrj    Trpwrov    ol   e 

ara\ri^rop.evov  TO  irepl  rrjv  Be\/3ivav 
.  e/x/SoXr/  Be  TT}?  AaKwviKrjs  TO 
eVrt,  Kal  Tore  vrpo?  TOI;?  MeyaXoTroXt'ra? 
&LKOV.  KaTa\afBovTOs  Be  TOVTO  Kal 
TOU  KXeo/zeVou?  o  "A/jaro?  ovdev  e'-y/caXeVa?,  aXXa 
VVKTOS  eKGrparevcras  eTre^eiprjae  Teyedrai^  Kal 
2  JOp%o/uieviot<$.  TWV  Be  irpo^orwv  dTroBeiKLacrdvTwv 
6  /iei/  "A/oaro?  dve^jcap^cfe  \e\rjdevai  VOJJLL^WV,  o 
Se  KXeoyLteVr;?  elpwvela  %pc0[j,evos  eypatye 

y  a)?  8^  irapa  <^L\ov  TrvvOavo/JLevos  trov 
OS  e%e\0oi.    rov  Be  avriypatyavros  w?  e 

/JLe\\etv   Tei^i^eiv    aKovcra?    Kara/Bail] 
TOVTO  K(D\V<J(I)V,  ird\iv  6 
TOVTO 


Kal  Ta?  /cXt/^a/tac,"  etjrev,  "  el  /JLTJ  TL  aoi 


Bia(j)epeit   rypdtyov  f)iMV,   em   Tt    crof    irapr]KO\ov- 
3  QovvT     TOV  Be  '  ApaTov  vrpo?  TO  cr/cw^a  <ye\d- 
Kal  TTvvOavofievov  TTOIO?  Tt?  o  veavitr/eos 
o    AaKeBai/novLOS    (frvyds,    "  Et 


"  TT/OO?       aKeaijjLovovs,    wpa 


56 


AGIS  AND  CLEOMENES,  in.  4-iv.  3 

generalships  and  his  long  political  activity,  since  he 
was  of  the  opinion  that  in  this  way  alone  would  they 
be  safe  from  the  attacks  of  their  enemies  without. 
Nearly  all  the  other  Peloponnesians  adopted  his  views, 
but  the  Lacedaemonians,  the  Eleians,  and  the  Arca- 
dians who  sided  with  the  Lacedaemonians,  held  aloof. 
Therefore,  as  soon  as  Leonidas  was  dead,  Aratus  be- 
gan to  harass  the  Arcadians,  and  ravaged  the  terri- 
tories of  those  especially  who  were  adjacent  to  Achaea. 
His  object  was  to  put  the  Lacedaemonians  to  the 
test,  and  he  despised  Cleomenes  as  a  young  and  in- 
experienced man. 

IV.  Upon  this,  the  ephors  began  operations  by 
sending  Cleomenes  to  occupy  the  precinct  of  Athena 
at  Belbina.  This  commands  an  entrance  into  Laconia, 
and  was  at  that  time  a  subject  of  litigation  with  the 
Megalopolitans.  After  Cleomenes  had  occupied  and 
fortified  this  place,  Aratus  made  no  public  protest, 
but  led  out  his  forces  one  night  and  tried  to  surprise 
Tegea  and  Orchomenus.  Those  who  were  to  betray 
the  places  to  him,  however,  played  the  coward,  and 
Aratus  withdrew,  thinking  that  his  attempt  had 
escaped  notice.  But  Cleomenes  wrote  him  an  ironical 
letter,  inquiring,  as  from  a  friend,  whither  he  had 
marched  out  in  the  night.  Aratus  wrote  back  that 
hearing  of  Cleomenes'  intention  to  fortify  Belbina  he 
had  gone  down  there  to  prevent  it.  Whereupon 
Cleomenes  sent  back  word  again  that  he  believed 
this  story  to  be  true;  "but  those  torches  and  ladders," 
said  he,  "if  it  is  all  one  to  thee,  tell  me  for  what 
purpose  thou  hadst  them  with  thee."  Aratus  burst 
out  laughing  at  the  jest,  and  inquired  what  manner 
of  youth  this  was.  Whereupon  Damocrates,  the 
Lacedaemonian  exile,  replied  :  "  If  thou  hast  designs 

57 


PLUTARCH'S   LIVES 


aoi  Ta^vveiv  Trpb  TOV  KevTpa  (pvcrai  TOVTOV  TOV 


>» 

V€0<J"(70V. 


'E/e  TOVTOV  KXeo/teVet  yuero.  iTnriwv  oXiycov  Kal 
TpLaKoaiwv  ev  'Ap/oiSia  crTpaTOTreSevo/jLevw 
irpocreTa^av  dva^wpelv  ol  e^opoi,  (£>o(3ov/j,€voi  TOV 
4  TcoKefiov.     eirel  8e  dvaj(wpri(TavTO^  avTov  Kac^ua? 
€\a/3ev    6  "ApaTO?,  av0i<?   e^eire/jiTrov  TOV   KXeo- 
/nevrj.     Xa/Soi'To?    Se    avTov    MeOvSpiov    Kal    TTJV 
KaTaSpa/novTOS,     e^e&TpdTevcrav     ol 
$(crp,vpiois   Tre^ot?   Kal  p^tXtot?    r; 


KXeo/xei'OL'?  /cat  fiovXo/jievov 
,  (f)o/3?jdels  TTJV  To\fiav  6  "Aparo?  OVK 
eiacre  BiaKivSwevcrat.  TOV  aTpaTiyyov,  aXX'  a7rrj\0e 
\oi&o  povfjievos  p,ev  VTTo  TWV  'Axaiwv,  y^keva^o- 
Se  Kal  KaTa^povov/jLevo^  VTTO  TMV  AaxeSai- 
ovoe  TrevTaKKT^iXiwv  TO  7r\f}@os  OVTWV. 


ovv    TU>   <oviiaTi   <e<ova)<;  6 


TT/PO?  TOU?  TroXtra?,  Kal  TWV 
aurou?  dve/jLi/jLvrjcTKe  (BaaiKewv  GITTOVTOS  ov 
QTI  l  AaKeSaifjiovioi  TcvvOdvovTai  Trepl  TWV 

iwVt   OV  TTOCTOi  61CTLV,   d\\a  7TOV    6L(riV. 

V.    Evret   8e  rot?   'HXe/ot?   TroXe/xou^te^oi?    VTTO 
TWV   ^A^aia)v    (SoyO  rfGrast    Kal    Trepl    TO    AvKaiov 

jBrj  rot?  'A^ctfOi?  €7TL^a\(t)v,  airav  /nev   807 
Kal   SieTTTOijcrev   avTwv  TO 

dveiXe  Kal  ^covTas  eXa/Bev,  cocrre 
Trepl  'Aparof  (p'rjfjirjv  exTreaeiv  et?  roi'9 
a)?  TedvrjKOTOS,   o  fjiev  "Aparo?   apiaia   TW  Kaipy 
€K    TT}?    T/JOTT?}?    eKeiv^     evOvs    eVl 


ou  /uarrjy  6Vi  Sinteuis  (com.)   and    Blass,  after 
Stephanus  :  tlirAvros  on  \ta.Ti\v  (MSS.). 

53 


AGIS  AND  CLEOMENES,  iv.  3-v.  i 

upon  the  Lacedaemonians,  see  that  thou  hastenest, 
before  this  young  cock  grows  his  spurs." 

After  this,  when  Cleomenes  with  a  few  horsemen 
and  three  hundred  foot-soldiers  was  making  an  expe- 
dition in  Arcadia,  the  ephors,  fearing  the  issue  of  the 
war,  ordered  him  to  come  back  home.  After  he  had 
returned,  however,  Aratus  seized  Caphyae,  and  the 
ephors  sent  Cleomenes  forth  again.  He  seized  Me- 
thydrium  and  overran  the  territory  of  Argolis,  where- 
upon the  Achaeans  marched  out  with  twenty  thousand 
foot-soldiers  and  a  thousand  horsemen  under  Aristo- 
machus  as  general.  Cleomenes  met  them  at  Pallan- 
tium  and  offered  battle,  but  Aratus,  in  fear  of  this 
boldness,  would  not  suffer  his  general  to  hazard  the 
issue,  and  retired.  For  this  he  was  reproached  by 
the  Achaeans,  and  jeered  at  and  despised  by  the 
Lacedaemonians,  who  were  less  than  five  thousand 
strong.  Cleomenes  was  therefore  greatly  lifted  up 
in  spirit  and  began  to  show  a  bold  front  to  the  citizens  ; 
and  he  would  often  remind  them  of  one  of  their 
ancient  kings 1  who  said,  and  not  idly  either,  "  The 
Lacedaemonians  are  wont  to  ask,  not  how  many,  but 
where,  their  enemies  are." 

V.  After  this,  he  went  to  the  aid  of  the  Eleians, 
upon  whom  the  Achaeans  were  making  war,  and 
falling  upon  the  Achaeans  near  Mt.  Lycaeum,  as  they 
were  withdrawing,  he  put  their  entire  army  to  panic 
flight,  slew  great  numbers  of  them,  and  took  many 
prisoners,  so  that  even  Aratus  was  widely  reported 
among  the  Greeks  to  be  dead.  But  Aratus,  making 
the  best  use  of  his  opportunity,  immediately  after 

1  Agis  II.  (427-398  B.C.);  cf.  the  Morals,  pp.  190 c; 
215  d. 

59 


PLUTARCH'S    LIVES 


Mavriveiav  ?)\9e  KOI  /z^Sez/o?  dv  TrpocrBoKijcravros 
2  el\e  rr]v  rro\iv  KOI  Karea%e,  rcov  Be 


rravrdrracri  rat?      va)/Aai<;    dvarreaovrwv    KOI    TO> 


K\eo/jL€vei  vrpo?   ra?  arpareias  e 

fjirjcre  /neraTTe/^Treadat  rov  "A^ytSo?  d$e\(f)ov  ' 

SdfJLOV  €/C  M.€(T(7rjVT]<;,  <j>  /3a<Tl\€VeiV  CLTTO  T 

olrcia?  TJV  Trpocrfjfcov,  olo/nevos  afjL^\vrepav  TTJV  rcov 


3  A^al  o\oK\rjpov  <yevofjLevri<$.  ol  Be  avr)pr)Korres  irpo- 
repov  TOV*  k<yiv  alaQo^voi  TOVTO,  fcal  (f)o/3r)6ei'T€S 
fir)  BLKIJV  BW<TI  rov  *Ap%i$dfj,ov  /caTe\06i>Tos,  eSe- 
%CLVTO  fjiev  avrov  ei?  TVJV  TTQ\,IV  irapa'yevo^Levov 
vfya  KOL  o-wyKaTrjyov,  ev9vs  Be  aTrktcizivav,  etre 


a/covros  TOU  KXcoyLteVou?,  &)?  oterat 
elre  Treicrflei'Tos  iiiro  TWV  $i\wv  real  7rpoe/j,evov  rbv 
avOpwrrov  avrols.  rfjs  yap  dina?  TO  rr\el(Trov  eV 
etceivovs  rfkOe  fteftidaOai  rov  KXeoyLteV^  Borcovvras. 
VI.  Ou  priv  d\\a  Kivelv  evOus  eyvwfecos  ra  Kara 
rrjv  rro\iv,  eVetcre  TOU?  e'^opoi;?  xptfpatnv  OTTO)? 
avrw  tyijcfiia'wvrai  crrpareiav.  eOepaTrevcre  £e  ical 
rwv  d\\o)i>  cru^ou?  Bid  TT}? 

<p6iBo)s  crvy%opr)'yov(Tr)/$  Kal 
,   r)   ye  Kal   yd/Jiov  /JLTJ  Beo/j.ei'rj  \eyerai,  Bid 
rov    vlov    dvBpa    \aftelv    rrpwrevovra    Bo^rj    Kal 
2  Bvvd/Jiei    rwv  rro\ira)v.     effayayobv  Be  rrjv  arpa- 
reiav  Kara^\.a/jt,{3dvei,  T?}?  MeyaXoTroXtVtSo?  %wpiov 
AevKrpa'    Kal  yevo/JLevij?  vryoo?  avrov   o^eta?   rwv 


60 


AG1S  AND  CLEOMENES,  v.  i-vi.  2 

this  defeat  marched  to  Mantineia,  and  to  everybody's 
surprise  captured  and  held  the  city.  At  this  the 
Lacedaemonians  were  altogether  disheartened  and 
opposed  any  further  expedition  on  the  part  of  Cleo- 
menes.  He  therefore  determined  to  summon  from 
Messene  the  brother  of  Agis,  Archidamus,1  who  was 
the  rightful  king  from  the  other  royal  house,  thinking 
that  the  power  of  the  ephors  would  be  diminished 
if  the  royal  power  were  restored  to  its  full  strength  so 
as  to  counterbalance  it.  But  those  who  had  formerly 
murdered  Agis  comprehended  this  design,  and  fear- 
ing that  they  would  pay  the  penalty  for  their  crime 
if  Arcliidamus  was  restored,  thev  did  indeed  receive 

+  •/ 

him  when  he  came  secretly  into  the  city,  and 
assisted  in  his  restoration,  but  immediately  put 
him  to  death.  Cleomenes  may  have  been  opposed 
to  this,  as  Phylarchus  thinks,  or  perhaps  he  was 
persuaded  by  his  friends  to  abandon  the  hapless  man 
to  his  murderers.  For  the  greater  part  of  the  blame 
attached  itself  to  them,  since  they  were  thought  to 
have  constrained  Cleomenes. 

VI.  However,  having  determined  to  attempt  at 
once  his  reforms  in  the  state,  Cleomenes  bribed  the 
ephors  to  send  him  on  an  expedition.  He  also  won 
the  favour  of  large  numbers  of  the  citizens  with  the 
help  of  his  mother  Cratesicleia,  who  assisted  him 
liberally  in  providing  ways  and  means,  and  shared 
his  ambitions.  It  is  even  said  that  although  she  had 
no  desire  to  marry  again,  for  the  sake  of  her  son  she 
took  a  husband  who  was  foremost  among  the  citizens 
in  reputation  and  influence.  So  Cleomenes  led  forth 
his  forces  and  occupied  Leuctra,  a  stronghold  of 
Megalopolis.  The  Achaeans,  under  the  command  of 

1  See  chapter  i.  1. 

61 


PLUTARCH'S   LIVES 

(SorjOelas  'Apdrov  err  parity  ovvro<$,  VTTO 
rrjv  TroXiv  avrrjv  Trapara^dfjievos  i]rri'-j9ri  fiepei 
Tivl  rov  arparev/jiaros.  errel  Se  %apd8pav  nvd 

OVK    el'aae     ^iajBrvai    TOU?    'Amou?    6 


3  "Aparos,   aXX'    eVecrr^cre  TI^V  &l 
Se  AvSidSas  6 

7T€pl  CLVTOV  /TTTTeZ?  KOL 

KOI    rd<f)p(i)v    KOL     iziyJMV    fiearbv    eVo-etcra? 

8iacnraa'0els  irepl  ravra 

$a)v  6  K.\fOfjLevrj<?  dvrjfce  Tovs'Ydpavrivovs  teal  TOL>? 

K^^ra?  eV  avrov,  v(f>*  a)v  6  Av&idSas  d^vvop.ei>o^ 

€up(t)O"rco$     eVecre.     TT/JO?     rovro    Oappijo-avres    ol 
/nerd  /Soi)?  eve/3a\ov  roZ?  ' 
\ov    rov    crrpar€v/j,aro^ 

4  diroOavovrwv  Se  avyy&v  TOU?    /uei'  aXXoi;?    UTTO- 
CTTTO^SOU?  6  KXeo^te^?  aTre'&rotfe,  TOZ^  8e 

vetcpov  d^Orfvai  TT/OO?  avrov  KeKevcras, 

iSi,  teal  crrefyavov  emOeis,  77/309  ra9 


.    ouro? 


6  Kara&e/uevos  rr)i>  rvpavviSa  Kal  rot? 
aTToSot'9  T^I/  6\,ev0epiav  Kal   rrjv   7ro\iv 


VII.   'E/e  rovrov  KXeo/jievris  /jLeya  (ppovwv  rj^rj, 


Kal 


7T/J09 

€7TLKparr)(jeiv,    eSiSacrKe    rov    r/}9    yLt^T/309    dvSpa 


009  %/3^  TCOI^  etyopwv  drra\\a<yev'Ta/s 
6elvai  rd  Krrf/^ara  rot?  7ro\i~aL<^  Kal 
rr/v  2<7rdprr)v  larjv  yei'Ofievrjv  eyeipeiv  Kal  Trpodyeiv 
eVt  r^f  T7}9  'EXXaSo9  rjyefjLoviav.  rfeKrOkvro^  8' 
€K€ivov  Svo  rwv  d\\wv  (f)i\Q)v  rj  rpeis  Trpocre- 


62 


AGIS  AND  CLEOMENES,  vi.  2-vn.  i 

Aratus,  came  swiftly  to  the  aid  of  their  allies  against 
him,  and  Cleomenes,  after  drawing  up  his  forces  under 
the  very  walls  of  the  city,  was  worsted  at  one  point. 
But  Aratus  would  not  permit  the  Achaeans  to  cross 
a  certain  deep  ravine,  and  brought  his  pursuit  to  a 
stop.  Lydiadas  the  Megalopolitan,  however,  chafing 
at  this,  dashed  on  with  the  horsemen  under  his  com- 
mand, and  pursuing  the  enemy  into  a  place  full  of 
vines,  ditches,  and  walls,  had  his  ranks  broken  and 
thrown  into  disorder  thereby,  and  bes;an  to  fall  into 

•*   •*  o 

difficulties.  Cleomeiies,  observing  this,  sent  against 
him  his  Tarentines  and  Cretans,  at  whose  hands 
Lydiadas,  defending  himself  sturdily,  fell.  At  this 
the  Lacedaemonians  took  courage  and  with  a  shout 
fell  upon  the  Achaeans  and  routed  their  entire  army. 
Great  numbers  of  them  were  slain,  and  their  bodies 
Cleomenes  restored  at  the  enemy's  request;  but  the 
body  of  Lydiadas  he  asked  to  have  brought  to  him, 
arrayed  it  in  a  purple  robe  and  put  a  crown  upon 
the  head,  and  then  sent  it  back  to  the  gates  of 
Megalopolis.  This  was  the  Lydiadas  who  renounced 
the  tyranny,  gave  back  to  the  citizens  their  freedom, 
and  attached  the  city  to  the  Achaean  league. 

VII.  After  this,  Cleomenes,  being  now  greatly 
elated,  and  persuaded  that  if  he  could  keep  the 
control  of  things  entirely  in  his  own  hands  during 
the  war  with  the  Achaeans,  he  would  easily  obtain 
the  mastery,  began  to  instruct  his  mother's  husband, 
Megistonoiis,  that  they  must  needs  get  rid  of  the 
ephors,  put  the  property  of  the  citizens  into  a 
common  stock,  and  rouse  and  incite  the  Spartans, 
thus  put  upon  their  old  footing  of  equality,  to 
assume  the  supremacy  in  Greece.  Megistonoiis  was 
convinced,  and  enlisted  in  the  cause  two  or  three  of 
his  friends  besides. 

63 


PLUTARCH'S    LIVES 

2  ^vveftrj    Be    rrepi  ra?    rjuepas    etceivas  /cal  rcov 
efyopwv  eva  /coi/j,a)/ji6vov  ev  Tlacr/^aa?  ovap  IBeiv 
OavfJLacrrov    eB6/cei  <ydp  ev  w  TOTTM   rot?    efyopois 
€$09   ecrrl  /cafle^o/uLevots    j^prffiaTi^eiv  eva    8i(f>pov 
tcelcr@ai,  TOU?  8e  rerrapa?  avijprj(r&ai,  KOL 
&VTOS  avrov  $(t)i'r)v  e/c  rov  tepov 

3  ^ovaav  <w?  TOVTO  rfj  ^Trdprrj  \u>ov  eari.      ravrrjv 
rrjv  o^riv  Sirjyov/jievov  rov  efiopov  Trpbs  TOV  KXeo-    808 
fjL€i»),    TO   fjiev   TrpwTov  Sierapd^drj  /cad'  V 

Tivd  TTGipd^ecrO  ai  SOKWV,  &>?  Se  eTreicrOr) 
&€<T0ai  rov  £>ir]>yov/A€vov,  eddpprjo-e.  KOI  \a/3u>v 
oVou?  vrrooTTTeve  /jidkicrra  TWV  7ro\ira)v  evavrio)- 
<T€(T0ai  7T/309  rifv  Trpd^iV,  'Hpaiav  xal  ^  A\aaiav 
ra?  vroXet?  rarro/^eva^  VTTO  rot?  'A^atot?  el\e, 
Ka\  crliov  eiGijyayev  'Op^o/^e/a'oi?,  /cal  Mavnveia 

4  TrapecrrparoTreBevae,    Kal    6'Xw?     di'w     /cal     Karco 

Tro/oeuu?  diroTpvaa^  TOU? 


direXnrev     avrwv     SerjOevrcov     TOU?     TroXXou?     ev 
TOU?    8e  jJiicrOofyopovs  e^cov   at»ro?    eVl 
e^wpei.      Ka\  /caQ'  68ov  ol?  eTTLcrreve 


TT/JO?  avrbv  e%eiv  dve/coivouro 


KOL   Trpor/ei   (j-^eB^v,   ct>?  Trepl   TO   BeiTrvov 
overt,  rot?  ecfropois  eViTrecroi. 

VIII.  Tcvo/jievof  Be  TT}?  TroXeco?  eyyvs,  Rvpv- 
K\eiSav  /J,ev  et?  TO  rcov  e^opwv  trvaaLnov  djre- 
aTei\ev  co?  riva  Trap'  avrou  \6jov  diro  arpanct? 
KO/j.i£ovTa,  ®r)pv/CLQ)v  Be  /cal  ^oi/^i?  /cal  Buo  TWV 
(rvvrpofywv  rov  K.\eo/jL€vovs,  01)9  {jboOatcas  /caXov- 
criv, 

64 


AGIS  AND  CLEOMENES,  vn.  2-vin.  i 

Now,  it  came  to  pass  about  that  time  that  one  of 
the  ephors,  who  was  sleeping  in  the  precinct  of 
Pasiphae,  had  an  astonishing  dream.  He  dreamed 
that  in  the  place  where  the  ephors  were  wont  to  sit 
for  the  prosecution  of  business,  one  chair  only  stood, 
but  the  other  four  had  been  taken  away ;  and  that 
in  his  amazement  at  this  a  voice  came  to  him  from 
the  temple  saying  that  this  was  better  for  Sparta. 
This  dream  the  ephor  related  to  Cleomenes,  who  at 
first  was  much  disturbed,  and  thought  that  the  other 
had  some  suspicion  of  his  design  and  was  making  trial 
of  him  ;  but  when  he  was  convinced  that  the  relater 
spoke  the  truth,  his  courage  revived.  So  taking  all 
the  citizens  who,  as  he  suspected,  would  be  most 
opposed  to  his  designs,  he  seized  Heraea  and  Alsaea, 
two  cities  belonging  to  the  Achaean  league,  intro- 
duced supplies  of  food  into  Orchomenus,  and  en- 
camped by  Mantineia,  from  whence  he  made  long 
marches  up  and  down  the  land,  and  utterly  wore  out 
the  Lacedaemonians,  so  that  it  was  at  their  own 
request  that  he  left  most  of  them  in  Arcadia,  while 
with  his  mercenaries  he  himself  set  out  for  Sparta. 
On  the  march  he  imparted  his  design  to  those  whom 
he  believed  to  be  most  favourably  disposed  to  him, 
and  went  forward  slowly,  that  he  might  fall  upon  the 
ephors  while  they  were  at  supper. 

VIII.  When  the  city  was  close  at  hand,  he  sent 
Eurycleidas  to  the  mess-table  of  the  ephors,  osten- 
sibly to  carry  some  message  of  the  king  from  the  army; 
but  Therycion,  Phoebis,  and  two  of  the  Helots,  who 
had  been  bred  up  along  with  Cleomenes l  (they  call 
them  "  mothakes "),  followed  after  with  a  few 

1  Such  Helot  companions  afterwards  became  freemen,  and 
sometimes  even  citizens  in  Sparta. 

65 


PLUTARCH'S   LIVES 

en  Be  TOV  T&vpVK\6iBa  Bia'keyo/jievov  rot?  e<fiopoi<> 
emSpafiiovTes  ecriracr/mevai^  Tat9  //a^atpat?  eTreuov 
2  avTovs.  6  fjuev  ovv  7r/90)T09  *A.yv\aios,  &>?  efn-\rjyr)t 
7T€O~a)i>  Kal  TeOvdvat  B6£as  arpe^a  crvvayayajv 
7rape\Kwv  eavrov  etc  TOV  olKijfjiaros  e\aOev  ei'? 
SwjAaTiov  elcrepTTvcras  /bUKpov,  o  <p6/3ou  fiev 
iepov,  aXXw9  Se  K€K\ei(7/jievov  aei,  Tore  e'/e 
avewyfjievov  eTvy^avev.  et?  TOVTO  <jvveicrev€ryKU)V 
eavrbv  a7T6K\€Lcre  TO  Bvpiov.  ol  Be  Tea-crapes 
avrjpe0^crai>,  KOI  T&V  eTTijBoriOovvTwv  auroi?  ov 
TrXetoi^e?  77  Be/ca.  TOU?  (y^/3  t]crv")(iav  ayovras  ovtc 
eKTeivav,  ovBe  TOU?  aTTto^ra?  eV  T/}?  TroXew?  e 

ecfreicravTo    Be    Kal    TOV    'Ayv\aiov 

e/c  TOV  Iepov  Trpoe\9ovTOS. 

JX.  "EcrTt  Be  AaKeBai/AovLois  ov  (f)6j3ov  JJLOVOV, 
aXXa  Kal  OavaTOV  Kal  7eXa)TO?  Kal  TOIOVTCOV 
a\\a)V  TraO^fJLCiTwv  tepd.  TifJiuxri  Be  TOV 


01)9 


{3\a/3ep6v,    d\\a    TYJV    TroXiTeiav  /zaXicrra    avve- 
2  'xecrOai  fyoftw  VOJJLI^OVTGS.       Bio  Kal  TrpoeKrjpvTTov 


o    e<)opOL  roi9  Trotrai?  et?  rrjv  upx*l 

TOV     fJLV<JTCLKa 

Trpoae^eLV  rot9  VO^JLOL^,  i'va  fir)  ^aXeTrol  &CTIV 
aurot9*    TO    TOU    fjLvaTaKos,    ol/jiai, 

07TC09  ATal  7T6/)l  TCL  [JilKpOTaTa  TOl/9 


Kal  T7]v  dvBpeiav  Be  \JLOI  BOKOVCTIV  OVK 
a$o(Biav,  aXXa  fyojSov  -^rojov  Kal  Beos  dBo^ias  ol 
7i~a\aiol  vo/jiL^eiv.  ol  <yap  ^etXoTarot  Trpos  TOVS 
v6/j,ov<;  6appa\€<t)TaTOt,  irpos  TO  1/9  TroXeyutoi'9  eld* 
66 


AGIS  AND  CLEOMENES,  vm.  i-ix.  3 

soldiers.  These  men,  while  Eurycleidas  was  still 
making  his  report  to  the  ephors,  ran  in  upon  them 
with  drawn  swords  and  smote  them.  The  first  of 
them,  Agylaeus,  on  receiving  the  blow,  fell  and  lay 
still  as  though  dead  ;  but  afterwards  he  quietly  pulled 
himself  together,  dragged  himself  out  of  the  room, 
and  crept  unobserved  into  a  little  building  which 
was  a  temple  of  Fear.  Usually  it  was  closed,  but 
at  this  time  it  chanced  to  be  open.  Into  this  build- 
ino;  he  betook  himself  and  locked  the  door.  But 

O 

the  other  four  were  slain,  and  also  about  ten  of 
those  who  came  to  their  aid.  For  the  people  who 
kept  quiet  were  not  killed,  nor  were  those  who 
wished  to  leave  the  city  prevented.  And  even 
Agylaeus  was  spared  when  he  came  out  of  the 
temple  next  day. 

IX.  Now,  the  Lacedaemonians  have  temples  of 
Death,  Laughter,  and  that  sort  of  thing,  as  well  as  of 
Fear.  And  they  pay  honours  to  Fear,  not  as  they  do 
to  the  powers  which  they  try  to  avert  because  they 
think  them  baleful,  but  because  they  believe  that  fear 
is  the  chief  support  of  their  civil  polity.  For  this 
reason,  too,  when  the  ephors  enter  upon  their  office, 
as  Aristotle  says,  they  issue  a  proclamation  command- 
ing all  men  to  shave  their  moustaches,  and  to  obey 
the  laws,  that  these  may  not  be  severe  upon  them. 
They  insist  upon  the  shaving  of  the  moustache,  I 
think,  in  order  that  they  may  accustom  the  young 
men  to  obedience  in  the  most  trifling  matters.  And 
the  men  of  old,  in  my  opinion,  did  not  regard 
bravery  as  a  lack  of  fear,  but  as  fear  of  reproach 
and  dread  of  disgrace.  For  the  men  who  feel 
most  dread  of  the  laws  have  most  courage  in 


PLUTARCH'S    LIVES 

Kal  TO  Tradelv  V\KIGTCL  Seoiacnv  ol  pokier  TO-  <f>o/3ov 
4  pevoi  TO  KCIKWS  oKovaai.     Sib  /cal  /ca\a)<$  o  elircov 

v         \     ^  /       "/i         \      '^' 
.   .  .   iva  yap  6eo9,  ei^c/a  /tat  atooo?. 


?  T€  /^ot  eaai,  <f>i\e  etcvpe,  Set^o?  re 


TO  <yap  ala")(yvea9ai  //.aXicrra  avfjiftaivei  irpo^  of;? 
t  TO  SeSoitcevai  Tot9  TroXXot?.     3to  /cat  ?ra/?a  TO 
€<p6pa>v  crvaffiTLOv  TOV  fyojBov  iSpuvTai  Aaxe- 
iJ,ovap%ia<$  eyyuTciTco 


TO 


X.  'O    S*     ovv    K.\eo/jL€vr)s    T^yue 

oy^o^Kovra   TWV    7ro\t,TO)v    01)9    e 
i,  /cal  TOU?  &L(j)povs  avel\e  TMV  efiopwv 
evos,   ev  c5  KadtjfAevos  e/jL€\\€V  CLVTOS  xpij- 
iv.     €KK\rja-iav  Se  7rot>;Va?  direXoyeiTo  irepl 
TreTrpay/jievwv.      ex/»;  yap  VTTO  TOV  Av/covpyou 
Tot?   /3acn\€V(TL  (rv^/jLix&ijvai  TOI)?  yepovTas,   Kal 

TTO\VV   %pOVOV    OVTO)     ^LOLKeldOai    Tj)l>    TTO\iV    OV&CV 

2  eTe/ja?     aycr^r}?     $eo[i€vr)v,    vaTepov    ^e    ToO    TT/JO? 
TTO\€/JLOV  fjiaicpov  yevo/Aevov  TOV<$  fia- 


7T/J09  TO   KpiveiVy   aipetadai  Tivas  etc    T&V  <f)i\a)i> 
KOI  a7ro\€L7reiv  Tot9  7roXtTat9  ai^^'  eauT&v,  €(f)6povs  809 

Kal  &taTe\elv  ye  Toi/roi/9   TO 


68 


AGIS  AND  CLEOMENES,  ix.  3-x.  2 

facing  their  enemies;  and  those  shun  death  least 
who  most  fear  ill  fame.  Therefore  it  has  been  well 
said  1 : 

"...  for  where  dread  is,  there  also  is  reverence." 
And  Homer  says  2 : 

"  Revered  art  thou  by  me,  dear  father-in-law,  and 

dreaded  too  ;  ' 
and 

"  Without  a  word,  in  dread  of  their  leaders.3  " 

For  by  the  multitude  reverence  is  most  apt  to  be  felt 
towards  those  whom  they  also  fear.  For  this  reason, 
too,  the  Lacedaemonians  erected  a  temple  to  Fear 
alongside  the  mess-hall  of  the  ephors,  after  they  had 
endowed  this  magistracy  with  almost  absolute  powers. 
X.  And  now  to  resume ;  Cleomenes,  when  day  came, 
published  a  list  of  eighty  citizens  who  must  go  into 
exile,  and  removed  all  the  ephoral  chairs  except  one; 
in  this  he  purposed  to  sit  himself  for  the  transaction 
of  public  business.  Then  he  called  a  general  assembly 
and  made  a  defence  of  his  proceedings.  He  said  that 
Lycurgus  had  blended  the  powers  of  senate  and 
kings,  and  that  for  a  long  time  the  state  was  admin- 
istered in  this  way  and  had  no  need  of  other  officials. 
But  later,  when  the  Messenian  war  proved  to  be 
long,  the  kings,  since  their  campaigns  abroad  left 
them  no  time  to  administer  justice  themselves,  chose 
out  some  of  their  friends  and  left  them  behind  to 
serve  the  citizens  in  their  stead.  These  were  called 
ephors,  or  guardians,  and  as  a  matter  of  fact  they 

1  By    Stasinua   of   Cyprus.    Of.    Plato,    Euthyphro,    12  a ; 
Kinkel,  Ep.  Graec.  Frag.  i.  p.  30. 

2  Iliad,  iii.  172,  Helen  to  Priam. 

8  Iliad,  iv.  431,  of  the  Achaeaus  marshalled  for  battle. 

69 


PLUTARCH'S    LIVES 

v  vTTvjperas  TWV  /3acri\ea)i>  ovras,  elra  Kara 
fjbi/cpov  fit'?  eavrovs  TTJV  e^ovcriav  e7ricrTp€(f)Oi>Ta<; 
OUTGO?  \ci6elv  tSiov  dp%eiov 


3  arj,€Lov  £e  rovrov  TO 


TOV  ftacriXea  TWV  e<f)opa)v  TO  irpwrov  a 
/cal    TO    Bevrepov,   TO  $e    rpiTOV  Ka\ovvra)V  ava- 

777509  avrovs'    /cal  TOV  Trp&TOV 
T^V    ap^rjv     KCU    avaTeivd^evov 
vaTepov    TroXXa??     €(f)0pov 
fi67  •pia'Cpvi  as    p-tv    ovv    CLVTOVS,    6<j)ij, 


KaTa\vovTa<$  ap")(rjv,  wcrTe  T&V  /BacriXetov 
TOU?  fikv  e%€\avveiv,  TOVS   $e  aTTOKTivvveiv  dtcp[- 
aTceL\elv  ^e  TO??  TroOovcriv  CLV&IS  ejriSelv 

al  0eiOTa.Trjv  ev  ^TrdpTr 
4  OVK  aveterov.      el  [JLZV  ovv  SWCLTOV  r)V  avev 


Ta?    eireiad/eTovs 


s    KOA,    TroXuTeXeta?    KOI    %/oea    Kal 
/cal    TO,    Trpeaftinepa     TOVTCOV    /ca/cd, 
Tcevlav   Kal   TT\OVTOV,  evTv^eaTaTov  av 
aikewv  eavTov  wairep  laTpov 
TTJV  iraTpuBa'   vvv  Be  TT}?  dvdy/cqs  eyje.iv 
TOV  Av/covpyov,  o?  OUT6  /3acri\.ev<>  a)v 
t'cUooTr;?  8e  ^aan\evei.v  eiri^etp&v  ev 
Tot?  OTrXot?  rrporfkOev   et?  dyopdv,  axTTe 
TOV  /SaatXea    \dpi\\ov  eirl  ficouov 
5  aXX'  e/celvov  fxev  ovTa   %pi]<TTov  Kal  (j)i\o7raTpti' 
Ta^v  TO)  Av/covpyw  T&V  irpaTToaevcov 
70 


AGIS  AND  CLEOMENES,  x.  2-5 

continued  at  first  to  be  assistants  of  the  kings,  but 
then  gradually  diverted  the  power  into  their  own 
hands,  and  so,  ere  men  were  aware,  established  a 
magistracy  of  their  own.  As  proof  of  this,  Cleomenes 
cited  the  fact  that  down  to  that  day,  when  the  ephors 
summoned  a  king  to  appear  before  them,  he  refused 
to  go  at  the  first  summons,  and  at  the  second,  but  at 
the  third  rose  up  and  went  to  them  ;  and  he  said 
that  the  one  who  first  added  weight  to  the  office,  and 
extended  its  powers,  Asteropus,  was  ephor  many 
generations  later.  As  long,  then,  he  said,  as  the  ephors 
kept  within  bounds,  it  had  been  better  to  bear  with 
them ;  but  when  with  their  assumed  power  they 
subverted  the  ancient  form  of  government  to  such  an 
extent  as  to  drive  away  some  kings,  put  others  to 
death  without  trial,  and  threaten  such  as  desired  to 
behold  again  in  Sparta  her  fairest  and  most  divinely 
appointed  constitution,  it  was  not  to  be  endured.  If, 
then,  it  had  been  possible  without  bloodshed  to  rid 
Sparta  of  her  imported  curses,  namely  luxury  and 
extravagance,  and  debts  and  usury,  and  those  elder 
evils  than  these,  namely,  poverty  and  wealth,  he 
would  have  thought  himself  the  most  fortunate  king 
in  the  world  to  have  cured  the  disease  of  his  country 
like  a  wise  physician,  without  pain ;  but  as  it  was,  he 
said,  in  support  of  the  necessity  that  had  been  laid 
upon  him,  he  could  cite  Lycurgus,  who,  though  he 
was  neither  king  nor  magistrate,  but  a  private  person 
attempting  to  act  as  king,  proceeded  with  an  armed 
retinue  into  the  market-place,  so  that  Charillus  the 
king  took  fright  and  fled  for  refuge  to  an  altar.  That 
king,  however,  Cleomenes  said,  since  he  was  an 
excellent  man  and  a  lover  of  his  country,  speedily 
concurred  in  the  measures  of  Lycurgus  and  accepted 


PLUTARCH'S    LIVES 


tca\  TTJV  fJLGTa^oX^v  Se^acrOaL  T/}?  TroXtreia?,  epyw 
Be  fiapTvprjcrai  TOV  AvKovpyov  ori  Tro\neiav  /uera- 
(BaXelv  avev  /3ia9  fcal  (£o/3ou  ^aXerrov  GGTIV,  ol? 
avrov  e'(£?7  /jLerpLcorara  Ke^p^vQai,  rou^  eVicrra- 
fjievovs  Tr)  crwr^pia  ri}^  Aa/ce^at/xoi^o?  eK7ro&a)v 
6  Troirjcrd/jLevov.  TO!?  ^6  a\\oi<?  €(j)rj  TTCLGI  TTJV  re 
<yr)v  airaaav  et?  fiecov  TiQkvai,  KOL  %pewv  rou? 
o(f>€L\oi>Ta$  a7ra\\drTeivt  KOI  rwv  %evwv  Kpiaiv 
fcal  BoKi/jLaaiav,  OTTW?  oi  fcpaTicrroi,  yevo- 
TrapTidrai  crai^aMTt  TTJV  7ro\iv  Tot?  O7rXo£9, 
Kal  7ravcra)/jL€0a  rrjv  Aarccovi/crjv  AtVwXw^  tca\ 
\eiav  ovaav  e 


XI.  'E«r   TOI^TOU  Trp&Tov  fjiev    auro?  et? 

ovcriav    €0rjK€   KOI    MeyicrTOvovs  6 
CLVTOV  Kal  TWV  d\\cov  fyiXwv  e/cacrro?,  eVetra  Aral 

Ot    \Ol7Tol    TToXiTtti    TTaf  T6?,  ?;    &6    X(*>P& 

K\yjpov  Se  /cat  TWI'  UTT'  avrov  yeyovorw 
direveifJiev   efcdaTW,    Kal   Kard^eiv    airavra^    a>yLto- 
\6yrjcr6    rwv    Trpay/jLarcov    ev    ri<rv% 
2  ai'aTT\ripu)aas  Se  TO  TroXtreu/ia  rot? 

TWV    TTCplOLKGOV    OTrXtTtt?    TGTpaKl  cr 

Kal  Si&d^as  avrovs  dvrl  &6paTO$ 

&L   d/jL(f)OT€pa)V  Kal  rrjv  acrTrtSa  (fropeiv  Bi 

TTopTraKOS,   €7rl    TTJV    Trai&eiav   ra)v    vewv 
Kal  rrjv  \eyo/jL€vr)v  dytoytjv,  77?  ra  TrXeFcrTa 
o   ^^atpo?   avTfp   avyKadiarrj,    Ta%v    TOV 
TrpocnjKovra    TWV    re    yv/^vaaicov    Kal   TWV    (rva- 

cri>crTeXXo- 


72 


AGIS  AND  CLEOMENES,  x.  5-xi.  2 

the  change  of  constitution  ;  still,  as  a  matter  of  fact 
Lycurgus  by  his  own  acts  bore  witness  to  the  difficulty 
of  changing  a  constitution  without  violence  and  fear. 
To  these,  Cleomenes  said,  he  had  himself  resorted 
with  the  greatest  moderation,  for  he  had  but  put  out 
of  the  way  the  men  who  were  opposed  to  the  salva- 
tion of  Sparta.  For  all  the  rest,  he  said,  the  whole 
land  should  be  common  property,  debtors  should  be 
set  free  from  their  debts,  and  foreigners  should  be 
examined  and  rated,  in  order  that  the  strongest  of 
them  might  be  made  Spartan  citizens  and  help  to 
preserve  the  state  by  their  arms.  e<  In  this  way,"  he 
said,  "  we  shall  cease  to  behold  Sparta  the  booty  of 
Aetolians  and  Illyrians  through  lack  of  men  to 
defend  her." 

XI.  After  this,  to  begin  with,  Cleomenes  himself 
placed  his  property  in  the  common  stock,  as  did 
Megistonoiis  his  step-father  and  every  one  of  his 
friends  besides ;  next,  all  the  rest  of  the  citizens  did 
the  same,  and  the  land  was  parcelled  out.  Cleomenes 
also  assigned  a  portion  of  land  to  each  man  who  had 
been  exiled  by  him,  and  promised  to  bring  them  all 
home  after  matters  had  become  quiet.  Then  he  filled 
up  the  body  of  citizens  with  the  most  promising  of 
the  free  provincials,  and  thus  raised  a  body  of  four 
thousand  men-at-arms,  whom  he  taught  to  use  a  long 
pike,  held  in  both  hands,  instead  of  a  short  spear, 
and  to  carry  their  shields  by  a  strap  instead  of  by  a 
fixed  handle.  Next  he  devoted  himself  to  the 
training  of  the  young  men  and  to  the  "  agoge,"  or 
ancient  discipline,  most  of  the  details  of  which 
Sphaerus,  who  was  then  in  Sparta,  helped  him  in 
arranging.  And  quickly  was  the  proper  system  of 
bodily  training  and  public  messes  resumed,  a  few  out 

73 


PLUTARCH'S    LIVES 

ciXiywv  pev  vrf  dvdyKris,  eKovalws  &e  rwv 
Tr\e'icrra>v  et?  rrjv  evreXfj  Kal  AaKcoviKrjv  eKeivrjV 
3  Statrav.  o/xw?  £e  TO  rr)<$  /jLovap^ias  b'vo/j,a  rrapa- 
fjiv6ovp.€vos  aTreBet^e  /ueO*  eavrov  /3acri~\.ea  rov 
d&e\(j)bv  RvK'XeiSav.  KOI  Tore  JJLOVOV 
€K  fJLLa^  oi/cfca?  crvvefBr)  Svo  a^elv 

XII.  Alcr06/jLevos    Be    TOU?    \\%aiovs    Kal     rbv 
"Aparov,    a>?   eV/o-^aXw?    avrw    TWV 
e^ovTcov  bid   rbv  ve^TepLarfJibv,    OVK  av   olofie 
nrpoeXOelv  e£a)  TT}?  AaKeSai/jLOvos  ov&e  d7ro\L7relv 

/jL6T€C0pOV    eV    KlVr'jfjiaTl    Tr)\lKOVT(p    Tf}V    TTOX.IV,    OVK 

dyevves   ov$e   a%pr)(TTov   r/jijuaro 

2  rov  o-rparev/jiaros  eirtBel^at   roT? 

ovv  et?  TTJV  ^/Ieya\o7ro\iri/cr)v  w^eXetas-  re 
-t'jOpoicre  Kal  <f)0opdi>  TTO\\TJV  diret-pyd- 
craro  TT}?  %oypas.  reXo?  Se  TOL»?  rrepl  rbv  ktovvcrov  810 
Te^tra?  ex  Mecr<T?;'w;9  SiaTr opevop.evovs  \a/3a>v, 
KOL  7rr)£dfA€vos  dearpov  ev  rfj  7ro\euia,  /cal  rrpo- 
6e\s  drrb  rerrapaKovra  fivcov  dywva,  fiiav  ^fjuepav 
eOearo  KaOrfiuei'os,  ov  Se6/J.ei>os  6eas,  aXV  olov 
€vrpv<f)oov  Tot9  TroXe/xtof?  Kal  rcepiovcriav  rivd  rov 
Kparelv  TroXu  rw  Karatypoveiv  em&eiKvviJLevos. 

3  evrel   aXXco?  ye  rwv  eEi\\r)viK(i)v    Kal   (Bacn\iK&v 
arparev/jidrcov    eKelvo    fjibvov   ov  /JLLJAOVS   rrapaKO- 
\ov6ovvras  el^ev,  ov  0av/naro7roiovs,  OVK  o 
arpiSas,   ov   -^ra\rpias,    aXXa 

Kal  /9ft)/xoXo^/a?  Kal  rravr^yvpKTfJLOv  KaOapbv  ijv, 
rd  fj.ev  TroXXa  fjLe\er(£vrwv  rwv  vewv  Kal  TWV 
TTpecrfivrepcov  SiSao-KcvrMv,  T«?  $e  TraiSm?,  brrbre 
a"xo\d£oiev,  Tat?  (rvvr)9e<TLV  6vrpaire\iais  Kal  rro 
\eyeiv  rt,  %dpiev  Kal  AaKcoviKov  TT^O?  a 


74 


AGIS  AND  CLEOMENES,  xi.  a-xn.  3 

of  necessity,  but  most  with  a  willing  spirit,  subjecting 
themselves  to  the  old  Spartan  regime  with  all  its 
simplicity.  And  yet,  desiring  to  give  the  name  of 
absolute  power  a  less  offensive  sound,  he  associated 
with  himself  in  royal  power  his  brother  Eucleidas. 
And  this  was  the  only  time  when  the  Spartans  had 
two  kings  from  the  same  house. 

XII.  Learning  that  Aratus  and  the  Achaeans 
believed  that  this  revolution  had  jeopardized  his 
position,  and  therefore  did  not  think  that  he  would 
venture  forth  outside  of  Sparta,  or  leave  the  city 
while  it  was  still  in  the  suspense  of  so  great  an 
agitation,  he  thought  it  a  fine  and  helpful  thing  to 
make  a  display  of  the  ready  zeal  of  his  army  to  his 
enemies.  Accordingly,  he  invaded  the  territory  of 
Megalopolis,  collected  large  booty,  and  devastated  the 
country  far  and  wide.  And  finally  arresting  a 
company  of  actors  who  were  passing  through  the 
country  from  Messene,  he  built  a  theatre  in  the 
enemy's  territory,  instituted  a  contest  for  a  prize  of 
forty  minae,  and  sat  spectator  for  a  whole  day;  not 
that  he  felt  the  need  of  a  spectacle,  but  in  exultant 
mockery,  as  it  were,  of  his  enemies,  and  to  show  to  the 
world  by  his  contempt  for  them  that  he  held  com- 
plete control  of  affairs,  with  something,  as  it  were, 
to  spare.  For  at  other  times,  the  Spartan  alone 
of  Greek  or  Macedonian  armies  had  no  players 
in  attendance,  no  jugglers,  no  dancing-girls,  no 
harpists,  but  was  free  from  every  kind  of  licence, 
scurrility,  and  general  festivity  ;  while  for  the  most 
part  the  young  men  practised  themselves  and  the 
elder  men  taught  them,  and  for  amusement,  when 
their  work  was  over,  they  had  recourse  to  their 
wonted  pleasantries  and  the  interchange  of  Spartan 

75 


PLUTARCH'S   LIVES 

.    i}v  Be  e^ei  TO  TOIOVTOV  r??? 

',  ev  TW  Av/covpyov  /3iw  yeypaTTTai. 
XIII.  HdvTMV  B'  ai)ro?  eyuyveTO  BiBd(TKa\o$, 
evreXrj  Kal  d</>eX?}  KCU  (froprifcov  ovBev  ovBe  vrrep 
TOU?  TToXXou?  e~%ovra  TOV  eavrov  (Biov 


ev   j,ecr(a     eevo^'   o  KCU 


7T/30?  ra?  fEX\r;;^/ca?  TTpd^ei^  pOTrrjv  Tiva  Trape- 
aura),     rot?  /lev  yap  aXXot?  e 


o    avw-TTOL     aa-ievcnv  ov     ovrco 


rovs  TrXourou?  ical  ra?  TroXureXeta?,  co?  e386\vr- 
TOVTO  TTJV  virepo^rlav  avrwv  fcal  TOV  oyxov 
eVa^;(9a)?  KOU  T/^a^eco?  Trpoo-fapo/jLevw  rot?  eV- 

2  Tvy^dvovcrL'    irpos  8e   KXeo/^evr]  fiaBi^omes,  OVTCL 
re  $rj  (Sacri\ecL  KOI   Ka\ou/Aevov,  elra   o/3w^re?  ov 
7rop(})vpa<;  TLVCLS  ov  ^XatVa?  ire  pi  avrov  ovoe  K\L- 
viBicov  fcal  (popeLwv  KaTaa/cevas,  ouS'  VTT 

o%\ov  teal  tfvpaypwv  r)  Sia  ypa^/jLareicoif 
£ovra  ^aXeTrw?  KOL  /xoXt?,  aXX'  O.VTOV  ev  I 

TO)    TVfcOVTL     TTyOO?    Ttt?    Se£ld)Cr€LS    CUTCaVTMVTa    KCU 

ov    Kai    a")(o\d^ovTa     rot?     '%pr]£ov(ri,v 
/col  (f)i\avdpos)7rco<>,   €KT]\OVVTO   Kal    /care- 
yovvTO,  Kal  [JLOVOV  aft  'H.pa/c\eovs  eiceivov 
yeyovevai. 

3  Tw^  Be  SeiTTvcov  avTOV  TO  /JLCV  /caOtj  pep  LVOV 
ev  TpiK\ivw    (i(j)6Bpa    avveo~Ta\p,evov  Ka 
VLKOV,  el   Be   7r/3ecr/3et5  rj  %evov$  Se^oiro,  Bvo 
aXXat  TrpoaTrapeftdXXovTo  K\ivai,  JJLLKP&  Be  fjid\- 
\ov  oi  VTrrjpeTai  T)]V  Tpdrre^av  eireXdf^Trpvi'ov,  ov 


~          vBe     Trejiiiacriv,     aXX' 


Tio~v     ove     Tre/ji/iiacriv,     a  w<jre 

elvai  ra9  irapaOecreL'S  Kal  <^L\av9pa)- 
TTOTepov  TOV  olvov.     Kal  yap  €7reTtyu?;cre  Tiva  TMV 

76 


AGIS  AND  CLEOMENES,  xn.  3-xm.  3 

witticisms.  Of  what  great  advantage  this  sort  of 
amusement  is,  I  have  told  in  my  Life  of  Lycurgus.1 

XIII.  In  all  these  matters  Cleomenes  was  himself 
a  teacher.  His  own  manner  of  life  was  simple,  plain, 
and  no  more  pretentious  than  that  of  the  common  man, 
and  it  was  a  pattern  of  self-restraint  for  all.  This 
gave  him  a  great  advantage  in  his  dealings  with  the 
other  Greeks.  For  when  men  had  to  do  with  the 
other  kings,  they  were  not  so  much  awed  by  their 
wealth  and  extravagance  as  they  were  filled  with 
loathing  for  their  haughtiness  and  pomp  as  they  gave 
offensive  and  harsh  answers  to  their  auditors  ;  but 
when  men  came  to  Cleomenes,  who  was  a  real  as  well 
as  a  titled  king,  and  then  saw  no  profusion  of  purple 
robes  or  shawls  about  him,  and  no  array  of  couches 
and  litters  ;  when  they  saw,  too,  that  he  did  not  make 
the  work  of  his  petitioners  grievous  and  slow  by 
employing  a  throng  of  messengers  and  door-keepers 
or  by  requiring  written  memorials,  but  came  in 
person,  just  as  he  happened  to  be  dressed,  to  answer 
the  salutations  of  his  visitors,  conversing  at  length 
with  those  who  needed  his  services  and  devoting 
time  cheerfully  and  kindly  to  them,  they  were 
charmed  and  completely  won  over,  and  declared 
that  he  alone  was  a  descendant  of  Heracles. 

His  usual  supper  was  held  in  a  room  which  had 
only  three  couches,  and  was  very  circumscribed  and 
Spartan  ;  but  if  he  was  entertaining  ambassadors  or 
guest-friends,  two  more  couches  would  be  brought 
in,  and  the  servants  would  make  the  table  a  trifle 
more  brilliant,  not  with  sauces  or  sweetmeats,  but 
with  more  generous  dishes  and  a  kindlier  wine.  And 
indeed  he  censured  one  of  his  friends,  when  he  heard 

1  Chapter  xii. 

77 


PLUTARCH'S    LIVES 


<£>i\(ov  aKovGas  on  £eyoi/9  ecrTiwv  ^WJJLOV  avTols 
fjieXava  /cal  fid^av,  wcnrep  €$09  TJV  ev  rot?  <£>L$L- 
rto£9,  irapeOrj/cew  ov  yap  e<pij  Beiv  ev  TOVTOLS  ovSe 

7Ty009      TOU9      £eVOVS      \ldV       aKpl/3a)S       \CLKWV  l£,€W* 

4  airapOeicrr]^  $e  rr}?  rpavre^?  elcreKO/n-i^eTO  Tpijrovs 
Kparrfpa  ^dXKOVv  e%G)v  oivov  /UL€<TTOV  KOI  (j)id\as 
dpyvpas  $IKOTV\OV<;  Svo  Kal  TTortfpia  rwv  dpyv- 
pwv    o\ija   TravTCLTracriv,    e^  wv  e-nivev  6  /3ov\6- 

Koi'Ti  &€  ouSet?  iroTi^piov  7rpo<je$>epev. 
Se  OVT  v]V  our'  eVe^reiro'  €7rai$aya)>yei 
yap  auro?  ofjiikia  TOV  TTOTOV,  ra  ^lv  epwiMV,  ia 
Be  ^Lrj'yovp.evo^,  ovre  Tyv  a7rov$r]V  drj^rj  TWV 
\6ya>v  Tt'iv  re  TraiSiav  eiri^apiv  teal  dao\otKov 

5  e^ovrwv,     a?  fJitv  yap  ol  \oi7rol  TMV  /3acri\€(ov  eirl 
TOU?   dvOptoTTovs  drjpas    eirotovvTO,  ^p^aai  KOI 
$a>  peals    ^eXea^o^re?    avrovs    /cal 

drexyovs  /cal  dSlrcovs  evofu&v  elvat'  TO  oe  o 
teal    \6yrn    yjdpiv  e^ovTi   /cal   TTIO-TLV   OLKeio 
real   TrpoadyeaPai    TOU?    evrvy^dvovra^    e<paivero 
Ka\\i<jTOV  avrw    /cal   fiaaiX-i/cc 

(f)epovTa  JJLKI  6  WTOV   r)    ro3   TOV 

l  \6yqy,  TOV  Be  VTTO  ^prj/jaTwv  d\i<TKeadai. 

XIV.  TIptoTOV  p,ev  ovv  oi  MavTtvels  avTov 
ydyovTO,  /cal  vv/CTWp  €t9  rrjv  7ro\n>  TrapetcrTreGovTi 
Tr]V  (ppovpdv  T^V  'A%aiwv  avveK(3d\ovTe<;  ei>€%ei- 
picrav  auTOvs.  6  oe  /cal  TOL/9  vo/u.ov$  avTols  /cal 
Tr)v  7ro\LTeiav  aTro&ovs  avBrj/j,epbv  dTcri\Oei>  et9 
Teyeav.  okiyw  S'  vcrrepov  CK7repie\6a)v  Bi  'A/9- 
fcaoias  /caTeflaivev  eirl  ra9  ' 

78 


AGIS  AND  CLEOMENES,  xm.  3-xiv.  i 

that  in  entertaining  guest-friends  he  had  set  before 
them  the  black  soup  and  barley-bread  of  the  public 
mess-tables;  "  for,"  said  he,  "in  these  matters  and 
before  foreigners  we  must  not  be  too  strictly  Spartan." 
After  the  table  had  been  removed,  a  tripod  would  be 
brought  in  on  which  were  a  bronze  mixer  full  of 
wine,  two  silver  boAvls  holding  a  pint  apiece,  and 
drinking  cups  of  silver,  few  all  told,  from  which  he 
who  wished  might  drink  ;  but  no  one  had  a  cup 
forced  upon  him.  Music  there  was  none,  nor  was 
any  such  addition  desired ;  for  Cleomenes  entertained 
the  company  hinself  by  his  conversation,  now  asking 
questions,  now  telling  stories,  and  his  discourse  was 
not  unpleasantly  serious,  but  had  a  sportiveness  that 
charmed  and  was  free  from  rudeness.  For  the  hunt 
which  all  the  other  kings  made  for  men,  ensnaring 
them  with  gifts  and  bribes  and  corrupting  them, 
Cleomenes  considered  unskilful  and  unjust.  In  his 
eyes  it  was  the  noblest  method,  and  one  most  fit  for 
a  king,  to  win  over  his  visitors  and  attach  them  to 
himself  by  an  intercourse  and  conversation  which 
awakened  pleasure  and  confidence.  For  he  felt  that 
a  hireling  differed  from  a  friend  in  nothing  except 
that  the  one  \vas  captured  by  a  man's  character  and 
conversation,  the  other  by  a  man's  money. 

XIV.  To  begin  with,  then,  the  Mantineians  invited 
him  to  help  them,  and  after  he  had  made  his  way  into 
the  city  by  night,  they  expelled  the  Achaean  garrison 
and  put  themselves  in  his  hands.  Cleomenes  restored 
to  them  their  laws  and  constitution,  and  on  the  same 
day  marched  away  to  Tegea.  Then,  shortly  after- 
wards, he  fetched  a  compass  through  Arcadia  and 
marched  down  upon  the  Achaean  city  of  Pherae.  His 


79 


PLUTARCH'S    LIVES 

/3ov\6fjievos  rj  f^d^rjv  OecrOcn  Trpos  TOU?  ' 
rf  Bia/3d\\eiv  rov'"  A  par  ov  a>9  djroBiBpda-Kovra  KCLI 
Trpole/jLevov  avrw  rr/v  ^wpav.  ecrrpar^yei  p,ev  yap 
"TTTepftaras  rare,  rov  Be  'Apdrov  TO  TTO.V  rjv 
2  A-/9aro?  ev  rot?  'A^mot?.  e%e\06vT 

rcot'  'A^atfoi^  Kal  <TTpaTOTTeSeva-a/Ji€V(i)v  ev 
vrepl    TO    'Ej/caTO/jifiaiov,    e7re\0coi>    6 
fiev    ov    /ca\ws  eV   yttecrw   r/}?   re 
,   7TO\e/JLLas  ovcrrj^,  fcal   rov 

e  TrporcaXov- 


viKi]cra<;    Kara    Kpdros    /cal    rpe^dfjievos   TTJV  <pd- 


\ajya  TTO\\OV$  f^ev  ev  rfj  fJid^rj  bie^Qeipev  CIVTWV, 
7ro\\(ov  $e  KOL  favTcov  eKVpLevaev.  eire\6(t)v  Se 
Adyycovi  Kal  TWV  ^A^aicov  TOU?  (ppovpovvTas 
e'^eXacra?  djreScoKev  'HXetoi?  rrjv  7ro\tv. 

XV.     OvTCO    Be   (TVVT€TpifJL^eVOl^   TOt?  'A^GUOt?    6 

"Ayoaro?,   ela)6a)$  Trap'   eviavrov  del  crrpanj- 


yev,      TreiTraro   rrjv   dp^rjv  Kal  Traprjrrjcraro 


\OVVTWV  Kal  Beo/jLevcov  ov  /caXw?,  olov  ev 
irpajfjLdTWV  fie'i^ovi,  fietfels  erepriy  rov  oaica, 
Kal  Trpoe/nevos  rrjv  e^ovcrLav.  6  Be  KXeo/AeV?/1? 
Trpwrov  [lev  /jberpia  rot?  'A^atoi?  eBoxei  Trpecrfiecriv 
eTrtrdrreiv,  erepov^  Be  TT  e  [JLTT  wv  eKekevev  avra> 
TrapaBiBovai  TTJV  rjyefjLOviav,  &>?  rd\\a  p.rj  Bioicro- 
fjievos  7rpo9  avroi;?,  d\\a  Kal  rovs  al^fj,a\a)Tov<? 
2  evOvs  aTToBcoawv  Kal  ra  ^wpia.  /3ov\o^eva}v  Be 
rwv  'A^atwi/  eVl  rovroi?  Be%€cr0at,  ra?  BiaXvaeis 
Kal  TOV  K.\eo/j,ew)j  KaXovvrcov  et?  Aepvav,  OTTOV 

So 


AC7IS  AND  CLEOMENES,  xiv.  i-xv.  2 

desire  was  either  to  fight  a  battle  with  the  Achaeans, 
or  to  bring  Aratus  into  disrepute  for  running  away 
and  abandoning  the  country  to  him.  For  although 
Hyperbatas  was  general  at  that  time,  Aratus  had  the 
entire  power  in  the  Achaean  league.  Moreover,  after 
the  Achaeans  had  marched  out  with  all  their  forces 
and  pitched  their  camp  at  Dymae,  near  the  Hecatom- 
baeum,  Cleomenes  came  up  against  them.  He  did  not 
think  it  well,  however,  to  pitch  his  own  camp  between 
the  city  of  Dyinae,  which  was  hostile,  and  the  army 
of  the  Achaeans,  and  therefore  boldly  challenged  the 
Achaeans  and  forced  them  to  engage.  He  was 
completely  victorious,  routed  their  phalanx,  slew 
many  of  them  in  the  battle,  and  took  many  prisoners 
also.  Then  he  went  up  against  Langon,  drove  out 
the  Achaean  garrison,  and  restored  the  city  to  the 
Eleians. 

XV.  The  Achaeans  having  been  thus  utterly  over- 
whelmed, Aratus,  who  was  wont  to  be  their  general 
every  other  year,  refused  the  office  and  declined  to 
listen  to  their  invitations  and  prayers  ;  thus  unwisely, 
when  the  ship  of  state  was  in  a  heavy  storm,  handing 
over  the  helm  to  another  and  abandoning  the  post 
of  authority.  Cleomenes,  on  the  other  hand,  at  the 
first  was  thought  to  impose  moderate  terms  upon  the 
Achaean  embassy,  but  afterwards  he  sent  other  en- 
voys and  bade  them  hand  over  to  him  the  leadership 
among  the  Greeks,  assuring  them  that  on  other  points 
he  would  not  quarrel  with  them,  but  would  at  once 
restore  to  them  their  captives  and  their  strongholds.1 
The  Achaeans  were  willing  to  settle  matters  on  these 
terms,  and  invited  Cleomenes  to  come  to  Lerna, 

1  Cf.  the  Aralus,  xxxviii.  5  f. 

Si 


PLUTARCH'S   LIVES 


TOP 


o^evaai'Ta  Kal  'xpr/crdftevov  rrapa  Kaipov 
iq  atyLtaro?    ir\ffdo^    aveveyfcelv    Kal 
cficovrjv    dTTOKOTrfjvai.      Bio    TWV    fjiev    a 
aTreVe/Li^e    rot?    'A^a^oi?    TOV<$    eVf<^a 
TOV    Be    crv\\oyov     vTrepOe/jievos     ave^wp^crev 


XVI.  Tovro  ^LekvjJH]vaTo  ra  TrpdyfjLara 
'EXXaSo?,  ayaco?  76  TTW?  e/c  TO>Z>  irapovruiv  ava\a- 
(Belv  CLVTTJV  en  KOI  Siafivyeiv  TI~JV  Ma/ce&oi'tov 
vfipiv  KOI  irXeove^iav  &vvap.€V)]s.  6  'yap  "Aparos, 
elre  airiaTia  Kal  (/>o/3ro  TOV  KXeo/ze^ou?,  etre 
(frQovwv  evTv^ovvTL  Trap1  eXiriSa  Kal  vo^i^wv  errj 
Tpia  Kal  rpiaKovra  TTpwrevovTOS  avrov  Seivov 
elvai  Tj]v  &6j;av  a/j.a  Kal  T^V  ovvapiv  zirifyvvTa 
2  veov  tiv&pa  KaOe\elv,  Kal  7rapa\a^elv  7Tparyp,drrwv 


VTT    avrov   Kal 


TOGOVTOV     apyi)v,     Trpwrov     [lev     efreipdro     rows 
'A^afou?   Trapaftid^ecrOai   Kal  SiaKco\v€iv    co?  ^e 
ov  TTpoael^ov   avra)    TOV    KXeo/^ei'OL'?   eKTren^jy- 
fjievoi    TO    Opdaos,    a\\a    Kal    Si/eatav    enoiovvro 
Trjv  d^icocriv  TWV  AaKeSaifj-ovicov,  et9   TO 
3  ayji^a  Koarp.oiJVTwv  TTJV  TLe\07r6vv)iaov, 
7T/909  epyov  ov$evl  fjiev  TMV  'EXX^Va)^ 
aicr\ia7ov   8'   eiceLvut   Kal   TMV   7re7rpay/J.6va)v   VTT 
avrov  Kal   7T€7ro\iT€v/ji€V(DV    dva^iwrarov,  'Avri- 
*/ovov   eVl   rrjv   'EXXaSa    Ka\eiv  Kal   MaKeBovwv 
rrjv     IleXoTro^^cro^,    ou?    auTO?    etc 


cra?    TOV   '  KKpOKopiv6ov,   Kal    Traai  /lev   TO??  /3a- 

U7TO77T05  Kal  Old(f)OpOS  76^0yU6^0?,  TOl'TOl't 


AGIS  AND  CLEOMENES,  xv.  2-xvi.  3 

where  they  were  about  to  hold  their  assembly. 
But  it  fell  out  that  Cleomenes,  who  had  made  a 
strenuous  march  and  then  too  soon  had  drunk  water, 
brought  up  a  great  quantity  of  blood  and  lost  his 
speech.  For  this  reason  he  sent  back  to  the 
Achaeans  the  most  prominent  men  among  their 
captives,  but  postponed  the  conference  and  went  back 
home  to  Sparta. 

XVI.  This  ruined  the  cause  of  Greece,  at  a  time 
when  she  was  still  able  in  some  way  or  other  to 
recover  from  her  grievous  plight  and  escape  Macedo- 
nian greed  and  insolence.  For  Aratus  (whether  it 
was  through  distrust  and  fear  of  Cleomenes,  or  because 
he  envied  the  king  his  unlocked  for  success,  and 
thought  it  a  terrible  thing  after  three  and  thirty  years 
of  leadership  to  have  his  own  fame  and  power  stripped 
from  him  by  an  upstart  of  a  young  man,  and  the 
authority  taken  over  in  a  cause  which  he  himself  had 
built  up  and  controlled  for  so  long  a  time),,  in  the  first 
place  tried  to  force  the  Achaeans  aside  and  hinder 
their  purpose  ;  but  when  they  paid  no  heed  to  him  in 
their  consternation  at  the  daring  spirit  of  Cleomenes, 
but  actually  saw  justice  in  the  demands  of  the 
Lacedaemonians,  who  were  seeking  to  restore  the 
Peloponnesus  to  its  ancient  status,  Aratus  took  a  step 
which  would  have  been  unmeet  for  any  Greek  to 
take,  but  was  most  shameful  for  him  and  most 
unworthy  of  his  career  as  soldier  and  statesman.  For 
he  invited  Antigonus  into  Greece  and  filled  the 
Peloponnesus  with  Macedonians,  whom  he  himself 
had  driven  out  of  Peloponnesus  when,  as  a  young 
man,  he  delivered  Acrocorinthus  from  their  power  1 
• — he  who  had  incurred  the  suspicion  and  hostility  of 
all  the  reigning  kings,  and  of  this  very  Antigonus  had 
1  See  the  Aratus,  xvi.  ff.  0 


PLUTARCH'S   LIVES 

Se  avTov  '  AvTiyovov  elprjKax;  Ka/ca  yuvpia  6t'   wv 

4  d7ro\e\.oi7r€v  vTro/jLvn/uLaTdyv.    KCLITOL  vroXXa 
Kal  7rapa/3a\eo-0ai  (j)^crlv  auro?  virep 

OTTO)?  /;  vroXi?  aTraXXayeir)  (bpovpas  KalM.aKeB6vcov 
eLTa  TOVTOUS  eVl  T/)r^  irarpiSa  KCU  rrjv  kaTiav  TTJV 
eavrov  yue^'  07T\wv  elcnjyayev  a^pi  r?}?  ^vvaiKwvl- 
TiSo?*  TOZ^  5e  a<£'  'H/oa/tXeou?  yeyovora  KOL  /3aai-  812 
\evovra  ^irapriarwv,  KOI  rrjv  Trdrpiov  TroXireiav, 
wGTrep  dp/jLOviav  drcXeXvfjLevrjv,  dvatcpovoiJLevovavOis 
eVl  TOV  crotxfrpova  teal  Acopiov  erceivov  rov  Av/covp- 
yov  vo/Jiov  teal  ftiov,  OVK  rjtfiov  ^IKVWVIWV  r)y€/ji6va 

5  KOL  Tpiratewv  ypd(j)€cr6ai,  <^ev<ywv  Se  Tr]v  yu,a£ay 
/cal  TOV  Tplftwva,  /cal  TO   Seivorarov  wv  Kcnrjyopei 
KXeoyuei^ou?,  dvaip€0ii'  TT\OVTOV  KCU  Tfevias  €7rav- 
6p0(i)<riv,    SiaSrfpari    real    iropfyvpa,    /cal     Ma/ee- 
SoviKOi?  Kal  (TarpaTUKols  TT  poa"r  dy  fjiaa  iv  v 

/jLerd  TT}?  'A^am?  aurov,  i'va  /j,rj  K\€O/y,€vei, 
&OKTJ  TO   Trpoararro/jLevov,  'Avriyoveia   6vwv 

ei<? 


VTTO 


'AXXa  Tavra  /nev  OVK  'ApaTOU  /3ov\6/jievoi, 
riyyopeiv  <ypd(^OfjL€v  (ev  TroXXot?  yap  6  dvrjp 
eEi\Xr]viKo$  yeyove  Kal  yiieya?),  oiKTelpovres 
&e  T/}?  dv6pwirivr)<$  ^wo-eco?  rrjv  dadeveiav,  el  /jirjBe 
ev  ijOeaiv  OI/TW?  d£io\6yoi$  Kal  Sia<popois  TT/JO? 
dperr/v  eK^epeiv  Bvvarat,  TO  Ka\ov  dve/jLecrijTov. 

XVII.  'Ei\06vT(i)v  Be  'A%aia)v  et?  "Apyos  av6i<; 
eirl  TOV  crv\\oyov  Kal  TOV  KXeo/^ei'oi;?  eic  Teyeas 
KaTafteftrjKOTOS  e'X7rt9  r)v  TroXX?;  TWV  dvdpWTrwv 
eaeaQai  TTJV  8td\variv.  6  Be  "ApaTO?,  778?;  BIW/JLO- 
\oyijfjLeva)V  avTa>  Trpo?  TOJ^  'AvTiyovov  TCOV  /te- 


84 


AGIS  AND  CLEOMENES,  xvi.  3-xvn.  i 

said  countless  evil  things  in  the  commentaries  which 
he  left  behind  him.  Arid  still,  though  he  had 
incurred  many  hardships  and  dangers  in  behalf  of 
Athens,  as  he  says  himself,  in  order  that  the  city 
might  be  set  free  from  its  garrison  of  Macedonians, 
he  afterwards  brought  these  Macedonians,  under 
arms,  into  his  own  country  and  into  his  own  home  ; 
aye,  even  into  the  apartments  of  his  women;1  but 
he  would  not  consent  that  the  man  who  was  a  descen- 
dant of  Heracles  and  king  of  Sparta,  and  was  seeking 
to  bring  its  ancient  polity.,  now  like  a  decadent  melody, 
back  again  to  that  restrained  and  Dorian  law  and  life 

O 

which  Lycurgus  had  instituted,  should  be  entitled 
leader  of  Sicyon  and  Tritaea.  Instead  of  this,  to 
avoid  the  Spartan  barley-bread  and  short-cloak,  and 
the  most  dreadful  of  the  evils  for  which  he  denounced 
Cleomenes,  namely,  abolition  of  wealth  and  restora- 
tion of  poverty,  he  cast  himself  and  all  Achaea  down 
before  a  diadem,  a  purple  robe,  Macedonians,  and 
oriental  behests.  And  that  he  might  not  be  thought 
to  obey  Cleomenes,  he  offered  sacrifices  to  Antigonus 
and  sang  paeans  himself,  with  a  garland  on  his  head, 
in  praise  of  a  man  who  was  far  gone  with  consumption. 

1  write  this,  however,  not  with  any  desire  to 
denounce  Aratus,  for  in  many  ways  he  was  a  true 
Greek  and  a  great  one,  but  out  of  pity  for  the  weak- 
ness of  human  nature,  which,  even  in  characters  so 
notably  disposed  towards  excellence,  cannot  produce 
a  nobility  that  is  free  from  blame. 

XVII.  When  the  Achaeans  came  to  Argos  again 
for  the  conference,  and  Cleomenes  had  come  down 
from  Tegea,  everyone  had  a  strong  hope  that  they 
would  come  to  an  agreement.  But  Aratus,  since  the 
most  important  questions  between  him  and  Antigonus 

1  See  the  Aratus,  xlix.  1. 

VOL.   X.  85 


PLUTARCH'S   LIVES 


TOP          eojLevr      j,r     irdvra 


Ka@ojj,i\rjcra<;     rb     77X77^09     T) 

\aftovra  Tpiarcocriovs  ojjiij 
fjibvov    elcnevai   rrpos   avrovs,    rj    Kara 
e^codev  TO  Kv\\apd(3iov  rrpoa-e\96i'ra  //.era 
2  Swd/nect)?  Sia\eyea0ai.      raDr'  aKovcras   6   KXeo- 
aSirca    Trda")(€iv    €(f>acrfC6'     Beiv    yap    ev0v<? 
Tore    Trpoenrelv,  ov    vvv,   ij/covTOs   eVt  ra? 
0vpas    ra?     eiceivwv,    dirtarelv     Kol     drr€\avveiv. 
Be    rrepl    rovrwv    €7rtaro\r)V    TT/OO?    TOU? 
u?,  775  fjv  rb  7r\elcrTOV  'Apdrov  /earrjyopia, 
a  Be  Kal  rov  'Apdrov  ^oiSop/icravTos  avrbv 
7T/30?  TO  7r\rj6ost  ave%€V%€  Bia  Ta^ewv  KOL  tcijpv/ca 
Trpoepovvra  roi?  'A^atot?  eire^-^rev,  OVK 
ALJIOV,   W9 


O7T&)9  (^9  day  T7]V  TrapacrKevrjv  avrv. 


3       'Eijeyovei    Be    Kivrjfia   rwv   '  A^aiwv,   teal    irpbs 
aTrocrracriv    w^aav   al   7ToXet9, 


TO)V  Be  rrpoLtrwv  TroXXa^oO  fBapwo/Jievtov  rbv  "Apa- 
TOV,  eviwv  Be  Kal  St'  0^77)9  e^ovTwv  a>9  eirdyovTd 
Trj  TLe\oTTovvtj(T(i)  Ma/ceSo^a9.  Bib  TOVTOIS  errap- 
6  el<$  6  KXeo/ 
Trpwrov  pev  el\e 
Kal  TOL/?  <£>poupo 
fjterd  Be  ravra  Qevebv  Trpocnjydyero  real  Tievre- 
4  \eiov.  eVet  Be  (poftrjOevres  ol  *A%aiol  TTpoBoviav 
TLVCL  TrpaTTO/Jiei'rjv  ev  Kopivdw  Kal  ^IKVWVI,  rou9 

1  TU>V  >Axa'<^J/  with  131  ass  :  /xera  TOJV 

86 


AGIS  AND  CLEOMENES,  xvn.  1-4 

had  already  been  settled,  and  because  he  was  afraid 
that  Cleomenes  would  carry  all  his  points  by  either 
winning  over  or  constraining  the  multitude,  demanded 
that  Cleomenes,  after  receiving  three  hundred 
hostages,  should  come  into  the  city  alone  for  his 
conference  with  them,  or  else  should  come  with  his 
army  as  far  as  the  gymnasium  outside  the  city  called 
Cyllarabium,  and  treat  with  them  there.  When 
Cleomenes  heard  this,  he  declared  that  he  had  been 
wronged  ;  for  he  ought  to  have  been  told  of  this  when 

o          y  o 

the  conference  was  first  proposed,  and  not  be  dis- 
trusted and  driven  away  now,  when  he  had  come  to 
their  very  doors.  Then,  after  writing  a  letter  to  the 
Achaeans  on  the  matter,  most  of  which  was  denun- 
ciation of  Aratus,  and  after  Aratus  on  his  part  had 
abused  him  at  great  length  to  the  multitude, 
Cleomenes  broke  camp  with  all  speed  and  sent  a 
herald  to  declare  war  upon  the  Achaeans,  not  to 
Argos,  but  to  Aegium,  in  order,  as  Aratus  says, 
that  he  might  anticipate  their  preparations  for 
defence.1 

Now,  there  had  been  agitation  among  the  Achaeans, 
and  their  cities  were  eager  for  revolt,  the  common 
people  expecting  division  of  land  and  abolition  of 
debts,  and  the  leading  men  in  many  cases  being 
dissatisfied  with  Aratus,  and  some  of  them  also 
enraged  at  him  for  bringing  Macedonians  into  Pelop- 
onnesus. Therefore  Cleomenes,  encouraged  by  these 
conditions,  invaded  Achaea.  First,  he  took  Pellene 
by  a  sudden  assault,  and  drove  out  the  Achaean 
garrison  ;  next,  he  brought  over  to  his  cause  Pheneus 
and  Penteleium.  Presently  the  Achaeans,  who  were 
afraid  that  some  treachery  was  afoot  in  Corinth  and 

1  Cf.  the  Aratus,  xxxix. 

87 


PLUTARCH'S    LIVES 


irrrrels    KCL\   TOVS  t;evovs   aTrecrreiXav  e'£   "Apyov? 
Trapa(f)V\d£o2'Tas,  avrol  ce  ra  Xe'/ie^a  Ka~a- 
es    eis   "Apyos    rjyov,    e'XvriVa?,    orrep    TJV,    6 
f???,    cr^Xou   TravrjyvpiKov  Kal  Oearwv  TTJV 


VVKTOS    7;ye    TT/^O?    ra   ^€1    TO    arp- 
5  ~ev/j.a,  KCLI   rbv  Trepi    TTJV  'AcrTrt'ca  rorrov  Ka~a- 
\a3uv    v—'ep    TOV     Oedrpov     %CL\€TTOV     OVTOL    KCL\ 
Bvcnrpocrodov   ourco?    TOL/?    di'dpoo—ov?    e^eTrXrjPev 
TpaTrea'Oai  TT/JO?   d\Ki]v,   d\\a   /cat 
lv,  KCLI  &OVVO.L  rwv  TTO\ITOJV  6/juypow$ 
eitcocri,   Kal  yevevOai  crv/jLfjLd^ov<;  \a.K6baip.oviwv, 


XVIII.    Ov    fJLLKpOV    OVV    TOVTO    Kal     77/30?    S6 

aura)  Kal  cvvafj.iv  vTrrjO-^ev.  ov~e  yap  oi  ird\ai 
8acri\€l?  \aKecai  [JLOTIMV  7ro\\d  Trpay/jLa-reua-d- 
fjievot  Trpo&ayayecrQai  TO  vApyo?  f$€/3aia>s  ijcvvij- 
Qrjcrav,  o  re  deivora-os  TWV  GTpa-rjywv  IIvppo? 
ei>7e\0a)V  Kal  /SiacrdiJLei'OS  ov  KaTecr^e  TIIV  TTO\IV, 
aXX*  drreOave  Kai  TTO\V  crvvtie$6dpri  /JLEOOS  avrw 
2  TT}?  tvvdfji€a)S.  66ev  edavp.a'Zov  TTJV  o^vrfjra  Kal  813 
cidro'ar  ~ov  KXeo//eVou^'  Kal  oi  Trporepov  avrov 
rbv  ^oXwi'a  Kal  TOV  \vKovpyov  a7ro/zf;a 
<^d(TKovT^  tv  TT)  TWV  -)(p€ojv  d&e&ei  Kai  TTJ  T 
KTiffiMTtov  etidciJcreL  /cara'/eXw^re?,  Tore  Tra^T 

€-T€l@OVTO    TOVTO    a^TLOV    je'/OVEVai    Tr/S     776/31     TOL/? 


3      77aprma?  /^era-or,?.      OUTV  yap  errpaTTOV  TO 


Trp  v  raireiva  Kal  Sor/Oelv  avTol?  dcvvdTws  el)(ov, 
OXTT€  Trei'Te  pvpiaSas  dvcoaTTotwv  e/i-SaXoz/Ta?  e/5 
rrjv  \aKwvLK-nv  AiVwXot?   array  ay  dv,   ore 
TLva    T'JIV    rrp€<T/3vTepayv    ^. 
oi    iro\€fuoi    TTV    AaKwviKr/v    a 

88 


AGIS  AND  CLEOMENES,  xvn.  4-xvm.  3 

Sicyon,  sent  their  horsemen  and  their  mercenaries  out 
of  Argos  to  keep  watch  over  those  cities,  while  they 
themselves  went  down  to  Argos  and  began  celebrating 
the  Nemean  games.  So  Cleomenes,  expecting,  as  was 
the  case,  that  while  the  throng  was  holding  festival 
and  the  city  was  full  of  spectators,  his  unexpected 
approach  would  be  more  apt  to  cause  confusion,  led 
his  army  by  night  up  to  the  walls,  occupied  the 
region  about  the  Aspis  overlooking  the  theatre,  a 
region  which  was  rugged  and  hard  to  come  at,  and  so 
terrified  the  inhabitants  that  not  a  man  of  them 
thought  of  defence,  but  they  accepted  a  garrison  and 
gave  twenty  citizens  as  hostages,  agreeing  to  become 
allies  of  the  Lacedaemonians,  and  to  give  Cleomenes 
the  chief  command. 

XVII I.  This  greatly  increased  the  reputation  and 
power  of  Cleomenes.  For  the  ancient  kings  of  Sparta, 
in  spite  of  numerous  efforts,  were  not  able  to  secure 
the  abiding  allegiance  of  Argos  ;  and  the  most  form- 
idable of  generals,  Pyrrhus,  although  he  fought  his 
way  into  the  city,  could  not  hold  it,  but  was  slain 
there,  and  a  great  part  of  his  army  perished  with  him.1 
Therefore  men  admired  the  swiftness  and  intelligence 
of  Cleomenes  ;  and  those  who  before  this  had  mocked 
at  him  for  imitating,  as  they  said,  Solon  and 
Lycurgus  in  the  abolition  of  debts  and  the  equaliza- 
tion of  property,  were  now  altogether  convinced  that 
this  imitation  was  the  cause  of  the  change  in  the 
Spartans.  For  these  were  formerly  in  so  low  a  state 
and  so  unable  to  help  themselves,  that  Aetolians 
invaded  Laconia  and  took  away  fifty  thousand  slaves. 
It  was  at  this  time,  we  are  told,  that  one  of  the  elder 
Spartans  remarked  that  the  enemy  had  helped  Sparta 

1  See  the  Pyrrhus,  xxxii.  ff. 

89 


PLUTARCH'S    LIVES 

4  (ravres.     o\Ljov  Be  j^povov  Bie\@6vTO<$  d 

TWV    TraTpiwv    eO&v    real   KaTao-Tavres 
6K€iV7)?    T?}?    dywyijs,  axrTrep    irapovTi   Kal 


dvBpeias     CTTOIOVVTO    Kal     ireiQapxias,     rt]v    rr/s 
ava\a/jL/3dvovT6s    ^e^Lovlav   rfj    Aa/ce- 
ifjiovi  teal  avaKT(i)fjL€voi  rrjv  He^Trovvrjcrov. 
XIX.  'EaXco/coTo?  Se  "Apyovs  KOI  KaToiriv  evOvs 
v   ra>    KXeo/ieVet    KXew^w^  Kal    OXt- 
,  €Tv<y%ave  jjuev  6  "A/oaro?  eV  HLoplv6a>  TTOLOV- 
os  TLva  TWV  Xeyo/jievcov   XaKtovi^eiv   e^eraaiv 

Se  Trepl  TOVTWV  TrpocrTrea'ova'rjs 
t?  Kal  TTJV  TTO\IV  aTTOKXivovaav  aldOo 

KXeo/zeVr;  Kal  rwv  ^  Kyaiwv  d 
f3ov\o/ji€vrjv,  €Ka\ei  fjiev  et?  TO  f3ov\€VTr)piov  TOI/? 
TroXtra?,  e\a6e  Se  &io\L<r@(t)v  a^pi  T%  TruXt;?. 
€Kel  Be  TOV  LTTTTOV  7T  pocra')(6evTOS  dvaftas  e(f)vy6v 
2  ei?  ^iKvwva.  TWV  Be  Kopivfliwv  d^i\ 
et?  "Apyo?  TTyOO?  TOV  KXeo/^evr]  (fcrjcrlv  6 
TOU?  WTTOVS  Trdvras  payfjvat,  TOV  Be 
/ji€[jL(f)eo~0ai  TOJ)?  \\opiv0iovs  yu-?; 
avrov,  aXX'  edcravras  biafyvyelv  ov  ^i]V  aXXa 
/cat  TT^O?  avTov  e\6elv  ^leyLaroTovv  Trapa  TOV 
KXeoyLterof  9  Beopevov  7rapa\a(Belv  TOV  'AKpoKopiv- 
6ov  (el^e  yap  (ppovpav  'A^afco^)  /cat  TroXXa,  %/o?7- 
BiBovTO?"  diroKplvaaOaL  Be  avTov  &>?  ou/c 


aura?  e^erai*    Taura  /xei^  o  "Aparos  ye 
3       'O  Se   KXeoxe^??  eV  Tov^Aovs  €7re\@(i)V  Kal 


r/Kev  ei?    Ko/ofz^^o^'    «:at   T?)Z>  /xe^    aKpav 


rrepie^apuKcocre,    ra)v         %aia)v    ov 
90 


AGIS  AND  CLEOMENES,  xvin.  4  xix.  3 

by  lightening  her  burden.  But  now  only  a  little  time 
had  elapsed,  and  they  had  as  yet  barely  resumed 
their  native  customs  and  re-entered  the  track  of  their 
famous  discipline,  when,  as  if  before  the  very  eyes  of 
Lycurgus  and  with  his  co-operation,  they  gave  abun- 
dant proof  of  valour  and  obedience  to  authority,  by 
recovering  the  leadership  of  Hellas  for  Sparta  and 
making  all  Peloponnesus  their  own  again. 

XIX.  Thus  Argos  was  taken  by  Cleomenes,  and 
immediately  afterwards  Cleonae  and  Phlius  came 
over  to  him.  When  this  happened,  Aratus  was  at 
Corinth,  holding  a  judicial  examination  of  those  who 
were  reputed  to  favour  the  Spartan  cause.  The 
unexpected  tidings  threw  him  into  consternation, 
and  perceiving  that  the  city  was  leaning  towards 
Cleomenes  and  wished  to  be  rid  of  the  Achaeans,  he 
summoned  the  citizens  into  the  council-hall,  and 
then  slipped  away  unnoticed  to  the  city  gate.  There 
his  horse  was  brought  to  him,  and  mounting  it  he 
fled  to  Sicyon.  The  Corinthians  were  so  eager  to 
get  to  Cleomenes  at  Argos  that,  as  Aratus  says,  all 
their  horses  were  ruined.  Aratus  says  also  that 
Cleomenes  upbraided  the  Corinthians  for  not  seizing 
him,  but  letting  him  escape ;  however,  Megistonoiis 
came  to  him,  he  says,  bringing  from  Cleomenes  a 
request  for  the  surrender  of  Acrocorinthus  (which 
was  held  by  an  Achaean  garrison)  and  an  offer  of  a 
large  sum  of  money  for  it ;  to  which  he  replied  that 
he  did  not  control  affairs,  but  rather  affairs  controlled 
him.  This  is  what  Aratus  writes. 

But  Cleomenes,  marching  up  from  Argos  and 
taking  over  Troezen,  Epidaurus,  and  Hermione,  came 
to  Corinth.  Its  citadel  he  blockaded,  since  the 
Achaeans  would  not  abandon  it,  and  after  summon- 

91 


PLUTARCH'S   LIVES 

€K\i7T6iv,  rov  Be  'Apdrov    TOVS  <£tXou9  /cat  TOV? 

eTTiTpoiTovs  fjL6Ta7r€/jL~^fdfjL€vo^  e'/eeXeucre  TIJV  oltclav 

Kal  TO,  %pi]{jiaTa  \a(36vTas  (f)V\aTT6iv  KOI  Siouceiv. 

4  rFpiTVfMO\\ov  Se  iraKiv  TOV  Mecrcn;i>£oz>  aTreVreiXe 

7T/50?     aVTOV,    d^iWV     V7TO     TWV     '  A%aLWV     KOL     TO)V 

AaKe8ai[jLOVLc0i>  O/JLOV  (^vKdrrecrOai  TOV  'AtcpoKO- 
piv9ov,  ISia  Se  TO)  'Aparw  Bt,7T\rjv  eTTayyeXkojjievo^ 
T^V  GVVTO%LV  ^9  e\dfjil3ave  Trapa  Tlro\€/J,aiov  rov 
ftacrL\eu)<;.  eVel  Be  6  "Aparos  ov%  vTri'-jKovcrev, 
d\\a  TOV  re  vibv  eire/ji^e  TT/OO?  TOV  'Avrtyovov 
a  TWV  a\\a)v  ojmrfpwv  KOL  'fyrifyivaaQai  TOU? 
ou?  €TT€i(7€V  'AvTiyovq)  irapaBtSovat,  TOV 

'AKpOKOpl,V00V,    OVTO)?    0    K\€O/jL6VV)S    TIjV    T€    ^IKU- 

coviav   €fifta\G)v  €7r6p0^o~6,  Kal  ra  ^ptj/iiaTa  TOV 

'Apd-Tov, 

Swpeav  e 

XX.  To£)  ^e  'AvTiyovov  /jieTa  7roXX7}9 
T?]V  Yepdveiav  vTrep(3d\\oi'Tos  OVK  a»ero  Seiv  rbv 
']o-6/ji6v,  d\\a  TCL  "Oveia 
$>v\dTT€iv,    Kal    TOTTo^a^MV    diroTpifiecrOat 


Ka    TOVTOLS  xpo/jbevos  rot?  Xoyjcr- 

2  /Ltot?  et?  uTTOpuav  KadiaTTj  TOV  'AvTiyovov.     OVTG 
yap    alrov    ei%ev     €K    Tra/oacr/ceu/}?     iKavov,    OUTC 
ftidcraaOai    Ttjv    TrdpoSov,   Ka8>]/-Levov    TOV 
aevovs,  rjv  pao'iov    eTTi^eipija-a^  Se  Tr 

Sid  TOV  Ae%aiovvvKTbs  e^eireo-e  Kai  Tivas 
TWV  o-TpaTicdTcov,  wcrT6  TravTaTraG  i  Oappijcrat,  TOV 
K\,€Ojjievr)    Kal   row?    Trepl   avrbv   eTnjpfievov^   TJJ  814 
viKy  TparreaOaL  TT^O?  TO  belrrvov,  dOvfjielv  Se  TOV 
'AvTLyovov  elf  OVK  evTTopovs  KaTaK\eio/jievov  UTTO 

3  T>}9    dvdjKtfi    "koyHTfjiovs.      e/3ov\€veTo    yap    eVi 

92 


AGIS  AND  CLEOMENES,  xix.  3-xx.  3 

ing  the  friends  and  stewards  of  Aratus,  ordered  them 
to  take  the  house  and  property  of  Aratus  into  their 
charge  and  management.  Then  he  sent  Tritymallus 
the  Messenian  once  more  to  Aratus,  proposing  that 
Acrocorinthus  should  be  garrisoned  by  Achaeans 
and  Lacedaemonians  together,  and  promising  Aratus 
personally  double  the  stipend  which  he  was  receiving 
from  King  Ptolemy.1  Aratus,  however,  would  not 
listen  to  the  proposition,  but  sent  his  son  to  Anti- 
gonus  along  with  the  other  hostages,  and  persuaded 
the  Achaeans  to  vote  the  surrender  of  Acrocorinthus 
to  Antigonus.  Therefore  Cleomenes  invaded  the 
territory  of  Sicyon  and  ravaged  it,  and  accepted  the 
property  of  Aratus  when  the  Corinthians  voted  it  to 
him  as  a  gift. 

XX.  When  Antigonus  with  a  large  force  was 
crossing  the  mountain-range  of  Geraneia,  Cleomenes 
thought  it  more  advisable  to  fortify  thoroughly,  not 
the  Isthmus,  but  the  Oneian  range  of  hills,  and  to 
wear  out  the  Macedonians  by  a  war  of  posts  and 
positions,  rather  than  to  engage  in  formal  battle  with 
their  disciplined  phalanx.  He  carried  out  this  plan, 
and  thereby  threw  Antigonus  into  straits.  For  he 
had  not  a  sufficient  store  of  provisions,  and  it  was  no 
easy  matter  to  force  his  passage  while  Cleomenes  sat 
entrenched.  Moreover,  when  he  attempted  to  slip 
past  his  enemy  in  the  night  by  way  of  Lechaeum,  he 
was  driven  out  and  lost  some  of  his  soldiers.  There- 
fore Cleomenes  was  altogether  encouraged,  and  his 
men,  elated  by  their  victory,  betook  themselves  to 
supper ;  but  Antigonus  was  dejected,  since  he  was 
shut  up  by  necessity  to  difficult  plans.  For  he  was 

1  Ptolemy  III. ,  surnamed  Euergetes,  king  of  Egypt  247- 
222  B.C.    See  the  Aratus,  xli.  3. 

93 


PLUTARCH'S    LIVES 

aKpav  dva^evyvvvai  TO  'tipalov  /cdfceWev 

TT\OLOI<>  TrcpaiwcraL  T/;I>  &vvauiv  o  real 
TToXXoO  KOI  Trapaa  Kevr)<$  rjv  ov  rfjs  TW^OV- 
0-779.  77877  Be  7rpo9  ecrrrepav  r)/cov  e£  "Apyou?  Kara 
OaKaTrav  av&pes  'Apdrov  <f)i\oi,  Ka\ovvT6<;  avrov 
&)?  d(£>tcrTa/jL€va)v  T&V  *Kp<yelwv  TOV 
o  5e  TrpaTToov  i]V  TTJV  airocrTacrLV  ' 
/col  TO  TrX^^o?  ov  ^aXeTrw?  eTceicrev,  dyavavTOvv 
OTI  %pea)V  dTroKorras  OVK  e7roir)(T€v  aurot?  o  KXeo- 
4  /zeV?79  e\Tri(Ta<jt.  Aa/3&V  ovv  o  "Aparo?  Trap 
'AvTiyovov  (TTpaTicoTas  ^tXtoi'9  /cal 

et?  '  'ETTL&av  pov  .     6  5e  ' 
ov  Trepiefjievev,  d\\a  rou?  TroXtra?  rrapa- 


TTO\LV     fcal    Trapijv    avTy    Tfyu-o^ez^o?    yu-era 
'A^afwz^  €K  ^iKVWvos  fiorjQwv. 

XXI.  TavTa  rrepl  Sevrepav  (f>v\aKi-jv  TT)? 
dfcovaas  6  KXeo/zer77?  yuereTreyu-^aTO 
teal  TTyOo?  6py)]v  eice\€vaev  evOvs  etV'Apyo? 
o  yap   vTrep   TMV  'Apyei&v  ad\i(TTa 
rrpbs   avTOv  e/ceti'O?  rjv,  /cal 
TOU?     UTTOTTTOI;?.      aTroXi/cra?     ovv     TOV 
/JLCTO,  Btcr^iXiayv  (TTpaTitoT&v  at»ro? 


TW    'AvTiyora),    /cal     TOL/? 

rrapeOdppvvev  009  ovoevos  fieyd\ov  rrepl  TO  "Apyos, 
tiXXa  Tapa%fjs  TWOS  air*  dvOpooTrwv  6\iycov 
2  /ueVr7?.      eVet  Se  o   MeytcrToi'ou?  re 


TO        ?O?     vre7    uaoLte^o?  /cat   uiois  O.VT- 


ot'   typovpol  /cal  oierreuTrovTO  av^vovs 
TOV  KXeo/xej^,  <po/3rj6el<?  urj  TOV  "Apyovs  ol  vroXe- 
/cpaTijaavTes  Kal  ra?  Trapoo'ovs  d7ro/c\€icravT€$ 


94 


AGLS  AND   CLEOMENES,  xx.  3-xxi.  2 

planning  to  march  off  to  the  promontory  of  the 
Heraeum,  and  from  there  to  put  his  army  across  to 
Sicyon  in  transports — an  undertaking  requiring  much 
time  and  extraordinary  preparations.  But  when  it 
was  already  towards  evening,  there  came  to  him 
from  Argos  by  sea  some  friends  of  Aratus,  who  sum- 
moned him  to  the  city,  on  the  ground  that  the 
Argives  were  ready  to  revolt  from  Cleomenes.  The 
author  of  the  revolt  was  Aristotle  ;  and  the  multitude 
were  easy  to  persuade,  being  incensed  because 
Cleomenes  had  not  brought  about  the  abolition  of 
debts  which  they  expected.  Accordingly,  Aratus 
took  fifteen  hundred  soldiers  from  Antigonus  and 
sailed  to  Epidaurus.  Aristotle,  however,  did  not 
await  his  coming,  but  at  the  head  of  the  citizens 
made  an  attack  upon  the  garrison  of  the  citadel ; 
and  Timoxenus  came  to  his  aid  from  Sicyon  with 
the  Achaean  army. 

XXI.  It  was  about  midnight  when  Cleomenes 
heard  of  these  things,  and  summoning  Megistonoiis, 
he  angrily  ordered  him  to  go  at  once  to  Argos  with 
assistance ;  for  it  was  Megistonoiis  who  had  given 
him  most  assurances  of  the  fidelity  of  the  Argives, 
and  had  thereby  prevented  him  from  expelling  the 
suspected  citizens.  After  sending  off  Megistonoiis, 
then,  with  two  thousand  soldiers,  he  himself  kept 
watch  upon  Antigonus  and  tried  to  encourage  the 
Corinthians,  telling  them  that  there  was  no  great 
trouble  at  Argos,  but  only  a  slight  disturbance  made 
by  a  few  men.  However,  when  Megistonoiis,  who 
had  made  his  way  into  Argos,  was  slain  in  battle, 
and  the  garrison  held  out  with  difficulty  and  kept 
sending  frequent  messengers  to  Cleomenes,  he  was 
afraid  that  if  the  enemy  made  themselves  masters  of 

95 


PLUTARCH'S   LIVES 


avTol  TTOpOwcrLv  aSeco?  rrjv  AatcwviKrjiJ  Kal  iro\iop- 
KO)(Ti  TTJV  ^Trdpr^v  6p?jfj,ov  ovcrav,  aTrrjyev  €K  Koplv- 
3  dov  rb  (rrpdrevfJLa.    teal  ravT^s  fJLev  evOv?  ea-rep^ro 
7roXea>9  €icre\06vTos  *  AvTiyovov  KOI  t^povpav 

Se  ra>  "Apyei  Kara  TO 


KOI 

VTTO 


Trjv  'AcrTrtSa    T/raXt^a?  ave^y   teal  (rvvefjue   ro? 

ei'SoV  €Tl    7T/30?  TOV?  'A^aiOU?    aVTGXpVffl,  Kal    T(t)V 

eVro?  eVta  fc\i/j,a/ca<;  Trpo<j6e\<;  /tareXa^e,  Aral 
GTevwTToi><$  eprf/Jbovs  rn-o\6/jiLwv  eVo^ue,  rot? 
4  xprfcracrdai  Tr^ocrra^a?  TOW?  Kpryra?.      &>?  5e  /car- 
et<5e  rov  '  AvTiyovov  CLTTO  TWV  atcpcov  et?  TO  T 
TCL  yuera  T/)?  t^aXayyo?,  TOL/?  Se  /T 
pvSrjv    e\avvovTas    els    TIJV    iro\iv,    arre 

Kal  crvvayaytov  airavTas  irpos  aviov 
KaTejBrj  Kal  irapa  TO  ret^o?  dTnjXXaT- 
T€TO,  /jLeyL(TTCi)V  fjiev  ev  eXa^tcrTft)  %/oo^fo  Trpay- 
/jLaTMv  eTTLKpaT^cra^,  Kal  fiera  {iiKpov  6'X?;?  o/j,ov 
TL  jjiia  jrepioSo)  TleXoTrovvtjcrov  Kvpios 
S€ijcras,  Tay^v  8'  avOis  €K7reaa)v  airdvrcov.  ol 
yap  evOvs  uTre^wprja-av  avTov  TWV  aTpaTevo/jie 
ol  ^e  oXlyov  vGTepov  TW  '  AvTiyovw  ra9  -770X^9 


XXII.  OVTCO  S'  auTO)  ireTrpa^OTt  Kara  TTJV 
arpaTeiav  Kal  aTrayayoi'Ti,  T^V  Svvauiv,  e&rrepas 
ij&ij  Trepl  Teyeav  afyiKov-ro  Tives  GK  Aa/<:e8  alcoves 
OVK  eXdiTova  77)9  eV  X^pcrl  SvaTV%iav  dTrayye\- 
Xoi/re9,  -reOvdvai  T^V  yvvaifca,  Si  i]V  ovBe 


irvv   KaTopov/jievais   ercevos   evexapTepei   a~Tpa- 
re/at9,  aXXa 


96 


AGIS  AND  CLEOMENES,  xxi.  2-xxii.  i 

Argos  and  shut  up  the  passes,  they  might  ravage  at 
will  the  Laconian  territory  and  lay  siege  to  Sparta, 
which  he  had  left  without  defenders.  He  therefore 
led  his  army  away  from  Corinth.  This  city  was  at 
once  lost  to  him,  for  Antigonus  entered  it  and  set  a 
garrison  there ;  but  Cleomenes,  on  reaching  Argos, 
made  an  attempt  to  scale  the  walls,  and  with  this  in 
view  drew  his  forces  together  from  their  march,  and 
cutting  his  way  through  the  tunnels  running  under 
the  Aspis,  or  citadel,  he  made  the  ascent  and  effected 
a  junction  with  his  garrison  inside,  which  was  still 
holding  out  against  the  Achaeans.  He  actually  got 
possession  of  some  portions  of  the  city  by  using 
scaling-ladders,  and  cleared  the  streets  of  the  enemy 
by  bringing  his  Cretan  archers  into  action.  But 
when  he  saw  Antigonus  with  his  phalanx  descending 
from  the  heights  into  the  plain,  and  his  horsemen 
already  streaming  into  the  city,  he  gave  up  trying  to 
master  it;  and  gathering  all  his  troops  about  him  he 
made  his  way  safely  down  from  the  citadel  and  with- 
drew along  past  the  city  wall.  He  had  made  the 
greatest  possible  conquests  in  the  briefest  possible 
time,  and  had  come  within  a  little  of  making  himself 
master  of  all  Peloponnesus  by  a  single  march  through 
it,  but  had  quickly  lost  everything  again.  For  some 
of  his  allies  left  him  at  once,  and  others  after  a  little 
while  handed  their  cities  over  to  Antigonus. 

XXII.  Such  was  the  result  of  his  expedition,  and 
he  was  leading  his  army  home,  when,  as  it  was 
already  evening  and  he  was  near  Tegea,  messengers 
from  Sparta  came  with  tidings  of  a  fresh  and  even 
greater  calamity,  the  death  of  his  wife.  It  was 
because  of  her  that  even  in  his  most  successful 
campaigns  he  could  not  endure  to  the  end,  but  would 

97 


PLUTARCH'S   LIVES 

epayv    rfjs  'AyidnSos   real   Trepl   rr\eicrrov   TTOIOV- 

2  /zei>o9  eKCiwyv.     eTrXijyr)  fj.ev  ovv  KOI  ijXyrjo-ev,  a>9 
eiKos    TIV    veov    av&pa    Ka\\icrrr)s    ical     (rcofypove- 
crrdrrjs  d^yprj/jievov  yvvaiKo?'   ov  fj,rjv  Karr}o"%vvev 
ovBe     Trpo^Karo    ra)    Trddei    TO    (ftpovrj/jia    /cat    TO 

rr}?  ^v^i}^,  d\\a  KCU  fywv^v  teal  cr^rj/jia 
ev  (j)  Trporepov  el^ev  rjdei  Sia(f)v\dr- 
rd  re  TrpocrrdyfjiaTa  roi?  r)ye/J,6criv  e$i8ov  Kal   815 
TT)?    acr^aXeta?    TMV    Teyearwv    efypovri^ev. 

3  ajjia  Be    fjfjbepa  icaTefSaivev  et?  Aa/ceSat/zoz/a,  teal 
yu-era  r?}?  yu^ryoo?  oi/coi  Kal  TWV  TraLScov  aTraXyrj- 
cra?    TO  7rev0o$   evOvs   rjv  ev  Tot?  Trepl   TWV  o\wv 


l  Be  DToXe/iato?  o  T>}?  hlyvTrrov  /3acrtXei'9 
€Trayye\\6/j,evo<;  avry  /SoijOeiav  TJ^LOV  \a/3eiv 
ofjirfpa  TOU?  TratSa?  Afal  r/)z/  /uujrepa,  %povov  /nev 
vvyyov  ya^vvero  fypdaai  rfj  ^rjTpi,  Kal  TroXXa/ft? 
elcre\6a)v  Kal  nrpos  CLVTW  yevoj^Gvos  TW  \6ya) 
Kare<Tiu>Trricrevt  ware  KaKelvrjv  vTrovoelv  Kal  Trapd 
TWV  (f)L\a)v  avrov  BiaTrvvOdveaOai  yit?;  n  KaroKrei 
4  /SofXo/ue^o?  evrv^elv  ainrj.  TeXo?  Be  rov  KXeo- 


i,    "Touro    rjv,"   eltrev,    "o 
\eyeiv  aTreSeiX/aora?;    ou  Oarrov  ///tac  e 
e/9    Tr\olov    a7rocTTeXet9,    OTTOV    Trore 
vofjLi^ei,^  TO   (TO)/jLa  rovro  xprjarijLLcoraTov  ecreaOai, 
TTplv  VTTO  yi'ipw^  avrov  KaO^evov  Bia\v0rjvai;" 
5       Tldvrwv  ovv  eroifji^v  yevo^evtov  a<biKowro 
€t?   Taivapov    tre^y   Kal    rr  povrr  e  /ji^rev    r?    Bvi' 
avrovs    ev   rots    o7rXot9'    yueXXofcra   Se   T?}? 

TI   K.parijcriK\eia  rov   K\eo/nevrj  /aovov 
vewv  rov  Tloa€ioa)vo$  dmfiyaye,  Kal  Trepi- 

98 


AGIS  AND  CLEOMENES,  xxn.  1-5 

continually  be  coming  home  to  Sparta,  out  of  love  for 
Agiatis  and  in  supreme  devotion  to  her.  Of  course, 
then,  he  was  smitten  with  grief,  as  was  natural  for  a 
young  man  who  had  lost  a  most  beautiful  and  most 
sensible  wife,  but  he  did  not  allow  his  suffering  to 
shame  or  betray  the  loftiness  of  his  thought  or  the 
greatness  of  his  spirit.  He  maintained  his  usual 
speech,  dress,  and  bearing,  gave  the  customary  orders 
to  his  captains,  and  took  thought  for  the  safety  of 
Tegea.  Next  morning  he  returned  to  Sparta,  and 
after  duly  mourning  his  loss  with  his  mother  and 
children  at  home,  he  at  once  engaged  in  the  measures 
which  he  planned  for  the  public  good. 

Now,  Ptolemy  the  king  of  Egypt  promised  him  aid 
and  assistance,  but  demanded  his  mother  and  his 
children  as  hostages.  For  a  long  time,  therefore,  he 
was  ashamed  to  tell  his  mother,  and  though  he  often 
went  to  her  and  was  at  the  very  point  of  letting  her 
know, he  held  his  peace,  so  that  she  on  her  part  became 
suspicious  and  enquired  of  his  friends  whether  there 
was  not  something  which  he  wished  to  impart  to  her 
but  hesitated  to  do  so.  Finally,  when  Cleomenes 
plucked  up  courage  to  speak  of  the  matter,  his  mother 
burst  into  a  hearty  laugh  and  said  :  "  Was  this  the 
thing  which  thou  wast  often  of  a  mind  to  tell  me  but 
lost  thy  courage  ?  Make  haste,  put  me  on  board  a 
vessel,  and  send  this  frail  body  wheresoever  thou 
thinkest  it  will  be  of  most  use  to  Sparta,  before  old 
age  destroys  it  sitting  idly  here." 

Accordingly,  when  all  things  were  ready,  they 
came  to  Taenarus  by  land,  while  the  army  escorted 
them  under  arms.  And  as  Cratesicleia  was  about  to 
embark,  she  drew  Cleomenes  aside  by  himself  into  the 
temple  of  Poseidon,  and  after  embracing  and  kissing 

99 


PLUTARCH'S    LIVES 

(3a\ovcra  /cal  KaTacnraa-fi/uevr)  Bia\yovvTa  KOI  o~vv- 

6  TCTapay/jievov,  ""A^e,"  eiTcev,  "to  j3acn\€v  Aa/ce- 

,  OTTO)?,  ejrdv  €%(0  yevot)jjLe6a, 
?;/za?  /jujBe   avdjfiov  TL  rfjs 
TOVTO  yap  e^>'  rjjuv  fJLovov  at 

r>  /      r/  A          '      £•      /  21    ^  ^  '  "  "  5"» 

oe,  OTTO)?  av  o  oaiyuwv  oioaj,  irapeiai,       ravra  o 
eiTTovaa  Kal  Karacrrtjcraa-a  TO  TrpoawTrov,  eVt 
vavv  e%(*)p€L  TO  TraiSiov  ey^ovcra,  KOI  Bia 

7  €K€\evcrev  airalpGW  TOV  KvftepvrJTrjv.     evret  Se  et? 

A.iyVJTTOV     d(f)LK€TO    KOL    TOV    Ilr  O\€  fJLOLOV    67TU06TO 

\6yov?  Trap'  'AvTiyovov  real  Trpea/Belas 
Trepl  Se  TOV  KXeo/uez/of?  rjicovcrev  OTI,  TWV  ' 
7rpoKa\ov^6i'0)v  avTov  et?  BiaXvaeis,  0o/So4ro  Si 
e/ceivrjv  avev  TlTo\€/^aiov  KaraOeadai  TOV 
fjuov,  €7recrT€i\€v  avTW  TO,  Trj  ^ird 
/cal  crufji<p6povTa  TrpaTTeiv  KOI  /Jt,r)  Sia  fiiav  ypavv 
/cal  TraiBdpiov  del  $€$tevai  TlTO\,€/J,alov.  auTrj  fjiev 
ovv  Trapd  ra9  ru^a?  TOiavTrj  \eyeTai,  yeyevrjcrOai. 
XXIII.  ToO  Be  'AvriyovovTeyeav  fiev 
'Op%o/jievov  Be  /cal  NLavTweiav 
,  ei?  avrrjv  Trjv  Aa/cwvi/CTjv  o' 
6  K.\eo/jL€vyi<;  TWV  fiev  €t,\cora)v  TOU?  TrevTe 
'ArrtAca?  /cara^aXo^ra?  e\ev0€pov$  eVotet  /cal 
Ta\avTa  TrevTatcocria  crvve\ej;€,  Stcr^tAtous  Be  7rpoo~- 
/ta^oTrXtcra?  Ma/ceBoviKcos  avTiTay^a  rot?  Trap* 
'AvTiyovov  \6Vfcdcr7rio~iv,  epyov  tVt  vovv  /SaXXerat 
2  fJLGya  teal  Trdcriv  dTrpoaBoKtjTOV.  r)  MeyaX^  TroXt? 
r)v  fjiev  Tore  /cal  /ca@*  eavTrjv  ovBev  TI  fjieiwv  ovBe 
dcrOevecrTepa  T>}?  AafceBai/novo^,  6t%e  Be  TIJV  djro 
T0)v  'A^aiuv  /cal  TOV  'AvTiyovov  ftotjOeiav,  ev 
TT\evpal<$  Kafle^o/jievov  /cal  BOKOVVTOS  VTTO  TWV 

MeyaXo- 


100 


AGIS  AND  CLEOMENES,  xxn.  5-xxin.  2 

him  in  his  anguish  and  deep  trouble,  said  :  "  Come, 
O  king  of  the  Lacedaemonians,  when  we  go  forth  let 
no  one  see  us  weeping  or  doing  anything  unworthy 
of  Sparta.  For  this  lies  in  our  power,  and  this  alone  ; 
but  as  for  the  issues  of  fortune,  we  shall  have  what 
the  Deity  may  grant."  After  saying  this,  she 
composed  her  countenance  and  proceeded  to  the 
ship  with  her  little  grandson,  and  bade  the  captain 
put  to  sea  with  all  speed.  And  when  she  was  come 
to  Egypt,  and  learned  that  Ptolemy  was  entertaining 
embassies  and  proposals  from  Antigonus,  and  heard 
that  although  the  Achaeans  invited  Cleomenes  to 
make  terms  with  them,  he  was  afraid  on  her  account 
to  end  the  war  without  the  consent  of  Ptolemy,  she 
sent  word  to  him  that  he  must  do  what  was  fitting 
and  advantageous  for  Sparta,  and  not,  because  of  one 
old  woman  and  a  little  boy,  be  ever  in  fear  of 
Ptolemy.  Such,  then,  as  we  are  told,  was  the  bearing 
of  Cratesicleia  in  her  misfortunes. 

XXIII.  After  Antigonus  had  taken  Tegea  by 
siege,  and  had  surprised  Orchomenus  and  Mantineia> 
Cleomenes,  now  reduced  to  the  narrow  confines 
of  Laconia,  set  free  those  of  the  Helots  who  could 
pay  down  five  Attic  minas  (thereby  raising  a  sum  of 
five  hundred  talents),  armed  two  thousand  of  them  in 
Macedonian  fashion  as  an  offset  to  the  White  Shields 
of  Antigonus,  and  planned  an  undertaking  which 
was  great  and  entirely  unexpected.  Megalopolis 
was  at  that  time  of  itself  fully  as  large  and  strong  as 
Sparta,  and  could  have  assistance  from  the  Achaeans 
and  from  Antigonus  ;  for  Antigonus  was  encamped 
near  by,  and  it  was  thought  that  the  Megalopolitans 
were  chiefly  responsible  for  his  being  called  in  by  the 


JOT 


PLUTARCH'S    LIVES 

3  iroXiTwv  (nrovBaadi'Tcov.      ravrijv  Biaprrdaai  Bia- 
voi]6el<$   6    KXeoyU,tV?7?    (01)    yap    €O~TLV    fp  /j,a\,\ov 
eoifce    TO    Ta%v    real    CITT  poo-Bo  KT^TOV     e/ceivrjs 
7rpd%C(t)s\    rjfjiepwv   TrevT6  crtr/a  \aftelv 

e^ijye     TIJV    ^vva/juv    eVt    rrjv    ^,e\a<jiav    o>?    Trj 

'  Apyo'X.iKrjv     KaKOVpyijo-wv     eiteWev 

67rl    rrjv     M.eja\o'7TO\i,TLKrji'     KCU 

{levos  Trepl   TO   'PoLreiov   evOvs  eiropevero  Trjv  St' 

4  'EJ\IKOVVTOS  eirl  T)JI>  TTO\LV   aTrocr^coi'  8'  ov  7roXt» 
Havrea  ^kv   e^ovra   Bvo  rdy^ara  TWV  Aafce&at- 

iwv  a7rea"T€i\€, 


O      TMV     TeL^MV      €  pTj  JJLOT  aT  OV       elvCLi       TOt? 


r       e 
to)?  €7njKO\.ov0€i.    TOV  8e  TIavTews  ov  JJLOVOV 

CK6LVOV  TOV  TOTTOV,  a\\O,  Kdl  TToXu  ya6yOO?  ToO 
dfyvXcLKTOV  CVpOVTOS,  Kdi  TO,  (JL6V  KdOai- 
€V0VS,  Ttt  Be  Stacr/taTTTO^TO?,  TWV  B€  (frpOV- 

pwv   ol?   €verv%€   TrdvTas    (nTOKTeivavTOS,   etydacre   816 
o  KXeoyu-e;'?;?,  KOI  irplv  aladeaOai  rou9 

evSov  i]v  /uLera  T/"/?  Bwd/aecos. 
XXIV.  tyavepov  B€  /xoXt?  TOU  KO.KOV  yevo/nevov 
Tot?  Kara  rrjv  TTO\LV,  ol  /AW  ev@us  e^eTrnrrov  oaa 
Tvy^dvoi  TWV  ^p^/jidra)i'  \a/A/3dvovTes,  ol  Be 
(TVvco'TpecfcovTO  j^era  TCOV  07r\a)v,  KOL  Tot?  TroXe- 
/uoi?  eviard/bievoi,  /cal  Trpoo-fidXkovres  e/cetz/ou?  pev 
OVK  icr^vaav  €KKpovo~ai,  TO??  Be  fyevyovai  rcov 
acr^aXw?  aire\6€iv  Trapecr^ov,  Mare  /LtP; 


TOU?   Be  aXXou?    diravra^  O/JLOV  pera  TZK.VWV  KOI 
yvvaiKwv    (fcOdcrai     Siafyvyovras    et? 

e    KOL    TWV   Trpoa-fioritfovvTayv  KOI 
TO  Tr\i}0o^'   o\iyoi  Be  TravTaTracnv  r/ 


2  ecrutOi     Be 


102 


AGIS  AND  CLEOMENES,  xxm.  3-xxiv.  2 

Achaeans.  This  city  Cleomenes  planned  to  snatch 
away  (for  nothing  else  could  better  describe  the 
speed  and  unexpectedness  of  his  famous  achievement), 
and  ordering  his  men  to  take  five  days'  rations,  he 
led  them  forth  to  Sellasia,  as  though  he  would  ravage 
the  territory  of  Argos.  But  from  there  he  descended 
into  the  territory  of  Megalopolis,  and  after  giving  his 
men  their  supper  at  the  Rhoeteium,  he  marched  at 
once  by  way  of  Helicus  against  the  city  itself.  When 
he  was  not  far  away  he  dispatched  Panteus  with  two 
divisions  of  Lacedaemonians,  ordering  him  to  seize  a 
portion  of  the  wall  between  two  towers  which  he  had 
learned  was  the  most  unprotected  part  of  the  walls 
of  Megalopolis,  while  he  himself  with  the  rest  of  his 
army  followed  slowly  after.  Panteus  found  not  only 
that  particular  spot,  but  also  a  great  part  of  the  wall, 
undefended,  and  at  once  tore  down  some  portions  of 
it,  undermining  others,  and  slaying  all  the  defenders 
whom  he  encountered.  Cleomenes  promptly  joined 
him,  and  before  the  Megalopolitans  were  aware  of  it, 
he  was  inside  the  city  with  his  army. 

XXIV.  At  last  the  disaster  became  clear  to  the 
citizens,  and  some  of  them  at  once  fled  the  city, 
taking  with  them  what  property  they  could  lay  hands 
on,  while  others  banded  together  under  arms,  resist- 
ing and  assaulting  the  enemy.  These  they  were  not 
strong  enough  to  eject  from  the  city,  but  they  af- 
forded a  safe  escape  to  the  citizens  who  wished  to  flee, 
so  that  not  more  than  a  thousand  persons  were  taken 
in  the  place  ;  all  the  rest,  together  with  their  wives 
and  children,  succeeded  in  escaping  to  Messene. 
Moreover,  the  greater  part  of  those  who  tried  to  save 
the  city  by  fighting  got  off  alive  ;  but  a  few  of  them, 


PLUTARCH'S    LIVES 

rjv  AvcravBpiBas  re  KCU  ®eapiBas,  avBpes  ev- 
Bo£oi  KOI  BvvaTol  /uidXicrTa  Twv  Me7aXo7roX£Tah>. 
Bio  Kal  ~ka/36vT€$  avTOV<$  evQvs  ol  cnpaTiwrai 
TW  KXeoyLteWt  Trpoa-^yov.  6  Be  AvcravBpiBas  a><? 
elBe  TOV  KXeoaevi]  TroppwOev,  av  a  (3  oi]  a  as,  ""E£- 
earu  GQI  vvv"  elvrey,  "&  ftaaikev  ^aKe^aL^oviwv, 
epyov  aTroSei^a/jieixo  TOV  TreTTpay/uevov  Kci\\iov 

3  Kal    /3acri\iK(i)TaTOV    evBo^ordrw    yevecrdai,."       6 
KXeo/zez^?;?    Be    VTroroTr^aas   avrou   Trjv    evrevfyv, 
11  Tt    ^e,"    elTrev,     "  a>    AvaavSpiSa,    \eyeis  ;    ov 
•yap     Bij     TTOV     u€     Tr)V    TToXiv     v/jiiv     aTToSovvai 
K€\eveis  ;  '      Kal     6     AvcravBpiBas,     "  AVTO     jjiev 
ovv"  e<f>r],  '  'Xey&>  Kal  crvjmftovXeva)  /zr;  Bia<f)0€ipai 
iroKiv    Trj\iKavTr]v,    aXX'    e/jurXrjo-ai    <f>i\wv    Kal 

TTKTTWV  Kal  ftefialwv,  diro^ovra  Me7a- 
rrjv  TrarpiBa  Kal  (rwrfjpa  8tf/j,ov  ro- 

4  crovrov    iyei'0/jievov"     fjuKpov    ovv     o     KXeo/ieV/;? 
BiacricoTTt'ia-as,    "  XaXeTro^,"   etyrj,   "TO   TTLcrrevcrai 
ravra,  VIKULTW  Be  TO  TT^OO?  B6%av  del  jjia\\ov  rj  TO 

7ra/o'    rj/iuv."      Kal    ravra    eliroyv   dire- 
TGI)?    avBpas    et?    M.eaa)jvr]v   Kal  KijpvKa 
1  eavrov,  TO??  Me7aXo7roXtTai?  aTroStSou?  rrjv 
TTO\LV  eVi  TO)  o-vjLudov<$  elvai  Kal     )tXou?  CLTTO- 


5  OvTco  Be  rov  KXeo/ie^of?  evyvw/jiova  Kal  (f)i\dv- 
Opwjra  rrpOTeivavTos  OVK  eiacre  TOI)?  Me^aXo- 
TroXtVa?  6  ^iXoTrot/XT;^  eyKaTaXnreii'  TTJV  TT/JO? 
TOI)?  'A^atou?  TTicrTiv,  aXXa  KaT^opwv  TOV 
KXeo/iei^ou?  co?  ou  ^TOUZ^TO?  ttTroSoOi'ai  T^  TTO- 
Xw,  aXXa  TrporrXafteiv  TOU?  TroXtVa?,  e^e/3aXe 
Pleapioav  Kal  TOV  AvcravopiBav  €K  T 


104 


AGIS  AND  CLEOMENES,  xxiv.  2-5 

all  told,  were  captured,  among  whom  were  Lysandri- 
das  and  Thearidas,  men  of  the  greatest  reputation 
and  influence  in  Megalopolis.  Therefore  the  soldiers 
had  no  sooner  seized  them  than  they  brought  them 
to  Cleomenes.  Then  Lvsandridas,  when  he  saw 

J  ' 

Cleomenes  from  afar,  cried  out  with  a  loud  voice  and 
said :  "  It  is  in  thy  power  now,  O  king  of  the 
Lacedaemonians,  to  display  an  action  fairer  and  more 
worthy  of  a  king  than  any  that  has  preceded  it,  and 
thereby  win  men's  highest  esteem."  But  Cleomenes, 
conjecturing  what  the  speaker  wished,  said  :  "  What 
meanest  thou,  Lysandridas  ?  Thou  surely  canst  not 
bid  me  give  your  city  back  again  to  you."  To  which 
Lysandridas  replied  :  "  Indeed,  that  is  just  what  I 
mean,  and  I  advise  thee  in  thine  own  interests  not  to 
destroy  so  great  a  city,  but  to  fill  it  with  friends  and 
allies  who  are  trusty  and  true  by  giving  back  to  the 
Megalopolitans  their  native  city  and  becoming  the 
preserver  of  so  large  a  people."  Accordingly,  after  a 
short  silence,  Cleomenes  said:  "It  is  difficult  to 
believe  that  all  this  will  happen,  but  with  us  let  what 
makes  for  good  repute  always  carry  the  day,  rather 
than  what  brings  gain."  And  with  these  words  he 
sent  the  two  men  off  to  Messene  attended  by  a  herald 
from  himself,  offering  to  give  back  their  city  to  the 
Megalopolitans  on  condition  that  they  renounce  the 
Achaean  cause  and  be  his  friends  and  allies. 

However,  although  Cleomenes  made  this  benevo- 
lent and  humane  offer,  Philopoemen  would  not  allow 
the  Megalopolitans  to  break  their  pledges  to  the 
Achaeans,  but  denounced  Cleomenes  on  the  ground 
that  he  sought,  not  so  much  to  give  their  city  back 
to  its  citizens,  as  rather  to  get  the  citizens  with  their 
city1;  then  he  drove  Thearidas  and  Lysandridas  out 
1  See  the  Philopoemen,  \. 


PLUTARCH'S    LIVES 


o     7rp(i)T€vaa$      vcrrepov 
/cr?;cra/x6^o?  ev  TOt9  r/EX- 
\rjaL  Bo^av,  a>?  IBia  rrepl  avrov  yeypaiTTat. 

XXV.  TOVTWV  Be  d7Tayye\devTO)v  TO>  KAeo- 
fjievei,  TeTrjprjKws  rrjv  TTO\LV  aQiKTOV  /cal  dfcepaiov, 
wcrre  jir&era  \aOelv 


l    d 


rore  TravraTracri  rpa^ui'e^  /ca 
ra  fjiev  ^p/j/jiara  BitjpTracrev,  dvSpidvras  Be  Ka\ 
ypa(£>d$  aTrecrretXe^  et?  ^Trdprrfv,  rT;?  Be  7roXe&)9 
ra  7rXeto"Ta  KCU  /jieyiffra  /^eprj  KaTafffcdtyas  KOI 
Bia(j)0eipa<i  dve^ev^ev  eV  OIKOV,  (froftov^evos  TOP 
2  '  Avriyovov  fcal  TOU?  'A^aiou?.  €7rpd%0r)  Be  ovBev 
CLTT  avrwv.  €Tvy)(avov  /lev  ydp  ev  Alyicp  /3ov~\,r)v 
ejrel  Be  "A/oaro?  iLvaftas  eVl  TO 

^povov   eK\aie   T^V 
jrpo  TOV  TrpoaciiTTOu,   Oavfjua^ovrwv   Be   teal   \eyeiv 


elirev   ort 


VTTO 


KaTa7T\ayei>rcoi>    rrjv    o^i 
3  TO    jjieyeOos    TOV    TrdOovs,    o    Be    'A^ 

ftorjOeiv,  elra  BpaBews  CIVTM  T/}?  Bvvd- 
€K  TMV   j^ei^a^iwv   dvia'TaiJLevr)?,  TavTrjv  jjiev 
eKe\ev(Te    KCLTO,     j^aipav    /sevens,     at*T09     Be 


et?        oo?,  ov 


Ta?  tte      eauTov. 


A/o  /cal  TO  BevTepov  ey^eip^/^a  TOV 


Be    peTci    vroXX?}?     Ttpovoias,    w? 
^to?. 

106 


4  FloX^to?.      6t8o)?     a3  et?  Ta 


AGIS  AND  CLEOMENES,  xxiv.  5-xxv.  4 

of  Messene.  This  was  that  Philopoemen  who  after- 
wards became  the  leader  of  the  Achaeans  and  won 
the  greatest  fame  among  the  Greeks,  as  I  have 
written  in  his  own  Life. 

XXV.  When  tidings  of  these  things  were  brought 
to  Cleomenes,  although  he  had  taken  strict  care  that 
the  city  should  be  inviolate  and  unharmed,  so  that 
no  one  took  even  the  least  thing  without  being 
detected,  he  was  now  so  incensed  and  embittered 
that  he  plundered  it,  and  sent  its  statues  and  pictures 
off  to  Sparta ;  then,  after  completely  demolishing 
most  and  the  largest  portions  of  the  city,  he  marched 
back  towards  home,  being  in  fear  of  Antigonus  and 
the  Achaeans.  But  these  did  nothing.  For  they 
were  holding  a  general  assembly  at  Aegium  ;  and 
here  Aratus,  after  mounting  the  bema,  wept  for  a 
long  time,  holding  his  mantle  before  his  face ;  and 
when  his  audience  was  amazed  and  bade  him  speak, 
he  told  them  that  Megalopolis  had  been  destroyed 
by  Cleomenes.  Then  the  assembly  at  once  broke  up, 
the  Achaeans  being  filled  with  consternation  at  the 
swiftness  and  magnitude  of  the  calamity.  Antigonus 
at  first  attempted  to  give  aid,  but  afterwards,  since 
his  forces  came  up  to  him  but  slowly  from  their 
winter  quarters,  he  ordered  them  to  remain  where 
they  were,  while  he  himself  proceeded  to  Argos, 
having  only  a  few  soldiers  with  him. 

And  this  was  the  reason  why  the  next  attempt  of 
Cleomenes,  which  was  thought  to  be  a  deed  of 
extravagant  and  frantic  daring,  was  really  made  with 
great  forethought,  as  Polybius  says.1  For  Cleomenes 

1  "Most  people  thought  this  a  hazardous  and  foolhardy 
step  ;  but  those  who  were  capable  of  judging  regarded  the 
measure  as  at  once  safe  and  prudent"  (ii.  6i,  I). 

107 


PLUTARCH'S    LIVES 

Kara  TTO\LV^    rovs    Ma/ce^ora?,    /cal   TOP  81' 

V     OV    7TOXXOU9     6%OVra     fJLia6o<$)OpOV<S    €V 

Apyei  Bia^etfid^ovra  fjierd  rwv  fyiKwv,  eve@a\ev 
et9  TIJV  '  Apyetav,  \oyt£6/ji€vos  r)  Si  aiayyv^v  rov 
'Avriyovov  Trapo^vvOevros  e 


'Apyeiovs.  o  /cal  avve^rf.  Bia^deipo^evrj^  yap 
TT}?  %(t)pas  VTT*  avrov  KOI  Trdvrwv  dyofjievwv  real 
6  (£>€po/ji€va)vt  ol  fjiev  'Apyeioi  Suffavacr^€TovvTe<i 
cjrl  ra?  6vpa<$  cruvea'Tp6(j)ovro  rov  /3a<7iA,ea)9  KOL 
/careftowv,  fJid^ecrOai  /eeXeiWre?  r;  rot?  KpeirroGiv 
i  T?)?  rjye/jLOvias'  o  Se  '  Avriyovos,  ft)? 
orrparrjyov  e^pova,  TO  Kii'&vvevcrai  irapa- 
KCLI  Trpoecrdai  rr)V  dcrfyd\€Lai>  ala^pov,  ov 
TO  KaKW<$  dfcovcrai  jrapa  TOA?  e/CTO?  rjyov/jLevos,  ov 
TrporjXOev,  dXX?  evefJieve  TO£?  avrov  ~\.oyi(7/j,ols.  6 
Be  KXeo/z.ei'T??  «%/o*  T^I^  ret^wv  TW  arpaTM  irpoar- 


XXVI.  'O?Uy&>  5e  vcrrepov  avOw,  €i?  Teyeaz; 
oufja?  Trpoizvai  rov  Avnyovov  ft>?  erceWev  6t? 
r;^  AaKCOVUcqv  e^ftaXovvTa,  ray^v  TOU?  crrparict)- 
Ta9  dva\a/3a)V  Kal  KaO'  erepas  0801)9  7ra/oaXXa£a9 
a/A*  rjfiepa  7rpo9  T^  TroXet  TWI^  ^Apyelwv  ave<f)dvr], 
TTOpOutv  TO  Treoiov  teal  rov  crlrov  ov  tceipwv,  Mcrjrep 
ol  \oi7Toi,  SpeTrdvais  /cal  /za^at/)at9,  aXXa  KOTrrcov 


fj.evoi,$,   ct)9   eVi  Traioia  xpwfievovs  ev   TM   iropeve- 

(jQai  avv  /mrjo'evl  TTOVM  rrdvra  crvy/cararpityai  ical 

2  Bia(p0€ipai    rov    Kapjrov.      ft>9    fjievroi    Kara    rrjv 

1  «ara  iro'A.jy  Blass  and  Zicgler,  after  Schoemanu  : 
TroAfi'  ws  <j>r)ffi. 

108 


AGIS  AND  CLEOMENES,  xxv.  4-xxvi.  2 

knew  that  the  Macedonians  were  dispersed  among 
the  cities  in  their  winter  quarters,  and  that  Antigonus 
had  only  a  few  mercenaries  with  him  at  Argos,  where 
he  was  spending  the  winter  with  his  friends.  Cleo- 
menes  therefore  invaded  the  territory  of  Argos, 
calculating  that  Antigonus  would  either  be  shamed 
into  fighting  and  would  be  overpowered,  or,  in  case 
he  did  not  venture  to  fight,  would  incur  odium 
among  the  Argives.  And  this  was  what  actually 
came  to  pass.  For  while  Cleomenes  was  wasting  the 
country  and  robbing  it  of  all  that  was  there,  the 
Argives,  in  distress,  kept  thronging  the  doors  of  the 
king  and  calling  upon  him  with  loud  voices  either  to 
fight  or  yield  the  leadership  to  his  betters.  But 
Antigonus,  as  became  a  prudent  general,  considering 
that  disgrace  lay  in  taking  unreasonable  risks  and 
throwing  away  his  security,  rather  than  in  being 
abused  by  the  outside  rabble,  would  not  go  forth 
from  the  city,  but  stood  by  his  previous  plans.  So 
Cleomenes  came  up  to  the  very  walls  of  the  city  with 
his  army,  wrought  insolent  havoc,  and  then  with- 
drew unmolested. 

XXVI.  A  little  later,  however,  hearing  that 
Antigonus  had  advanced  to  Tegea  with  intent  to 
invade  Laconia  from  that  city,  Cleomenes  quickly 
took  his  soldiers,  marched  past  the  enemy  by  a 
different  route,  and  at  daybreak  appeared  suddenly 
before  the  city  of  Argos,  ravaging  the  plain  and 
destroying  the  grain,  not  cutting  this  down,  as  usual, 
with  sickles  and  knives,  but  beating  it  down  with 
great  pieces  of  wood  fashioned  like  spear-shafts. 
These  his  soldiers  plied  as  if  in  sport,  while  passing 
by,  and  with  no  effort  at  all  they  would  crush  and  ruin 
all  the  crop.  When,  however,  they  were  come  to  the 

109 


PLUTARCH'S    LIVES 

}Lv\\dpajBiv  yevo/jLeroi  TO  yvfjuvdaiov  e 
rrpocrtyepeiv    rrvp,    GKwXv&ev,    &>?    KOI    TWV    rrepl 
\leyd\rjv  TTO\LV  UTT'  opyrjs  fidXXov  77  /eaXw?  avrw 


m      ^      C*  \     '    4  '  "  >  '  /I  *  ' 

iov  oe  Ajntyovov  Trpcorov  fjiev  evuvs  et? 

eireiTa  ra  oprj  /cal  ra? 

(f)v\aKals  Kara\a/36vTo<;,  dfjieXeiv  KOI  Kara- 
cfrpoveiv  7rpO(T7roiov/j.€vos  evre/Lt-v^e  KijpvKas  ra? 
d^i&v  TOV  'YLpaiov   \a^elv,  OTTW?    u 

3  T^  9eu>  flvaas.     OVTW  &e  irai^a<s  KCU  Kareipwvev- 
crdiJievos,  KCU  Trj  dew  Ovcras  VTTO  TOV  vewv  K€K\eicr- 
[j.€vov,d7r?]yayev  et?  <&\iouvTa  TOV  crTpaTov  e/ceWev 
Be    TOV?    (frpovpovvras    TOV    OXiyvprov    e^e/ 
/caTe/5?7  Trapa  TOV  ^Op^o/j.ev6v,  ov  /JLOVOV  rot? 

ra/9  typovrj/Mi  KOI  Odpaos  efjLTreTronjKo}^,  d\\d 
TO??  7ro\e/^toi?  avrjp  fyyefiovi/ebis   BOKMV  elvai  /cal 

4  TT-pay/jiaTcov    fieydXtov    a^ios.     TO    yap    IK 

op/jLoo^evov   oyuov  TTJ  XlaKeSovwv 

drrao-i  Kal  %opriyia 
/movov 

TTJV  AaKWViKij}',  d\\d  /cal  %a)pav  KaKws  TroiovvTa 
TTJV  eKeivwv  Kal  TroXe^?  alpovvTa  TTj\iKai>Tas,  ov 
T/7? 


XXVII.   'AXA,'    o    TrpwTo?    TO.    ^prjfiaTa   vevpa 
Trpay/JLO-Tcav  Trpocrenrcov  e/?   TO,  TOV  7ro\€fjLOv 
^.d\i(JTa  /SXe^a?   TOUT'  elnelv    e 
Ta?    T/)/?;pet?    /j-€i>    Ka6e\Keiv 

7TOT6    TO)V    '  A.0r)Valo>V     K6\€VOVTCt)V, 

ra    8'    OVK    e^ovTt&v    "  TIpoTepov    CCTTIV,"    e<j>r), 
TO  Trpo^evaai  TOV  (frvpdcrai"  l     \eyerai  Be  Kal 


1  TO    irpooevcrai    rov    (pvpaaai     Bekker    and     Blass,    after 
I  IO 


AGIS  AND  CLEOMENES,  xxvi.  2-xxvii.  i 

Cyllarabis  and  attempted  to  set  the  gymnasium  on 
fire,  Cleomenes  stopped  them,  feeling  that  his  work 
at  Megalopolis  had  been  done  to  satisfy  his  anger 
rather  than  his  honour. 

As  for  Antigonus,  in  the  first  place  he  went  back 
at  once  to  Argos,  and  then  occupied  the  hills  and  all 
the  passes  with  outposts.  But  Cleomenes  pretended 
to  despise  and  ignore  all  this,  and  sent  heralds  to 
the  king  demanding  the  keys  to  the  Heraeum,  that 
he  might  offer  sacrifice  to  the  goddess  before  he  went 
away.  Then,  after  this  jest  and  mockery,  and  after 
sacrificing  to  the  goddess  under  the  walls  of  the 
temple,  which  was  closed,  he  led  his  army  off  to 
Phlius.  From  thence,  after  expelling  the  garrison  of 
Oligyrtus,  he  marched  past  Orchomenus,  not  only 
infusing  high  spirits  and  courage  into  its  citizens,  but 
also  leading  his  enemies  to  think  him  a  man  capable 
of  leadership  and  worthy  to  wield  great  power.  For 
he  drew  his  resources  from  but  a  single  city,  and  yet 
waged  war  against  the  Macedonian  power,  all  the 
Peloponnesians,  and  the  treasures  of  a  king  together, 
and  not  only  kept  Laconia  inviolate,  but  actually 
ravaged  his  enemies'  territory  and  took  cities  of  great 
size  ;  and  men  thought  this  a  proof  of  no  ordinary 
ability  and  largeness  of  purpose. 

XXVII.  But  he  who  first  declared  that  money  is 
the  sinews  of  affairs  would  seem  to  have  spoken  with 
special  reference  to  the  affairs  of  war.  And  Demades, 
when  the  Athenians  once  ordered  that  their  triremes 
should  be  launched  and  manned,  but  had  no  money, 

•/   J 

said :  "  Dough  must  be  moistened  before  it  is 
kneaded."  It  is  said  also  that  Archidamus  of  old, 

Schoemann  :  TOV  7rp&>paTeC<rcu  TI>  (pvpairai  (before  the  lookout- 
man  comes  the  bread-maker)  with  the  MSS. 

II I 


PLUTARCH'S    LIVES 

6  rra\aio<i  vrro  rrjv  dp^rjv  rov  IleXo- 


rwv    o~v/jL[id%(i)v  avrov,  elirelv  o>?   6   7roXe//.o?    ov 
2  rerayf^eva  crireirai.     KaOdrrep  jap  ol  crecrco/jiaor- 
dOXrjral    T&    ^povw    Karafiapovcri 
vrai    TOVS    evpv&fjiovs    Kal 
6    'Ai/Tt7O^o?     €K 


TOV  K\eofj,evr)  j\icr^pa)<f  Kal  yttoXf?  Tropi^ovTa  rot? 
3  %evoLS   fjaaOov    Kal   rpotyrfv   rot?   TroXtrai?.     eVel 
raXXa  76  TT/JO?  TOV  KXeo/^e^ou?  o  ypovo^  r)v,  TWV 
OLKOL     Trpay/ndrwv     aviffTOVTcov    rov    ^Avri^ovov. 
<yap    TrepieKOTrrov    aTrovros    Kal    Kare- 
Trjv  MaKeboviav,  Kal  Tore  &rj  TT  0X1/9  avu>6ev  818 
/3X?7#;e£  arparo^,  v(^  ov  TropOov/Jievoi 
rov  ^Avriyovov  ol  Ma/ceSo^e?.     Kal 
rrap'  o\,iyov  rrpo  TT}?  /Lta%^9   crvverv^e  ravra  ra 
Ko/j,icr@)jvai    TT/JO?    avrov      wv     KO/JLI- 
ev6v$  av  drrrf^Oe  fiaKpa  %aipeiv 

aXX'   77   ra  /Aeyiara    TWV 
Kpivovcra  ry  rrapa  fJUKpov  rv\ri  rr]\iKavrr\v  drre- 

porrrjv    Kaipov    Kal    ^vvafjuiv,    w<rre, 
ev  SeXacr/a  yevouevijs  Kal  rov 
XrjKoros  rrjv  SvvafJLiv  Kal  rrjv  rro\iv, 
rrapelvai  TOU?  Ka\ovvras  rov  'Avriyovov.     b  Kal 
/jLa\.i(7ra  rrjv  Bvarv^iav  rov  KXeo/nevovs  OiKrpo- 
repav  erroiTja-ev.     el  yap  r^fjiepa^  Bvo  povas  eVecr^e 
l  rraprjyaye  <j)vyo/jia%ct)V,  OVK  av  e&erjaev  avrw 
aXX'    e''    ol? 


TOI)?  'A^aiot/?  drre\0ovrwv  rwv      .aK€va)V    vvv 
oV,   wcnrep  el'prjrat,   Bid  ri)V  d%prj/j,arLav  ev   rot? 


112 


AGIS  AND  CLEOMENES,  xxvn.  1-5 

towards  the  beginning  of  the  Peloponnesian  war, 
when  the  allies  ordered  their  contributions  for  the 
war  to  be  fixed,  said  :  "  War  has  no  fixed  rations." 1 
And  indeed,  just  as  athletes  who  have  taken  a  full 
course  of  training,  in  time  bear  down  and  overpower 
those  who  are  merely  graceful  and  skilful,  so  also  did 
Antigonus,  who  engaged  in  the  war  with  large 
resources,  wear  out  and  prostrate  Cleomenes,  who 
could  only  meagrely  and  with  difficulty  provide  pay 
for  his  mercenaries  and  sustenance  for  his  citizen- 
soldiers.  And  yet  in  all  other  respects,  certainly,  time 
was  on  the  side  of  Cleomenes ;  for  affairs  at  home 
demanded  the  presence  of  Antigonus.  During  his 
absence  Barbarians  had  been  overrunning  and  devas- 
tating Macedonia,  and  at  this  particular  time  a  large 
army  of  Illyrians  from  the  interior  had  burst  in,  and 
in  consequence  of  their  ravages  the  Macedonians 
summoned  Antigonus  home.  Their  letters  came 
within  a  little  of  reaching  him  before  the  decisive 
battle.  If  they  had  so  reached  him,  he  would  at  once 
have  gone  away  and  left  the  Achaeans  to  their  own 
devices.  But  Fortune,  who  decides  the  most  impor- 
tant affairs  by  a  narrow  margin,  favoured  him  with  so 
slight  a  preponderance  in  the  scale  of  opportunity  and 
power,  that  no  sooner  had  the  battle  at  Sellasia  been 
fought,  where  Cleomenes  lost  his  army  and  his  city, 
than  the  messengers  summoning  Antigonus  arrived. 
And  this  more  than  anything  else  made  the  misfor- 
tune of  Cleomenes  to  be  greatly  pitied.  For  if  he 
could  have  held  out  only  two  days,  and  continued  his 
defensive  tactics,  he  would  not  have  needed  to  fight 
a  battle,  but  the  Macedonians  would  have  gone  away 
and  he  could  have  made  his  own  terms  with  the 
Achaeans.  But  now,  as  I  said  before,  his  lack  of 
1  See  the  Crassus,  ii.  7. 


PLUTARCH'S   LIVES 


TO  rrdv  OefJiGVO^  rjvayicdcrOr)  Sio-fjivpiois,  co? 

dvrnrapard- 


XXVIII.   Kat    dav/macrrov    fMev  ev   rw 
eavrbv  crrparijyov,  eK9v[JiOi<$  8 
TOi?     TroXtrat?,    ov    P.TIV    ovSe    T&V 

ayMvicrafievcov,  ru>  rpojray  r?}? 
KOI  ry  fidpei  rr}?  OTrXintcfy  <pd\ajyo<;  e 

?  5e  Kal  TTpo&ocriav  jevecrOai  ^al  rrjv 
TW  KXeoytte^et  ra  irpdy/jiara  Siepyacra- 
2  fievi-iv.  rov  yap  'Avriyovov  TOU?  'iXXi'piou?  teal 
TOL»?  '  'Axapvdvas  €KTT€pie\deiv  tcpixpa 
Kal  KvicKuxjaaQai  Odrepov  /cepa?,  e<$>  ov 
i]v  Ei)/cXetoa9  o  rov  KXeoyLteVou?  aSeX^o?,  elra  ry 
dX\,rjv  eVl  H>d%r)  ^vvafjuv  eVrarTOi'TO?,  avro  CTKOTTTIS 
Oewpwv  o  KXeo/^e^T;?,  co?  ov&a/jiov  rd  oVXa  T<WZ> 


r)  Trpo?  ri  TOLOVTOV  avrois  6  '  '  Kvriyovos  K6 
3  ^aXecra?    5e    Aa/zoreX?;    TOI^    eVt    rr}? 

T€Tay/JL€VOl>,    Opdv    €K6\,€V(T6    KOI    £r)T€LV    07TCO?    6 

TO,  Kara  vcorov  Kal  KVK\W  T^?  Trapard^ews.     rov 


rrporepov    vrr    'Avrtyovov 

elrrovros    a>?     KaXco?    e^ovrwv,    rot? 


(Tvvrrrova'iv  e     eaz/ra?  rrpocre^eLV  Kal  rovrovs 


i,  TriGrevaas  errl  rov  '  Avriyovov  €%u> 
4  «:al  TT;  p^/tt^  TWZ/  vre/al    avrov   ^rcapriarwv  wcrd- 
fjievos   rrjv   <pd\ayya    TWV    Wa/ce&ovwv    evrt   rrevre 

TTOV     (TTCLOIOVS      VTTO^WpOVVrWV 


114 


AGIS  AND  CLEOMENES,  xxvii.  S-XXYIII.  4 

resources  forced  him  to  stake  the  whole  issue  on  a 
battle  where,  as  Polybius  says,1  he  could  oppose  only 
twenty  thousand  men  to  thirty  thousand. 

XXVIII.  He  showed  himself  an  admirable  general 
in  the  hour  of  peril,  his  fellow  countrymen  gave  him 
spirited  support,  and  even  his  mercenaries  fought  in 
a  praiseworthy  manner,  but  he  was  overwhelmed  by 
the  superior  character  of  his  enemies'  armour  and  the 
weight  of  their  heavy-armed  phalanx.  Phylarchus, 
however,  says  that  there  was  treachery  also,  and  that 
this  was  chiefly  what  ruined  Cleomenes.  For  Antigo- 
nus  ordered  his  Illyrians  and  Acarnanians  to  go  round 
by  a  secret  way  and  envelope  the  other  wing,  which 
Eucleidas,  the  brother  of  Cleomenes,  commanded, 
and  then  led  out  the  rest  of  his  forces  to  battle  ;  and 
when  Cleomenes,  from  his  post  of  observation,  could 
nowhere  see  the  arms  of  the  Illyrians  and  Acarnanians, 
he  was  afraid  that  Antigonus  was  using  them  for 
some  such  purpose.  He  therefore  called  Damoteles, 
the  commander  of  the  secret  service  contingent,2  and 
ordered  him  to  observe  and  find  out  how  matters 
stood  in  the  rear  and  on  the  flanks  of  his  array.  But 
Damoteles  (who  had  previously  been  bribed,  as  we  are 
told,  by  Antigonus)  told  him  to  have  no  concern 
about  flanks  and  rear,  for  all  was  well  there,  but  to 
give  his  attention  to  those  who  assailed  him  in  front, 
and  repulse  them.  So  Cleomenes,  putting  faith  in 
what  he  was  told,  advanced  upon  Antigonus,  and  by 
the  sweeping  onset  of  his  Spartans  drove  back  the 
phalanx  of  the  Macedonians  for  about  five  furlongs, 

1  Hint.  ii.  65.  2  and  7.     The  battle  of  Sellasia  was  fought 
in  June  of  221  B.C. 

2  A   rural   police  with   the   special  duty  of  watching  the 
Helots,  or  slave  population. 

"5 


PLUTARCH'S   LIVES 

Kparcov  rj/co\ov0r)o-ev.     elra  ra>v  rrepl  rov  Eu 
Sav  arfo  darepov  KVK\w9evrwv  eVicrra?  /cal  /cari- 
&wv  rov  /CLV&VVOV, 


errev,  oi%rj,  yevvao?  wv  Ka  Traw 
5  ^Trapriarcov  KOI  yvvai^lv  aotSiyu-o?."  OI/TO)  Be  rwv 
irepl  TOV  1&vK\6iSav  avaipeOevrwv,  /cal  TWV  e/ceWev, 
a)?  ercpdrovv,  eiri^epo^vwv  rapaTTOfievov^  opwv 
TOU?  crr/jaTtcora?  KCLL  /neveiv  ovtceTi  roX/uw^Ta?, 
ecrto^ev  eavrov.  airoOavelv  &e  Kal  TWV  %ivwv 
TroXXoi"?  Xeyoi/crt  KOI  Aa/ceSat/uoi^toL'?  avra^ra? 


XXIX.  'ETrel  Se    et?   Tr/v  TTO\LV  a(j)LKero,   rot? 
airavrriaacTi  rwv  7ro\iTwv  iraprjvei  Se^ea-dai 
rov  'Avriyovov,  airro?  Se  eiTrev  el're  ^wi^  el're  a?ro- 
tiv,    o    yueXXot     TT;    ^rrdpry    cruvoiaeiv,    rovro 
opwv  Se  ra?  ^vvaiKa^  Tot?  /ACT'  avrov 
Trecfrevyocri  rcpocrrpe^ovo-a^  /cal  Se^OyueW?  ra  oVXa 
2  /cat  TTorbv  rrpoa-fyepovuas,  avros  ela"r)\0€ 
rrjv  oiKiav  rrjv  eavrov,  TT}?  Se  rraL^icrKT]^,  rjv 
€\ev0€pav  ovaav  e/c  MeyaX?;?  TroXeco?  az' 

T?}?    ryvvaiKos    re\€vrijv,    co?    eWiaro, 


/cal  3ov\0jLevrs  arco 


Oeparreveiv,  ovre  melv  e/cSeS^^/^co?  V7re/J,eiV€V 
ovre  KaOiaai  KCK/JUJKCO^,  dXX'  waTrep  ervy^ave  819 
reOwpaKio-fjievo^  r&v  KIQVWV  nvl  rr/v  %et/?a  rrpoa-- 
/SaXa>y  7r\ayiav  /cal  TO  rrpoGwrrov  eVl  ro^  TTTJ^VV 
3  67rt#et?,  /fal  ^povov  ov  rcoXvv  ovrca  &iavarrav<jas 
TO  aw/na  /cal  rfj  Stavoia  TrepiSpa/jioov  arravras 
TOL»?  \oyia  /AOVS,  wp/Arjae  pera  rwv  <fy'i\.wv  et?  TO 
/.  KciKeWev  €7ri/3dvres  eV  auTO  rovro  rrape- 


•  16 


AGIS  AND  CLEOMENES,  xxvm.  4-xxix.  3 

and  followed  after  them  victoriously.  Then,  after 
Eucleidas  with  the  other  wing  had  been  encircled,  he 
came  to  a  stop,  and  seeing  their  peril,  said ;  "  I  have 
lost  thee,  my  dearest  brother,  I  have  lost  thee,  thou 
noble  heart,  thou  great  example  to  Spartan  boys,  thou 
theme  for  a  song  to  Spartan  wives !  After 

Eucleidas  and  his  forces  had  in  this  way  been  cut  to 
pieces,  and  the  enemy,  after  their  victory  there,  were 
coming  on  against  the  other  wing,  Cleomenes,  seeing 
that  his  soldiers  were  in  disorder  and  no  longer  had 
courage  to  stand  their  ground,  took  measures  for  his 
own  safety.  Many  of  his  mercenaries  fell,  as  we  are 
told,  and  all  the  Spartans,  six  thousand  in  number, 
except  two  hundred. 

XXIX.  When  Cleomenes  came  to  the  city,  he 
advised  the  citizens  who  met  him  to  receive  Antigo- 
nus ;  as  for  himself,  he  said  he  would  do  whatever 
promised  to  be  best  for  Sparta,  whether  it  called  for 
his  life  or  death.  Then,  seeing  the  women  running 
up  to  those  who  had  escaped  with  him,  relieving 
them  of  their  arms,  and  bringing  drink  to  them,  he 
went  into  his  own  house.  Here  his  concubine,  a  free 
woman  of  Megalopolis  whom  he  had  taken  to  him- 
self after  the  death  of  his  wife,  came  to  him,  as  was 
her  wont  upon  his  return  from  the  field,  and  wished 
to  minister  to  him ;  but  he  would  neither  drink, 
though  he  was  faint  with  thirst,  nor  sit  down,  though 
he  was  worn  out.  Instead,  all  in  armour  as  he  was, 
he  put  his  arm  aslant  against  one  of  the  pillars  of  the 
house,  dropped  his  face  upon  his  forearm,  and  after 
resting  himself  in  this  way  for  a  short  time,  and 
running  over  in  his  thoughts  all  possible  plans,  he  set 
out  with  his  friends  for  Gythium.  There  he  went  on 
board  of  vessels  provided  for  this  very  purpose  and 

put  to  sea. 

117 

VOL.  X.  E 


PLUTARCH'S   LIVES 


XXX.  'O  &e 

rrjv  rro\LV,  Kal  ^prja-d^evo^  rot? 
<f>i\av0p(*>rra)s,  /cal  TO  a^LwfjLa  rrfs  ^Trdprrjs  ov 
Trpomj\aKi(Tas  ovB'  evvftpiaas,  d\\a  /cal  VOJJLOVS 
/cal  rroXireiav  a7ro8ou?  /cal  rot?  Oeols  Qvaas,  ave- 
-%d)pr)crev  r)^epa  rpirr),  TrvdofJievos  ev  MatceSovia 
ir6\vv  Tr6\€/Aov  elvai  /cal  7rop6el<j6ai  rrjv  ^copav 
VTTO  TWV  ftapfBdpwv.  rjSrj  &€  /cal  TO  vocrrffia 


avrov, 
2  Kal  /cardppovv  GVVTOVOV.      ov  /JLIJV  dTreiirev, 


TT/QO?  TO  19  oxeov<i      ycovas    ocrov   eiri 
vi/cr)  /j.ejLO'T'r}  Kal  <$>ov(p  TrXeivrw  rwv  ftapftdpwv 
ev/cXeecrrepov  dirodavelv,   &>?   pev    et'/co?   eart   Kal 
\eyov(Tii>   ol   Trepl  <&v\ap%ov,   avrf)   rfj   irepl  rov 
/cpawyfj  TO   aw/Aa    TTpoaavappij^as'    ev   &€ 


r]V  d/cov€iv  on  (Sowv  yu-eTa  rrjv 

~ 


VTTO 

avrfyaye  /cal  irvpe^as  arvvTQVtos  ereXevTrjcre.   ravra 

ra  Trepl  ^AvrL'yovov, 
XXXI.  KXeo^69  Se  Tr\iwv  CLTTO 


vr\aov    erepav,    Alyia\iav,    /cai-ea^ev.     60  ev     et? 
v  TrepaiovcrOai  yueXXoz^T09  avrov, 


ovo/jia      ripvKwv,   dvrjp  Trpos  re   Ta9 


/ca    Tot9 
7670^0)9  T/9  ^^77X09  aet  #al  fjieydXavvos,  e 

J        «  »         J£/  ItT'^  V  '-v  -\  '»          ' 

avrw  /car  uoiav,  \.ov  fjiev  Ka\\t,arov,  etrrev, 
"  a)  /Sa&iXev,  9dvarov  rov  ev  rfj  f^d^ 
Kairoi  Trdvres  i]Kovaav  IJ/AWV  \eyovrtov 
vTr€p/3ij(Terai  rov  fiaaiXea  rwv  ^rrapnarwv  'Azm- 
701^09  el  /A*]  veKpov.  6  £e  Sevrepos  So^y  Kal  dperfj 
vvv  eri  rrdpecrriv  r}/j,lv.  irol  TrXeo/zey  u\oyi(rra)<i, 


118 


AGIS  AND  CLEOMENES,  xxx.  i-xxxi.  2 

XXX.  Antigonus  marched  up  and  took  the  city 
without  resistance.     He  treated  the  Lacedaemonians 
humanely,,  and  did  not  insult  or  mock  the  dignity  of 
Sparta,   but    restored    her    laws     and    constitution,1 
sacrificed  to  the  gods,  and  went  away  on  the  third 
day.     For  he   learned  that  there   was  a   great   war 
in  Macedonia  and  that  the  Barbarians  were  ravaging 
the  country.     Moreover,  his  disease  was  already  in 
full    possession    of   him,    having   developed    into    a 
quick    consumption    and    an     acute    catarrh.        He 
did    not,    however,    give    up,    but     had     strength 
left    for    his    conflicts  at   home,   so    that   he   won  a 
very  great  victory,  slew  a  prodigious  number  of  the 
Barbarians,   and    died    gloriously,   having    broken    a 
blood-vessel   (as  it  is  likely,  and  as  Phylarchus  says) 
by  the  very  shout  that  he  raised  on  the  field  of  battle. 
And  in  the  schools  of  philosophy  one  used  to  hear 
the  story  that  after  his  victory  he  shouted  for  joy, 
"  O  happy   day  I  "  and  then  brought  up  a  quantity 
of  blood,  fell  into  a  high    fever,  and   so  died.     So 
much  concerning  Antigonus. 

XXXI.  As  for  Cleomenes,  he  sailed  from  Cythera 
to  Aegialia,  another  island,  and  put  in  there.     As  he 
was  about  to  cross  from  thence  to  Cyrene,  one  of  his 
friends,  Therycion  by  name,  a  man   who  brought  a 
large  spirit  to  the  conduct  of  affairs  and  was  always 
somewhat   lofty    in    his    speech    and    grandiloquent, 
came  to  him  privately  and  said  :  "  The  noblest  death, 
O  King,  a  death  in  battle,  we  have  put  away  from  us  ; 
and  yet   all  men  heard  us  declare    that  Antigonus 
should  not  pass  the  king  of  Sparta  except  over  his 
dead  body.     But  a  death  that  is  second  in  virtue  and 
glory  is  now  still  in    our    power.     Whither  do   we 

1  As  they  were  before  the  reforms  of  Cleomenes. 

119 


PLUTARCH'S    LIVES 

eyyvs   bv  /ca/cov   real    ^aicpav 
;    el  yap  ovrc  ala-^pov  ean   Sov\eveiv  rot? 
<£>i\,L7T7rov  KOI  '  A\€%dvSpov  TGI)?  d(j)  ' 
,  TT\OVV  TTO\VV  K€pSai>ov/jLev  '  AvTiyovM 

eauroi;?,  w  et'/co?  eVr^  TTroXe/za/ou 
3  6Voz>  A.lyv7TTLCi)v  MatceSovas.     el  Se  £(£'  coj/  K€/cpa- 
rr)/ji€0a   rot?   oVXoi?    ou/c   d%iov/j,ev   ap^eaOai,   TI 
rov  /jiij  veviKrjKora  Seo-TTOTtjv  TTOIOV/JLCV  avrwv,  "va 
avO   ez^o?  Bveiv  Kafciovs  (pavco/nev,  *Avriyovov 


t9  ALJVTTTOV  r)tcet,v;    fca\bv 
avrfj  Qkapa  yevoio  KOI  tyjKwrov  eTriSeitcvv- 
rat?  UroXe/jtaiov  yvvai^lv    al^/jLd\coTov    etc 
Kal  (frvydSa  TOP  vlov.      oi>%  ew?  en  rwv 
dp%Ofi€V  Kal  TYJV  AaKwviicrjv  d(j)opa)- 
evravOa  TT}?  TU^?;?   aTraXXa^az/re?    eauroi/? 
d7ro\oyt](r6/jL€@a  rot?  ev  SeXauta  Kei/JLevois    virep 
27ra/)T7^?,    aXX'     eV     AlyvTrra)     K 
Tiva    T/]? 


TotaOra    TOU    t&rjpVKiwvos    eiTrovros    6     KXeo- 

yue^9  aTre/cpLvaro,  "  Twv  dvO  pwrrivwv  TO  pacrTOVt 

a)    Trovrjpe,    Kal    Trdcriv    ev    erot/zft)    &KMK.WV,   diro- 

Oavelv,    dv&pelos    elvai    SOKCIS,   fyevywv    alayiova 

5  (f)vyr)V  rfjs  Trporepov;   TroXe/ucu?  p,6v  yap  eve 


Kal    KpeiTTOves   ^fJLwvy  rj  Tv%fl  o^aXe^Te?   fj 
VTTO  7r\ij0ov<;'    6  Be  TT/JO?  TTOZ^OU?  Kal 
ias  r)  tyoyovs  Kal  So^a?  dvOpanrcov  dira- 


120 


AGIS  AND  CLEOMENES,  xxxi.  2-5 

unreasoningly  sail,  fleeing  an  evil  that  is  near  and 
pursuing  one  that  is  afar  off?  For  if  it  is  not  shame- 
ful that  the  descendants  of  Heracles  should  be  in 
subjection  to  the  successors  of  Philip  and  Alexander, 
we  shall  spare  ourselves  a  long  voyage  by  surrender- 
ing to  Antigonus,  who  is  likely  to  surpass  Ptolemy 
as  much  as  Macedonians  surpass  Egyptians.  But  if 
we  cannot  consent  to  be  ruled  by  those  who  have 
conquered  us  in  arms,  why  should  we  make  him 
our  master  who  has  not  defeated  us,  thus  showing 
ourselves  inferior  to  two  instead  of  one  by  running 
away  from  Antigonus  and  joining  the  flatterers  of 
Ptolemy  ?  Or,  shall  we  say  that  it  is  on  thy  mother's 
account  that  we  come  to  Egypt  ?  Surely  thou  wilt 
make  a  noble  spectacle  for  her,  and  one  to  awaken 
envy,  when  she  displays  her  son  to  the  wives  of 
Ptolemy,  a  captive  instead  of  a  king,  and  a  runaway. 
Let  us  rather,  while  we  are  still  masters  of  our 
own  swords  and  can  gaze  upon  the  land  of  Laconia, 
here  rid  ourselves  of  Fortune's  yoke,  and  make  our 
peace  with  those  who  at  Sellasia  died  in  defence  of 
Sparta,  instead  of  sitting  idly  down  in  Egypt  and 
asking  every  now  and  then  whom  Antigonus  has  left 
as  satrap  of  Lacedaemon." 

Such  were  the  words  of  Therycion,  and  to  them 
Cleomenes  replied :  "  It  is  the  easiest  possible  step 
thou  urgest,  wretched  man,  and  one  that  any  man 
may  take,  this  dying ;  and  dost  thou  think  thyself 
brave  when  thou  art  making  a  flight  more  shameful 
than  the  one  preceding  it  ?  Better  men  than  we 
have  given  in  to  their  enemies  before  this,  having 
been  betrayed  by  Fortune  or  overwhelmed  by  numbers. 
But  he  who  in  the  face  of  toils  and  hardships,  or  of 
the  censorious  judgments  of  men,  gives  up  the  fight, 

121 


PLUTARCH'S   LIVES 


f)TTaTai  TJ}?   avrov  /taXa/aa9«     Bel  ydp 
TOV  av6aipeTOV  OdvaTOv  ov  (pvyrjv  elvai 
aXXa    rrpd^LV.      ala^pov    ydp    Kal    %r)i 
eavTols  Kal  drrodvijo-Keiv'    e<$>    o  vvv  av  rrapaKa-   820 
XeZ?  f]fJLQ-s,  (TTrevBwv  drra\\ayrjvaL  TWV  TrapovTcov, 
Ka\ov  Be  ovBev  ovBe  %p)']crifjLov  aXXo   BiaTrparTO- 
6  /jievos.     eya)    Be  Kal   o~e  Kal  €fjiavTov  OLO/JLOL    Belv 
ra?    vTrep  TT}?   Trarpt'So?   e'Xvr/^a?   an  KaTa\iTfelv 

ll'  r  it 

OTTOV  B*  av  77/109  eKelvai  ^araX/Trftxri,  pa&Ta  (3ov- 
Xo/tez/ot9  aTToOavelv  virdp^ei" 

11/309  TavTa  @rjpvKLO)v  ovBev  dvTenrcov,  ore 
7rpo)TOV  eo~%e  Kaipov  dTro&TrjvaL  TOV  KXeo/tei^oL'9, 
eKTpaTrofievos  irapd  TOV  alyia\bv  eo~<f)aj;€V  eavTov. 

XXXII.  'O   Be  KXeo/te^7;9  a?ro  TWV 
dva'xOels  Trj  Aifivy  Trpo cre/SaXe,  Kal  Bid  TWV 
\IKWV    Traparre/JLTTo/jLevos  YJKGV  el?    'A\e£dvBpeiav. 

\5.\«TT-\  '  ''  V  \>/ 

?t-9  oe  T&)  llTOA-euatw,  KaT  ap^as  u.ev  eTvy^ave 
'nXavOpcoTrov  Kal  fieTpiov  7T/909  avrov 
Be  yvut/Jir]^  BiBovs  rrelpav  dvrjp  e^aiveTO 
e/A<f)pwv,  Kal  T7/9  KaO*  i]/j,epav  o/ttXta9  avTOV  TO 
AaKwviKov  Kal  a^>eXe9  TTJV  ^dpiv  e\ev&epiov  el)(€, 
Kal  TIJV  evyeveiav  ovBa/j.fj  KaTaia^vvwv  ovBe 
/ca/tTTTO/tei'09  t'Tro  rr)9  Tu^7;9,  TWV  ?r/)09  rjBovrjv 
Kal  KO\aK€uav  Bia\eyo/j,ev(ov  jriOavcoTepos  e<pai- 
2  V6TO,  TroXXr;  u.ev  aiBws  Kal  /terai'ota  TOV 
fjLdiov  el^ev  dvBpos  a/teX/;cra^ra  TOLOVTOV 
TTpoefjievov  TW  ' AvTiyovtp,  Bo^av  a/ta 
rr)\iKavT^v  Kal  Bvva/Aiv,  dva\au.^dvwv  Be  Tiyaat9 
Kal  <f)L\o(})po(Tvvai$  TOV  KXeo/JLevrj  Tcapeddppvvev 
a>9  /tera  vewv  Kal  %pr)/jidTCt)v  dTrocrT€\wv  avTOV 
et9  rrjv  'EXXa^a  Kal  KaTaaT^awv  6/9  TTJV  fiaai- 
1  Kal  $riv  Blass  and  Ziegler,  after  Richards. 

122 


AGIS  AND  CLEOMENES,  xxxi.  5-xxxn.  2 

is  vanquished  by  his  own  weakness.  For  a  self-inflicted 
death  ought  to  be,  not  flight  from  action,  but  an 
action  in  itself.  For  it  is  shameful  to  die,  as  well  as 
to  live,  for  one's  self  alone.  And  yet  it  is  to  this  that 
thou  now  invitest  me  in  thine  eagerness  to  be  rid  of 
present  troubles,  though  beyond  that  thou  wilt  effect 
nothing  that  is  honourable  or  useful.  I,  however, 
think  it  right  that  neither  thou  nor  I  should  abandon 
our  hopes  for  our  country  ;  when  these  abandon  us, 
death  will  be  very  easy  if  we  wish  it." 

To  this  Therycion  made  no  reply,  but  as  soon  as  he 
got  an  opportunity  to  leave  Cleomenes,  he  turned 
aside  along  the  sea-beach  and  slew  himself. 

XXXII.  But  Cleomenes,  putting  to  sea  from  Aegia- 
lia,  landed  in  Libya,  and  travelled  through  the  King's 
country  to  Alexandria.  After  coming  into  the 
presence  of  Ptolemy,  at  first  he  met  with  only  ordin- 
ary and  moderate  kindness  from  him ;  but  when  he 
had  given  proof  of  his  sentiments  and  shown  himself 
to  be  a  man  of  good  sense,  and  when,  in  his  daily 
intercourse,  his  Laconian  simplicity  retained  the 
charm  which  a  free  spirit  imparts,  while  he  in  no 
wise  brought  shame  upon  his  noble  birth  or  suffered 
the  blows  of  Fortune  to  bow  him  down,  but  showed 
himself  more  winning  than  those  whose  conversation 
sought  only  to  please  and  flatter,  then  Ptolemy  was 
filled  with  great  respect  for  him,  and  deeply  repented 
that  he  had  neglected  such  a  man  and  abandoned  him 
to  Antigonus,  who  had  thereby  won  great  glory  and 
power.  Ptolemy  therefore  sought  to  regain  Cleo- 
menes by  honours  and  kindnesses,  and  kept  encour- 
aging him  with  assurances  that  he  would  send  him 
back  to  Greece  with  ships  and  treasure  and  restore 


123 


PLUTARCH'S    LIVES 

3  \eiav.     eBiSov  be  Kal  crvvTa^iv  avTw  Tecrcrapa 

TO\aVTa     KdO^     GKCLGTOV    CViaVTOV.        a<£'    0)V 

avTov  real  rou?  <f>i\ovs   euTeXco?    real    <ra)- 

BtOlKWV,     TO,     7r\ei(TTa     K.aTa,V1]\l(J  K€V 

($)i\av6  pwrrlas  KOL  yueraoocre/?  rwv  OLTTO 
80?  et?  AiyvTTTov  GKTreirTWKoTwv. 

XXXIII.  'O  p,ev  ovv  TT  peer  ft  VT  epos 
jrplv  e/CTeXecrai  ra>  K\eo/j,evei  rrjv  eKTre^-^nv  ere- 
Xevrrjcre'  Ti}?  Be  /SacriXeia?  ev&vs  et?  7ro\\r)i> 
dcreXyeiav  KOL  irapoiviav  real  yvvaiKO/cpariav 
2  e/jLTreaovcrris  ^/zeXetro  KOI  ra  rov  KXeo/ie^ou?.  6 
fi,€v  jap  /SacrtXeu1?  auro?  ovrco  SiecfrOapro  TTJV 
VTTO  <yvvaiKa)i>  real  TTOTWV  axrre,  OTTOTC 
fJLa\.ia"Ta  real  (TTrovSaiorarof  avrov  yevoiro, 
reXera?  re\€lv  /cal  rv/jLTravov  €%(0v  ev  roi^;  ftaai- 
dyeupeiv,  ra  &€  /neyiara  TT}?  apxf)S  irpd<y- 
*A<yadoK\eiav  Trjv  ep(OfjL€i>rjv  TOV 


teal  rrjv  raur>;?  ^rfTepa  fca 
3  Qivdv0r)v.     oyaco?  8'  ovv  eBo^e  rt?  ev  dp%fj  real  TOV 

s  %/oeta  yeyovevai,.     SeSico?  <yap 
TOV  doe\<f)ov  IlToXe/u.a4O?,    a><?   Icr^vovTa   Baa 


ev  TO)  aTpaTiwTiKw,  TOV  K.\eo/jievrj  irpoa-- 
€\d/jL/3ave  Kal  /AeTeSiSov  TWV  aTroppiJTcov  trvve&pifov, 
/3ov\evo/ji€vos  dveXelv  TOV  dSe\$6v.  6  Be,  Ka'urep 

CLTrdvTWV  TOVTO   TTpaTTClV    K6\6V  OVT  O)V  ,   /JiOVO^    aTTI}- 

yopevo'ev,  eiTrcov  a>?  fjiaXXov,  el   Bvvarov  r)v,  eBei 


4  \eiav  Kal   Bia/Aovrjv  TWV  TTpay/^aTcov. 

Be  TOV  rrXelcTTOV  ev  rot?  (jbtXoi?  Bwa/nevov  (f)rjcravTo<; 
OVK  elvai  Ta  TWV  fjLi(rdo<p6pa)V  aurot?  /9e/3ata  TOV 

o 


124 


AGIS  AND  CLEOMENES,  xxxn.  3-xxxm.  4 

him  to  his  kingdom.  He  also  gave  him  an  annual 
pension  of  twenty-four  talents.  With  this  money 
Cleomenes  maintained  himself  and  his  friends  in  a 
simple  and  modest  manner,  and  spent  the  greater 
part  in  good  offices  and  contributions  to  the  refugees 
from  Greece  who  were  in  Egypt. 

XXXIII.  Well,  then,  the  elder  Ptolemy1  died 
before  sending  Cleomenes  off  as  he  had  promised ; 
and  since  the  court  at  once  plunged  into  excessive 
wantonness  and  drunkenness,  and  women  wielded  the 
power,  the  affairs  of  Cleomenes  were  neglected. 
For  the  king  himself  was  so  corrupted  in  spirit  by 
wine  and  women  that,  in  his  soberest  and  most 
serious  moments,  he  would  celebrate  religious  rites  and 
act  the  mountebank  in  his  palace ,  timbrel  in  hand,  while 
the  most  important  affairs  of  the  government  were 
managed  by  Agathocleia,  the  mistress  of  the  king, 
and  Oenanthe  her  mother,  who  was  a  bawd.  But  in 
spite  of  all  this,  at  the  outset  Cleomenes  seemed  to 
be  of  some  use.  For  Ptolemy  was  afraid  of  his  brother 
Magas,  believing  that  Magas  had  a  strong  following 
among  the  soldiers  owing  to  his  mother's  influence, 
and  he  therefore  took  Cleomenes  into  his  following 
and  gave  him  a  place  in  his  privy  council,  all  the  while 
plotting  to  kill  his  brother.  But  Cleomenes,  although 
all  other  counsellors  urged  the  king  to  take  this  step, 
alone  advised  against  it,  saying  that  it  were  better, 
were  it  possible,  to  get  the  king  more  brothers  to 
increase  the  security  and  stability  of  his  affairs. 
And  when  Sosibius,  who  had  the  most  influence 
among  the  king's  ministers,  declared  that  they  could 
not  be  sure  of  the  mercenaries  as  long  as  Magas  was 
alive,  Cleomenes  bade  him  have  no  concern  on  that 

1  Ptolemy  III.,  surnamed  Euergetes,  died  in  220  B.C.,  and 
was  followed  by  Ptolemy  IV.,  surnamed  Philopator. 

125 


PLUTARCH'S    LIVES 

eveKa  76  rovrov    vrXeiof?  jap  i]  rpi(T^i\iov<;  TMV 


elvai 


KCLV     fJLOVOV     VfVCrrj,      TTpodvfJLWS       JJL6TCL      TMV      OTT\0)l> 

irapecrofjievov^-     ovros  6  \6yos  Tore  /Jiev  ov  fu/cpav 
KXeo/xeVei    KCU    TC'KJTLV    evvoias    teal    SOKIJCTIV 
aeO^Kev,  vcrrepov  &€,  TOV  nroXe/^atof 
acrQei'eias  eTTiTeivovcn-jS  TI-JV  Bet\iav,  fcal  KaO- 
eicodev    ev    rw    /jiijSev    (ftpovelv,    rou    Trdvra 


KOL     Tracriv    aTTtarrep 


&OKOVVTOS  elrai,  (fro/Sepai*  evroLei  rbv  KXeo/Aey?;  rot? 
6  av\ifcoi<;,  a>?  laynuovra  Trapa  rot?  ^eVot?'  fcal 
TToXXcoi^  TJV  dfcoveiv  'h.eyovTcoi'  OTI  "  OL>TO?  6  \ecov 
ev  rovrois  rot?  TTpo/SaTOis  dvaa'TpeffreTai"  TO> 
yap  OVTL  TOIOVTOV  Sieipaivev  r}^o?  ev  rot?  /Bacrt- 
\iKols,  v7ro/3\£Tra)i>  drpi/JLa  KOI  TrapeTTicrKOTrwv  ra  821 


XXXIV.  Nau9    f^ev    ovv    air&v    KOI  arpariav 
direlire'     TrvvOavo/JLevos    Se    reOi'dvai    TOV    *Avrt- 

€    7TO\€/LL(i)    (TV  /J,7T€7r\e%8ai    TOL/? 

ra  Be  Trpdy/^ara  Trodeii'  CLVTOV  Kal 
7rapaKa\eiv,1  ev  rapa^fj  Kal  Bia<T7raa'fjL&  T?}? 
TIe\oTTOvvi]crov  yeyevrj/nevrjs,  tj^iov  fjiev  /JLOVOS  djro- 
2  (TTaXf/vai  fierd  rwv  (friXwv,  eireide  Be  ovBeva,  TOV 
fjiev  /SacTiXew?  OVK  elcraKovovros,  aXX'  ev  yvvaigl 
Kal  Oidarois  Kal  KW/JLOIS  avve^ovro^  eavrov,  6  Be 
rcov  o\a)v  TrpoecTTrjKax;  Kal  7rpo/3ov\eva)v  ^.wcrl- 
jSios  /jievovra  p,ev  rbv  K.\eo/j,evj]  irapa  jvco^irjv 
rjjeiro  Bva/jLeraxeiptcTTOv  elvai  Kal  (frofiepov,  d<f>€- 
0ev-ra  Be  ro\/jLrjp6v,  dvBpa  Kal  /J,eya\o7rpdyfj,ova 
l  TT}?  /SacriXeta?  vo<rovarijs  Oea-r^v  yeyevrj^evov. 


j'    Ziegler  :    Trapa.foXea1    ttcelcre    Bekker  : 
f'iv  tKflvov  (with  the  MSS.). 

126 


AGIS  AND  CLEOMENES,  xxxni.  4-xxxiv.  2 

point  at  least ;  for  more  than  three  thousand  of  the 
mercenaries  were  Peloponnesians  and  attached  to 
himself,  and  if  he  but  gave  them  a  nod  they  would 
readily  come  to  his  side  in  arms.  At  the  time  this 
speech  won  for  Cleomenes  no  little  faith  in  his  good 
will  and  belief  in  his  strength;  but  afterwards,  when 
Ptolemy's  weakness  intensified  his  cowardice,  and,  as 
is  wont  to  happen  where  there  is  no  sound  judgment, 
his  best  course  seemed  to  him  to  lie  in  fearing  every- 
body and  distrusting  all  men,  it  led  the  courtiers  to 
be  afraid  of  Cleomenes,  on  the  ground  that  he  had  a 
strong  following  among  the  mercenaries ;  and  many 
of  them  were  heard  to  say  :  "  There  goes  the  lion  up 
and  down  among  these  sheep."  And  such,  in  fact,  he 
clearly  was  among  the  courtiers,  eyeing  with  quiet 
contempt  and  closely  watching  what  was  going  on. 

XXXIV.  For  ships,  therefore,  and  an  army,  he 
gave  up  asking ;  but  on  learning  that  Antigonus  was 
dead  l  and  that  the  Achaeans  were  involved  in  a  war 
with  the  Aetolians,  and  that  affairs  yearned  and 
called  for  him  now  that  Peloponnesus  was  rent  asunder 
and  in  confusion,  he  demanded  to  be  sent  away  with 
his  friends  merely  ;  but  he  could  persuade  no  one. 
The  king  would  not  give  him  a  hearing,  but  was 
absorbed  with  women  and  Dionysiac  routs  and 
revels  ;  and  Sosibius,  the  prime  minister  and  chief 
counsellor,  thought  that  if  Cleomenes  remained 
against  his  will  he  might  be  hard  to  manage,  in- 
deed, and  an  object  of  fear,  but  that  if  he  were 
sent  away  he  would  make  some  bold  attempt,  being 
a  man  of  large  undertakings,  and  one  who  had 
been  an  eye-witness  of  the  distempers  of  the  realm. 

1  Cf.  chapter  xxx.  2. 

127 


PLUTARCH'S    LIVES 

3  ovBe  jap  at  Bwpeal  Karerrpdvvov  avrov,  dXX' 
OKTTTep  rov  *ATTIV  ev  dtyOovoiS  Biairai/uevov  KOI 
rpvcj)di'  BoKOvvra  rov  Kara  fyvcriv  jBiov  real 


KOI 


cart  Bvaavao")£€ra)V  rrjv  iv  rat? 
SiaTpifttjv, 

OdKWV, 


e/celvov 


wcnrep 


avOi,  fji€V(0v,  7ro0€€O'/c€  S'  diJTijv  re  TrroXe- 
fjiov  re. 

XXXV.  Toiovrcov  Se  r&v  Kar  avrov  ovrwv 
7rpayfj,dra>v  dfafcveirai  NiKayopas  6 
et?  'AXe^dvSpeiav,  dvrjp  /ULHTWV  /j,ev  rov 
frpoairoiov/Jievo^  Be  ^>t\09  elvar  ywpiov  Be  Trore 
ica\ov  avrw  TreTrpaKoos  KOL  Bi*  acr^oXta^,  a>?  eo^/ce, 
Bia  TroXeyLtof?  OVK  a7retX?7<^a>9  TO  dpyvpiov.  rov- 
rov  ovv  eK/Baivovra  rore  T/}?  6\KaBo<;  IBwv  o 
(erv^e  yap  ev  rf]  KprjTrlBi  rov 


tea     r/9   avrov 


2  et<?  AiyvTrrov  ayot  Trpo^aai^  rjpwra.  rov  Be 
Ni/cayopov  <pi\o(f)p6va)<;  avraarfa^o^kvov  KOLI  <£>ij- 
aavros  ITTTTOU?  ciyeiv  TOO  {3aai\et  /caXou?  rwv 


av,"  e(f)r],  "  ere  yuaXXof  "]/ceiv  ayovra 

teal  KivatBovs'  ravra  yap  vvv 

xareTreiyei  rov  j3acri\€a"  ical  6  NiKayopas  rore 
[lev  e/jLeiBiacrev  ^/nepais  Be  vcrrepov  6\LyaL$  VTTO- 
/jLvij&as  rov  yjapiov  rov  KXeo/JLevtjv  vvv  yovv 
eBeiro  rj]V  rijArjv  aTroKaftelv,  &>9  OVK  av 

128 


AGIS  AND  CLEOMENES,  xxxiv.  3-xxxv.  2 

For  not  even  gifts  would  soften  him,  but  just  as  the 
sacred  bull  Apis,  though  living  in  plenty  and  believed 
to  be  having  a  luxurious  time,  feels  a  desire  for  the 
life  that  was  his  by  nature,  for  coursings  without 
restraint,  and  leaps  and  bounds,  and  is  manifestly 
disgusted  with  his  treatment  at  the  hands  of  the 
priests,  so  Cleomenes  took  no  pleasure  in  his  life  of 
ease  and  luxury, 

— "  but  kept  pining  away  in  his  dear  heart," 
like  Achilles,1 

"  As  he  lingered  there,  and  kept  yearning  for  war- 
cry  and  battle." 

XXXV.  While  matters  stood  thus  with  him,  Nica- 
goras  the  Messenian  came  to  Alexandria,  a  man  who 
hated  Cleomenes,  but  pretended  to  be  a  friend.  He 
had  at  one  time  sold  Cleomenes  a  fine  estate,  and 
owing  to  the  constant  demands  of  war  upon  the  king, 
as  it  would  seem,  had  not  received  the  money  for  it. 
And  so  now,  when  Cleomenes,  who  chanced  to  be 
taking  a  walk  along  the  quay,  saw  Nicagoras  landing 
from  his  vessel,  he  greeted  him  heartily  and  asked 
what  errand  brought  him  to  Egypt.  Nicagoras  re- 
turned his  greeting  in  a  friendly  manner,  and  said 
that  he  was  bringing  horses  for  the  king,  some  fine 
ones  for  use  in  war.  At  this,  Cleomenes  gave  a  laugh 
and  said  :  "  I  could  wish  that  thou  hadst  rather 
brought  sambuca-girls  and  catamites  ;  for  these  now 
most  interest  the  king."  At  the  time  Nicagoras 
merely  smiled  ;  but  a  few  days  later  he  reminded 
Cleomenes  of  the  estate,  and  asked  that  now  at  any  rate 
he  might  get  the  money  for  it,  saying  that  he  would 
not  have  troubled  him  about  the  matter  if  he  had  not 

1  Iliad,  i.  491  f. 

129 


PLUTARCH'S   LIVES 


el  fJirj   Trepl   T^V  TWV   (fropricov 

3  ety/JiiovTO.      TOV  8e    KXeo/u.eVou?   (f»jcravTos   ovbev 
avTW  Trepieivai  TWV  ceSo/jievcov,  \V7rr)0€ls  6  Nt/ta- 
<y6pa$  €K<fiep€i  ra>  Zuxri/Biw  TO  crKWfjifjLa  TOV  KXeo- 

6  5e  KOI  rovro  /j.ev  acr/ieVa)?  eXa/Sei^,  etc 
vo^  atrta?  TOZ^  ySacriXea  irapo^vvai  ^IJTWI> 
oy  Nitcayopav  eTTicrrdXrjv  ypdtyavra  Kara 
rov  K\eo/ieVou?  dTroXnreiv,  co?  eyvciy/coros,  el 
\u{3oi  Tpir)pei<$  /cal  crTyoaT^cora?  Trap'  avTov,  Ku- 

4  pi'ivijv   KCLTaa^elv.     o  fiev   ovv   Ni/cayopas  Tavra 
7pa^a?  aTreTrXefo-e*   TOU  8e  Sft)0"i/Stov  //.era  recr- 
cra/oa?   ^epa?  T?;^  eTTKJToX.^v    TT/OO?    roy   IlToA,e- 
/JLCIIOV  aveveyKOVTos  co?  dpTicos  avTw  Se$o/jLevi]v  teal 

TO    /ueipdtciov,    €&oj;6V    e/9    ol/ciav 
elcrayayeiv    TOV    KXeo/<ieV>7i>,     /cal 


XXXVI.  'Hi;   ^aev  ow   /cat   raOra  \VTrrjpd 


ra? 


ea^ev   etc    TOICLVT^ 
6  Xpvaep/jiov  0tXo?  wz^  TOU 

TOV     %pOVOV    €TTLeiKWS    Sl€L\€KTO    TW    KXfO- 

fj,€vei,  Kal  avvijOeid  Ti?  V7rr)p%ev  auroi?  /cat  7ra/o- 
2  pijaia     TTyOO?     aXXr/Xof?.      OUTO?     out/     Tore,     TOV 
KXco/aeyou?   BeyOevTos    e\6elv    TT/JO?  avTov, 
fjL€V  /cal  SLe\e^6r)  /jb€Tpia,  TO  VTTOTTTOV  e^aip 
irepl    TOV    /SacrtXea)?    a7roXo70UyU6z^o?*     diTLuiv     oe 
TT(i\iv  ex  TT}?  oliclas,  Kal  /JLTJ  Trpovot'jcras  e^o 

a^pl    TWV    0VpO)V    €7TaKO\OV00VVTa    TOV 

iriKpct)*;    €7T€TLfjL7ja-e    rot?    (frvXagiv     a>9 

Oripiov  Kal  SvcrTrjprjTov  a/t6Xa>9   <ftv\aTTovcri   Kai    822 

1  jnfrplus  Bekker  and  Blasa  correct  to  oi»  per  plus,  after 
Reiske. 

130 


AGIS  AND  CLEOMENES,  xxxv.  2-xxxvi.  2 

met  with  a  considerable  loss  in  the  disposition  of  his 
cargo ;  and  when  Cleomenes  declared  that  he  had 
nothing  left  of  the  moneys  that  had  been  given 
him,  Nicagoras  was  vexed,  and  reported  to  Sosibius 
the  pleasantry  of  Cleomenes.  Sosibius  was  glad  to 
get  even  this  matter,  but  he  desired  to  have  some 
larger  accusation  with  which  to  exasperate  the  king, 
and  therefore  persuaded  Nicagoras  to  write  and  leave 
behind  him  a  letter  accusing  Cleomenes  of  planning, 
in  case  he  got  triremes  and  soldiers  from  Ptolemy,  to 
seize  Cyrene.  So  Nicagoras  wrote  a  letter  to  this 
effect  and  sailed  away  ;  and  Sosibius,  after  four  days 
had  passed,  brought  the  letter  to  Ptolemy,  pretend- 
ing that  he  had  just  received  it,  and  so  exasperated 
the  young  man  that  it  was  decided  to  remove 
Cleomenes  into  a  large  house,  and  while  treating 
him  in  other  ways  just  as  before,  to  prevent  his 
egress. 

XXXVI.  Even  this  usage  was  grievous  to  Cleo- 
menes, but  his  hopes  for  the  future  received  a  greater 
shock  from  the  following  incident.  Ptolemy  the  son 
of  Chrysermus,  a  friend  of  King  Ptolemy,  had  all  the 
while  been  on  friendly  terms  with  Cleomenes,  and 
they  were  quite  intimate  and  outspoken  with  one 
another.  This  Ptolemy,  then,  now  that  Cleomenes 
begged  a  visit  from  him,  came  and  conversed  in  a 
reasonable  way  with  him,  seeking  to  remove  his 
suspicions  and  excusing  the  conduct  of  the  king ; 
but  when  he  was  leaving  the  house  and  did  not 
perceive  that  Cleomenes  was  following  on  behind 
him  as  far  as  the  doors,  he  bitterly  reproached  the 
guards  for  the  careless  and  easy  watch  they  kept 
upon  a  great  wild  beast  that  was  so  hard  to  keep. 


PLUTARCH'S   LIVES 


3  pa6v/Jitt>$.     TOVTWV   6   KXeOyUez;?;?  avrrjKoos  yevo- 
fievos,  KOI  Trplv  alaOeaQat  TOV  [IroXe/jLaiov  ava- 
vwpricra?  e<f>0acre  rot?  <itXo(?.      ev9vs  ovv 

*  '  *  *\      '£  ' 

a?    Trporepov    et%ov    eA-TTtoa?    e 
opyfyv  6J3ov\€V<ravTO  TOV  TlroXe^atou 
afivvdfjievoi    KOI    rrjv    v/Spiv   a^ta)?    rr}? 
airo9avelv,  KOA,  fjir]  Trepifieveiv  wcnrep  lepela  iriav- 

4  Oevras    KaraKOTTrjvai'    Seivov   'yap,    el    ra?    71720? 
'Avrtyovov,   avSpa    TroXe/j.ta'rrjv    KCU    Bpacmjpiov, 
Sia\vcrei<;   virepiStoV  KXeo/ze^?    fcdd^rai,    f.i^rpa- 
ryvprov  /SacriXeo)?  cr^o\,rjv  dva/nevcov,  orav  irpwrov 
aTroOrjraL  TO  TV/jLTravov  KCU  /caraTravcrrj  TOV  6ia- 

(TOV,   aTTOKTGl'OVVTOS  avTOV. 

XXXVII.   *E7rel    S^    eBo^e    TCLVTCL    KOI   Kara 
TV^TIV    o     ITroXe/zaiO?     et?     JLdva>j3ov 
•jrpwrov   fj,€v  SieSaifcav  \6yov   co?  TrapakvoiTO 

V7TO      TOV       3a(7tX6ft)9'      67T6LTa     GfC 


j3acri\iKov  rot?  fjL6\\ovcriv  e^  elpKTrjs  OLTTO- 
\vea0ai   BGLTTVOV   re   ire^Trofjiivov    KOI    ^eviwv,   ol 
TroXXa  roiaura 


TOU? 

olo/Jbevovs  VTTO  TOV  fSaGiXews 
/cat  ^a/a  e^ue  /cat  /iereStSou  TOVTWV 
teal  eVtT£#et<?  GTefydvovs  /cal  Ka,TaK\i6els 
p,6Ta  Tayv  (£>i\(i)v.     \eyeTai  &e  Ta^iov  rj 

TT/SO?  Tr/z;  irpd^tv  op/ji^jcrat,, 
olfceTrjv  eva  TWV  crvveiBoTcov  Trjv  Trpd^iv  e 
irapa  yvvatKl  K€Koi/j,ij/Aevov  ^9  yjpa.  /cal  (j)0/3ti@6i<> 
jjiijvvcriv,  eireiBrj  /iiecrov  r)/j,epas  rjv  /cal  TOU?  (j)v\a- 
TJcr0€To  /caOevo'ovTas  VTTO  TT}?  peOr]?,  evSvcrd- 
TOV  ^LTwva  /cal  TTJV  pa(pr)v  €/c  TOV  Segiov 


132 


AGIS  AND  CLEOMENES,  xxxvi.  3-xxxvn.  2 

Cleomenes  heard  this  with  his  own  ears,  and  without 
Ptolemy's  being  aware   of  his  presence  went  back 
and  told  his  friends.     At  once,  then,  they  all  aban- 
doned  the   hopes   they   had    been   cherishing   and 
wrathfully   determined    to    avenge    themselves    on 
Ptolemy  for  his  injustice  and  insolence,  and  die  in  a 
manner  worthy  of  Sparta,   instead  of  waiting  like 
sacrificial    victims  to    be    first    fattened    and    then 
smitten  down.     For  it  was  an  intolerable  thing  that 
Cleomenes,  after  scorning  to    come   to   terms    with 
Antigonus,   a   man   who  fought   well    and    wrought 
much,  should  sit  idly  down  and  await  the  leisure  of 
a  begging-priest  of  a  king,  who,  as  soon  as  he  could  lay 
aside  his  timbrel  and  stop  his  dancing,  would  slay  him. 
XXXVII.  Such  being  their  resolve,  and  Ptolemy, 
as  chance  would  have  it,  making  a  visit  to  Canopus, 
in  the  first  place  word  was  sent  about  that  Cleomenes 
had  been  set  free  by  the  king  ;  and  next,  in  view  of 
a  custom  which  the  king  had  of   sending  presents 
and  a  banquet  to  those  who  were  going  to  be  released 
from  imprisonment,  the  friends  of  Cleomenes  in  the 
city  prepared  and  sent  in  to  him  an  abundance  of 
such  things,  thus  completely  deceiving  the  guards, 
who  thought  the  king  had  sent  them.   For  Cleomenes 
made  a  sacrifice  and  gave  the  guards  a  bountiful 
share  of  his  provisions,  and  then  took  his  place  at 
table  with  garlands  on  his  head  and  feasted  with  his 
friends.     We  are  told,  too,  that  he  set  out  upon  his 
enterprise  sooner  than  he  had  intended,  because  he 
learned  that  a  slave  who  was  privy  to  it  had  passed 
the  night  outside  in  company  with  a  mistress.     So 
fearing  that  his  plans  would  be  revealed,  when  noon 
came  and  he  perceived  that  his  guards  were  sleeping 
off  their  wine,  he  put  on  his  tunic,  opened  the  seam 

133 


PLUTARCH'S    LIVES 

7Tapa\vcrdiuiei>os  MJUOV,  <yvf^va)  TW  f;i<f>€t  /j-era  TWV 


3  Tpiwv   OVTCOV.     'Iirirlras    £e    ^wXo?    wv    TT) 

eTreaev  op/jifj  rrpoOvfj-M^,  009  ^€  ewpa 
Tropevo/nwovs  ^t'  avior,  etce\€Vff€V 
dve\eiv  KOI  fjw)  Bia<f)0etpGiv  r^v  irpa^iv,  d^prjO'TOV 
avOpwrrov  Trepifjif.vovTas.  eru^e  Se  TWV  \\\ej;av- 
&p€O)i>  Tt?  ITTTTOV  ciywi*  nrapa  ra?  6vpas'  rovrov 
ii<f)€\6/A€voi,  veil  TOV  'iTTTrirav  avaftahovres,  e^)t{- 
povro  S^oyLtw  8m  T&V  <7T6^ft)7rcor  Kol  irap€K(i\ouv 

4  TOT  o^Xoi'  eVl  T?;^  eXevOepiav.      rot?  8e  roaovrov, 
ft)?  eoiK€v,  a\Kr)S  /jLerfjv  oaov  tTraivelv  KCU  OavfJ-a- 
^eiv  TIJV  TOV  KXeo/ieVoL'9  ToX/jLav,   aico\ov6eiv  Be 
KOL  jSoiiOelv  ovSels  eOdppet,. 


OVV    TOV  \V(T€J,OV   YlTO\€AaLOV  €K 


auXr/9    e%ioi>Ta   Tpeis    evtfus   TrpovTrecrovTes    avre- 
KTeivav  CTepov  Se  llroXe/^atou  TOV  <$v\dcro-ovTOs 

TlfV    TTO\IV    €\CLVVOl>TO<$   ap/JiCLTt,  7T/509  aVTOVS,  6pfJ,?j- 

cravT€<;  eravTioi  TOL/?  /nev  vmypeTas  KCL\  Sopvfiopovs 
SiecrfceSaaav,   avTOV  Be   KaTacnrdcravTes  drro  TOV 

5  apyuaro?  air£iCT€ivav,     eZra  Trpo?  TJJV  attpav 
povr,  avappfj^at  Siai'oov/jLei'oi  TO  $€o~ja(OTi)pioi' 
^pi']a-aa6ai  ra>  TT\)J^€I  TWV  8e$€/j,€vcov.     ty 
5e     <f>pa%d/j,€i>ot     /vaXw?    oi     (f)v\aK€S,    wcrre 

ei'Ta    T/}9    TTeipCLS  TOV   K.\€OfJL€Vrj 

tcai    Tr\araaOai     /cara     T/;^    7roXu>, 
vSevos  avTM    Trpoo"X(i)povvTo<s,   dXXa    (frevyovTwv 

6  A~at      oftovjievwv  airavTtoV*      01/10)9   ot'i/   a7rocrTa9 


/f  ai  7T/3O9  roi>9  </>tXof9  elTrwi',  "  Qv&ev  Tjv  dpa 
BavfJiaffTov  apwiv  yvvai/cas  dvOpayTrwv  $>ewyoi>Twv 
Ti)i>  eXevtfepiav,"  Trape/caXecrt  TrdvTas  «^ta>9  avrov 

KOI  TtoV  TT6Trpay/A€VCi)l>  T€\€VTai>.        (COL   7T/3a>TO9  /xei' 

134 


AGIS  AND  CLEOMENES,  xxxvii.  2-6 

over  his  right  shoulder,  and  with  drawn  sword  sprang 
forth,  accompanied  by  his  friends,  who  were  likewise 
arrayed,  thirteen  in  number.  Hippitas,  who  was 
lame,  joined  in  making  the  first  onset  with  all  his 
soul,  but  when  he  saw  that  he  was  a  hindrance  to 
the  progress  of  his  companions,  he  bade  them  kill 
him,  and  not  ruin  the  enterprise  by  waiting  for  a 
useless  fellow.  As  it  chanced,  however,  an  Alexan- 
drian was  leading  a  horse  past  the  doors,  so  they 
seized  the  animal,  put  Hippitas  on  its  back,  and  then 
rushed  at  full  speed  through  the  narrow  streets  of 
the  city,  summoning  the  throng  to  win  their  freedom. 
These  had  enough  courage,  as  it  would  seem,  to 
admire  and  praise  the  daring  of  Cleomenes,  but  not 
a  man  was  bold  enough  to  follow  and  help  him. 

Well,  then,  as  Ptolemy  the  son  of  Chrysermus  was 
coming  out  of  the  palace,  three  of  them  straightway 
fell  upon  him  and  slew  him;  and  as  another  Ptolemy, 
who  had  the  city  in  his  charge,  was  driving  towards 
them  in  a  chariot,  they  rushed  to  meet  him,  scattered 
his  servants  and  mercenaries,  dragged  him  from  his 
chariot,  and  slew  him.  Then  they  proceeded  to  the 
citadel,  purposing  to  break  open  the  prison  and 
avail  themselves  of  the  multitude  of  prisoners.  But 
the  guards  were  too  quick  for  them  and  barred  the 
way  securely,  so  that  Cleomenes,  baffled  in  this 
attempt  also,  roamed  up  and  down  through  the  city, 
not  a  man  joining  with  him  but  everybody  filled 
with  fear  and  flying  from  him.  So,  then,  he  de- 
sisted from  his  attempt,  and  saying  to  his  friends, 
"  It  is  no  wonder,  after  all,  that  women  rule  over 
men  who  run  away  from  freedom,"  he  called  upon 
them  all  to  die  in  a  manner  worthy  of  their  king 
and  their  past  achievements.  So  Hippitas  first,  at 

135 


PLUTARCH'S    LIVES 

VTTO  TO)V  V€Ci)T€p(i)V  TLVO?  €7T\1]yr) 
TCOV    d\\WV    €KCL(TTO<S    €VKO\W<S     KCLl 
eClVTOV    dTTO(7(f)dTT€l,    TT\r)V    TLaVT€d)<>     TOV 

7  ^leydXriv  TCO\LV  KaTakajSovTO^.      TOVTOV  Be  Ka\- 
\LCTTOV    wpa  Kai   7T/?O9   T?)V  dycoyrjv   evcfrvecrTaTov 
veoov  yei>6/J,evov  epcofievov  ecr^rjKcb^  6  ftacnXevs 
>,  OTCIV  avTov    Te    KCLI  TOU?   a\\ovs   iBy 

OVTW    Te\evTav.     rjBrj    Be   /cei/Jievcov   ^QO 
eTTiTTopevojbLevos  6  TlavTevs  KOI  TW 


eicacnov 


§ia\av6dvoi  %wv.  eVet  Be  KOI  TOV 
<$  Trapd  TO  crtyvpovei&e  avcrTpetyavTa  TO  Trpocr- 
WTTOV,  6(pLXrj(T€v  avTov,  elra  TrapeKudiae'  KCLI 
TeXo?  e^ovros  JjBr)  7repi[3a\(i>v  TOV  veicpov  eavrov 
€7riKaT€(T(f)  a  £e. 

XXXVIII.   KXeofievtj^  /j.ev  ovv  kxKai&eica  TT)? 
ftacriXevcras  err)  /cat  TOIOVTOS  dvrjp  <ye- 


OUTCO 


Ka'nrep  ovcra  yevvaia  yvvr),  TrpovScotee  TO 
7T/90?  TO  T^?  crv/ji<f)opd<;  /jieyedos,  KOI 
2  rd  Trauma  TOV   KX,eo/ie^of9    d)\o<pvpeTO.     TWV  Se 
rrai^iwv    TO    TrpecrftvTepov    a7T07r?;8r/cr«^, 
civ  Trpoa^>oKi](TavTo^,  dirb  TOV  Teyovs  eirl  K 
eppityev  eavTO'   KCLI  /ca/cw?  JJLZV  ea^ev,  ov  fjjrjv  avre- 
ftavev,    aXV  r)p6i-j  (Bowv  KOI  dyavaKTOvv   eirl 


'O   Be  TlroXefjialos,  GO?  eyvw  TavTa, 
TO    /jLcv    crw/jia    TOV  K.\eo/j,ei>ov<;  Kpe/JLacrai 
/Bvpawo-avTas,  aTTOKTelvat   Be  rd  TraiBla  KOI 
3  fjLrjTepa    real     Ta?     Trepl    avrr^v    yvvai/cas.      ev    Be 

136 


Lo 


AGIS  AND  CLEOMENES,  xxxvn.  6-xxxvin.  3 

his  own  request,  was  smitten  down  by  one  of  the 
younger  men,  then  each  of  the  others  calmly  and 
cheerfully  slew  himself,  except  Panteus,  the  man 
who  led  the  way  in  the  capture  of  Megalopolis.1 
He  had  once  been  the  king's  favourite,  because  in 
his  youth  he  was  most  fair,  and  in  his  young  man- 
hood most  amenable  to  the  Spartan  discipline  ;  and 
now  his  orders  were  to  wait  until  the  king  and  the 
rest  of  the  band  were  dead,  and  then  to  die  himself. 
At  last  all  the  rest  lay  prostrate  on  the  ground,  and 
Panteus,  going  up  to  each  one  in  turn  and  pricking 
him  with  his  sword,  sought  to  discover  whether  any 
spark  of  life  remained.  When  he  pricked  Cleomenes 
in  the  ankle  and  saw  that  his  face  twitched,  he  kissed 
him,  and  then  sat  down  by  his  side ;  at  last  the  end 
came,  and  after  embracing  the  king's  dead  body,  he 
slew  himself  upon  it. 

XXXVIII.  Such,  then,  was  the  end  of  Cleomenes, 
who  had  been  for  sixteen  years  king  of  Sparta,  and 
had  shown  himself  the  man  whom  I  have  described. 
The  report  of  his  death  spread  over  the  entire  city, 
and  Cratesicleia,  although  she  was  a  woman  of  noble 
spirit,  lost  her  composure  in  view  of  the  magnitude 
of  her  misfortunes,  and  throwing  her  arms  about  the 
children  of  Cleomenes,  wailed  and  lamented.  But 
the  elder  of  the  two  boys,  forestalling  all  prevention, 
sprang  away  and  threw  himself  headlong  from  the 
roof;  he  was  badly  injured,  but  did  not  die,  and  was 
taken  up  crying  out  resentfully  because  he  Avas  not 
permitted  to  end  his  life. 

But  Ptolemy,  when  he  learned  of  these  things, 
gave  orders  that  the  body  of  Cleomenes  should  be 
Hayed  and  hung  up,  and  that  his  children,  his  mother, 
and  the  women  that  were  with  her,  should  be  killed. 

1  See  chapter  xxiii.  4. 

J37 


PLUTARCH'S   LIVES 

rairrat?  TJV  Kal  TlavTews  yvvrj  /caXXicrrT/  Kal  yev- 
vaiOTaTr]  TO  elSo?.  e.Ti  £e  avrois  veoyd/j,ois  oiai) 
ev  aK/Aals  epwTwv  al  Tv^ai  avveftrjcrav.  ev6v$ 
fjiev  ovv  avveKTrXevaai  TW  Tlavrel  /3ov\o/ji€i"r]V 
avrrjv  OVK  eiacrav  ol  <yoveLs,  aXXa  /9ta  KaraK\€i- 
4  cra^re?  €(pv\aTTOv  oXtyw  Se  vcnepov  ITTTTOV  tavry 
TrapacTKevdaaaa  teal  ^pvaiBiov  ov  TTO\V  VVKTOS 
aireBpa,  KCU  Btay^aaa  crui'To^co?  eVt  Taivapov, 
eiceWev  eTreftr]  j/eco?  et?  AfyvTTTOV  TrXeovcrw 
L(j9r)  TT^O?  Tov  av&pa  teal  av 
TOV  eirl  %evrj<$  ftiov  aXuTrw?  /cal 
avrij  Tore  TIJV  KpaTijaiK\€Lav  VTTO  TWV 


TWV        aojLevv     eeiaMei,    TOV    re 


v7ro\a/jL/3dvovcra,  teal  Oappelv 
\ovaa  /jiTj&ev  TL  /xr;8'  avrrjv  €K7r67r\7jj/^€V')jv  TOV 
OdvdTov,  aXX'  ev  /.wvov  aiTOv/^ev^v,  irpo  TWV 
5  7raL$i(ov  airoOavelv.  eVel  Se  rfXOov  et?  TOV  TOTTOV 
ev  co  TCLVTCI  Spdv  elwOeaav  ol  vTrypeTai,  irpwTov 
/jiev  TCL  TratSta,  TT}?  K/?aT?y<Ti/cXeta?  opcoffrjs,  ecr- 
(JHITTOV,  elra  e/ceivrjv,  ev  TOVTO  p,ovov  eVt  TrjXi- 
j)0ey^a/ji€V7jv  irdBecnv,  "^H  T6Kva,  Trot 
;  77^6  TlavTecos  yvvij,  Trepi^waa/nevrj  TO 


evpaxTTOS    ovo-a    Kal    /neydXr)   TWV   diro- 
Oi'Tjcrtcova'wv   eKacrTrjv    (Ttu>7rf)    Kal           ^ 


eOepaTreve  Kal  TrepieaTeXXev  etc  TWV  e 
6  reXo?  Be  /Ji£Ta  Tracra?  eavrfyv  Kocr/jiijcraaa, 
KaTayayovaa  TI^V  7repi/3o\rfv,  Kal  uijSeva  Trpocr- 
e\6elv  edcraaa  /iT/Se  ISeiv  d\\ov  r)  TOV  eVl  TT}? 
(T<pay)}<;  TeTay/nevov,  rjpwiKws  KaTeaTpe^rev,  ov- 
Sevbs  Be/r]0el(7a  KOG/JLOVVTOS  Kal  TrepiKoXvirTOVTos 
yuera  Trjv  Te\evTi]v.  OVTW  Trape/jLeive  TW  Oavdrep 
TO  Koa^iov  TT}?  ^%>)5,  Kal  o~i€(j>v~\.aj;ev  rjv 
<f>povpav 

138 


AGIS  AND  CLEOMENES,  xxxvm.  3-6 

Among  these  women  was  the  wife  of  Panteus,  most 
noble  and  beautiful  to  look  upon.  The  pair  were 
still  but  lately  married,  and  their  misfortunes  came 
upon  them  in  the  hey-day  of  their  love.  Her  parents, 
indeed,  would  not  permit  her  to  sail  away  with  Pan- 
teus  immediately,  although  she  wished  to  do 
so,  but  shut  her  up  and  kept  her  under  con- 
straint ;  a  little  later,  however,  she  procured  herself 
a  horse  and  a  small  sum  of  money,  ran  away  by  night, 
made  all  speed  to  Taenarum,  and  there  embarked 
upon  a  ship  bound  for  Egypt.  She  was  conveyed  to 
her  husband,  and  with  him  bore  their  life  in  a 
strange  land  without  complaint  and  cheerfully.  She 
it  was  who  now  took  the  hand  of  Cratesicleia  as  she 
was  led  forth  by  the  soldiers,  held  up  her  robe  for 
her,  and  bade  her  be  of  good  courage.  And  Crate- 
sicleia herself  was  not  one  whit  dismayed  at  death, 
but  asked  one  favour  only,  that  she  might  die  before 
the  children  died.  However,  when  they  were  come 
to  the  place  of  execution,  first  the  children  were 
slain  before  her  eyes,  and  then  Cratesicleia  herself 
was  slain,  making  but  this  one  cry  at  sorrows  so 
great:  "  O  children,  whither  are  ye  gone  ?  "  Then 
the  wife  of  Panteus,  girding  up  her  robe,  vigorous 
and  stately  woman  that  she  was,  ministered  to  each 
of  the  dying  women  calmly  and  without  a  word,  and 
laid  them  out  for  burial  as  well  as  she  could.  And 
finally,  after  all  were  cared  for,  she  arrayed  herself, 
let  down  her  robes  from  about  her  neck,  and  suffer- 
ing no  one  besides  the  executioner  to  come  near  or 
look  upon  her,  bravely  met  her  end,  and  had  no 
need  of  anyone  to  array  or  cover  up  her  body  after 
death.  Thus  her  decorum  of  spirit  attended  her  in 
death,  and  she  maintained  to  the  end  that  watchful 
care  of  her  body  which  she  had  set  over  it  in  life. 

139 


PLUTARCH'S   LIVES 

XXXIX.  *H  fjiev  ovv  AaKeSai/jLcov, 
dycovicra/Jievr)  TU>  yvvaiKeiw  opd^aTi  TT/JO?  TO  av- 
Bptiovt  ev  rot?  eV^arot?  Kaipols  eVe'Se^e  rrjv 
dpeTi^v  v/3pia0r)vai  jj,r)  ^vva/Jiev^v  VTTO  rrjs  TU^^?. 
o\iyaL<;  Be  varepov  ^ftepat?  ol  TO  crw/ta  rov  KXeo- 


tea     aTTOKpVTTTOvra    TO     irpouwTrov,    ware 

2  opveov  e<f)L7rTacrdai    <rapKO(pd<yoi>.     CK    &e    rovrov 
Beiat$aifj,ovLa  Trpoa-ejrea-e  TW  (BacriKel  xal 

KaOapfJiwv  Tat?  yvvai^lv  a 

dvSpos   avrjprjjjievov  0€O(f)i\ov<s  teal  Kpeirrovos 
rrjv   <f)vaiv.     ol    Se   'AXe^a^Spe??    Kal 

7TOVTO    <f)OLTWVT€S    €irl    TOV    T07TOV,  rjpWO,  TOV 

/j,ev7j  Kal  0ewv  iral&a  Trpoo-ayopevovres,  a>xpt>  ov 

3  KareTravcrav  avrovs  ol  (Tofy&Tepot,  StSopTe?  \oyov 

jJiev  /5oe?,   o-^)7}/ca9  Se   WTTTO*  Kara-   824 
e%av6ovcri,   Kavdapoi   Be   ovwv  TO  auTo 
TraOovrwv    ^cooyovovvrai,  TCL    Be   dvOpooTTiva    crco- 
fjuara,  rwv  Trepl  TOV  /jiV6\bv  l^^pwv  ffvpporjV  Tiva 
Kal   crvaracriv  ev   eavTols  \aftovTwv,   o<peis   ava- 

TOVTO  KaTiSovres  ol  7ra\aiol 
£a)Q)v  TOV  BpaKOVTO,  Tot?  ijpcocri 


140 


AGIS  AND  CLEOMENES,  xxxix 

XXXIX.  So,  then,  Sparta,  bringing  her  women's 
tragedy  into  emulous  competition  with  that  of  her 
men,  showed  the  world  that  in  the  last  extremity 
Virtue  cannot  be  outraged  by  Fortune.  And  a  few 
days  afterwards  those  who  were  keeping  watch 
upon  the  body  of  Cleomenes  where  it  hung,  saw  a 
serpent  of  great  size  coiling  itself  about  the  head 
and  hiding  away  the  face  so  that  no  ravening  bird  of 
prey  could  light  upon  it.  In  consequence  of  this, 
the  king  was  seized  with  superstitious  fear,  and  thus 
gave  the  women  occasion  for  various  rites  of  purifi- 
cation, since  they  felt  that  a  man  had  been 
taken  off  who  was  of  a  superior  nature  and  beloved 
of  the  gods.  And  the  Alexandrians  actually  wor- 
shipped him,  coming  frequently  to  the  spot  and 
addressing  Cleomenes  as  a  hero  and  a  child  of  the 
gods ;  but  at  last  the  wiser  men  among  them  put  a 
stop  to  this  by  explaining  that,  as  putrefying  oxen 
breed  bees,  and  horses  wasps,  and  as  beetles  are 
generated  in  asses  which  are  in  the  like  condition  of 
decay,  so  human  bodies,  when  the  juices  about 
the  marrow  collect  together  and  coagulate,  produce 
serpents.  And  it  was  because  they  observed  this  that 
the  ancients  associated  the  serpent  more  than  any 
other  animal  with  heroes. 


141 


TIBERIUS  AND  CAIUS 
GRACCHUS 


TIBEPI02    KAI    TAIO2 
rPAFXOI 

T.  TPArxoS 

T.  'H/^et?   Be  TIJV    TrpcoTrjv    Icnopiav 

OVK  eXdrrova  TrdOri  TOVTWV  ev 
av^vyia  Oewprivai,  TOV  Ti/Bepuov  KOI 
Yatov  ftiov  dvrnrapa/3d\\ovTe<>.  OVTOI 
Tpdy^ov  TraiSes  rjcrav,  eo  n/uirjTfj  re 
yevo/jievw  KOL  Si?  vTrarevcravTi  KOI  0pid/j,J3ov<;  &vo 
KarayayovTi  Xa/jLTrporepov  rjv  TO  CLTTO  TT}?  dperr/^ 

2  d^lwjjia.    &io  KOL   rr]i>  ^KrjTriwvos  TOV  fcaTa,7ro\e- 
lLr]<javTo<$  ^Avvifiav  Ovyarepa  Kopvtfkiav,  OVK  wv 
<f)i\o<>,    d\\a    KOI    $id<popos    TO)    dv&pl    yeyova)*?, 
\af3elv  j]%i(a6r)   /zera  TTJV  etcelvov  Te\evTi]v.     Xe- 
<y€Tai   Be   7TOT6  o~v\\a(3elv  avibv  ejrl 

^et'70?  &paKbvT(dv,  TOU?  Be  {idvreis 
TO  Tepas  a/ji(j)co  pev  OVK  eav  dve\elv  ovBe  d<f)eivai, 
Trepl  Be  6arepou  Bmipeiv,  a>?  o  JAW  apprjv  TO) 
Tifteplw  fyepoi  OdvaTOv  dvcupeOeis,  rj  Be  0tf\eta 

3  rfj    K.opvrjXi,a.     TOV    ovv    Tiftepiov  KOL   <j)i\ovvTa 
TTJV  yvvairca,    real    fjia\\ov   aura)    irpoaij/ceiv  OVTI 


e/ceivrjs,  TOV  fiev  appeva  KTCIVCU  TWV  Bpa/covTwv, 
dcfreivai  Be  Trjv  6r)\€iav  elra  vaTepov   ov  7roAA,a> 

144 


TIBERIUS   AND    CAIUS 
GRACCHUS 

TIBERIUS  GRACCHUS 

I.  Now  that  we  have  duly  finished  the  first  part  of 
our  story,  we  have  to  contemplate  fates  no  less  tragic 
than  those  of  Agis  and  Cleomenes  in  the  lives  of  the 
Roman  couple,  Tiberius  and  Caius,  which  we  set  in 
parallel.  They  were  sons  of  Tiberius  Gracchus, 
who,  although  he  had  been  censor  at  Rome,  twice 
consul,  and  had  celebrated  two  triumphs,  derived  his 
more  illustrious  dignity  from  his  virtue.  Therefore, 
after  the  death1  of  the  Scipio  who  conquered  Hannibal, 
although  Tiberius  had  not  been  his  friend,  but  actually 
at  variance  with  him,  he  was  judged  worthy  to  take 
Scipio's  daughter  Cornelia  in  marriage.  We  are  told, 
moreover,  that  he  once  caught  a  pair  of  serpents  on 
his  bed,  and  that  the  soothsayers,  after  considering 
the  prodigy,  forbade  him  to  kill  both  serpents  or  to 
let  both  go,  but  to  decide  the  fate  of  one  or  the 
other  of  them,  declaring  also  that  the  male  serpent, 
if  killed,  would  bring  death  to  Tiberius,  and  the 
female,  to  Cornelia.  Tiberius,  accordingly,  who 
loved  his  wife,  and  thought  that  since  she  was  still 
young  and  he  was  older  it  was  more  fitting  that  he 
should  die,  killed  the  male  serpent,  but  let  the 
female  go.  A  short  time  afterwards,  as  the  story 

1  In  183  B.C. 

'45 


PLUTARCH'S    LIVES 

ovw  Te\evTi}o-ai,  BeKaBvo  rraidas  etc  r/ys" 
Xt'a?  avTfo  yeyovoTas  /azraXtTroi'Ta. 

4  Kopvrj\ia  Be  dva\a(3ouo-a  rov<t  rraibas  KOI  TOV 
OLKOV,    OVTW    awtypova   Kal    (f)i\oT€Kvov  Kal 
\6tyv%ov  avTi^v   Trapeo-^ev  ware  /AT;  «ra«:w? 
j3efBov\ev(T0ai    TOV    'Yiftepiov    avr\    rotaurr/v    yv- 
vaiKos  aTroOai'elv  e\ofJi€vov,  rj  ye  Kal 

TOV  /3acrtXe&)9  KOLVOV/JL^VOV  TO  SidBtj/uia  Kal 

5  fievov  TOV  yd/jiov  avT^  rjpvtjaaTo,  Kal 

ev  aXXou?  a7re/3aXe    rraiSas,   fjiiav   be   TWV 

,    f)   ^KijiTiwvi  TW    vecorepa) 
Kal  Svo  vlovs,  Trcpl  (ov  TciSe  yeyparrTai, 
Kal    Fatoi/j    ^iayevo^evov^   OUTW    0tXor 
0pe\lrev    wcrre    TfdvTwv     e^feo-raTOf?    'Pa)fj,aia)V 
6/j,o\oyov/jiev(i)<;    yeyovoTas    TreTraiSevcrOai    SOKCIV 

fi€\TlOV  TJ  7T€<j)UK<lvai  7T/9O?  dp€Tr')V. 

II.  'E-Trel   Be,  uxnrep  r;   TWV  TrA.acrcro/teVcoi'  Kal 


TOV 


7TVKTIKOV  TTyOO?    TOZ^       pO/AlKOV  €Tr      T?? 

<popdv,  OVTW  TWV  veavicTKoov  ttcelvwv  ev  7ro\\fj  Ttj 
O?  dvSpeiav  Kal  o-foffrpoavvrjv,  ert  Be  e\ev9epio- 
Kal  \oytoTtjTa  Kal  /j.eya\o-^rv%iav  e/jL^epeia 
fjLeyd\ai  rrepl  TCL  epya  Kal  ra?  Tro\iTeia<$  olov 
€%rjv0i]o-av  Kal  Bieffrdvrj&av  dvo/noioTijTe(f,  ov 
%elpov  elvai  fjioi  BOKCL  raura?  7rpoeK0ea0ai. 
2  TlpwTOv  /J,€v  ovv  loea  rrpoaanrov  Kal  (B\.efJLf.LaTL 
teal  Kivij/jiaTi  Trpao?  Kal  KaTaaTrjfjLaTiKos  TJV  6 


146 


TIBERIUS  GRACCHUS,  i.  3-11.  2 

goes,  he  died,1  leaving  Cornelia  with  twelve  children 
by  him. 

Cornelia  took  charge  of  the  children  and  of  the 
estate,  and  showed  herself  so  discreet,  so  good  a 
mother,  and  so  magnanimous,  that  Tiberius  was 
thought  to  have  made  no  bad  decision  when  he 
elected  to  die  instead  of  such  a  woman.  For  when 
Ptolemy 2  the  king  offered  to  share  his  crown  with 
her  and  sought  her  hand  in  marriage,  she  refused 
him,  and  remained  a  widow.  In  this  state  she  lost 
most  of  her  children,  but  three  survived ;  one 
daughter,  who  married  Scipio  the  Younger,  and  two 
sons,  Tiberius  and  Caius,  whose  lives  1  now  write. 
These  sons  Cornelia  reared  with  such  scrupulous  care 
that  although  confessedly  no  other  Romans  were  so 
well  endowed  by  nature,  they  were  thought  to  owe 
their  virtues  more  to  education  than  to  nature. 

II.  Now,  just  as,  in  spite  of  the  likeness  between 
Castor  and  Pollux  as  they  are  represented  in  sculpture 
and  painting,  there  is  a  certain  difference  of  shape 
between  the  boxer  and  the  runner,  so  in  the  case  of 
these  young  Romans,  along  with  their  strong  resem- 
blance to  one  another  in  bravery  and  self-command, 
as  well  as  in  liberality,  eloquence,  and  magnanimity, 
in  their  actions  and  political  careers  great  unlike- 
nesses  blossomed  out,  as  it  were,  and  came  to  light. 
Therefore  I  think  it  not  amiss  to  set  these  forth 
before  going  further. 

In  the  first  place,  then,  as  regards  cast  of  features 
and  look  and  bearing,  Tiberius  was  gentle  and  sedate, 

1  He  was  consul  for  the  second  time  in  163  B.C.     The  year 
of  his  death  is  unknown.     This  story  is  told  and  commented 
on  by  Cicero  in  De  divinatione  i.  18,  36  ;  ii.  29,  62. 

2  Probably   Ptolemy  VI.,  surnamed  Philometor,  king  of 
Egypt  181-146  B.C. 

M7 


PLUTARCH'S   LIVES 

Be    Kal    (T^oSpO?    O     TdiO$,    0)CTT6 

fcai  Bti/nriyopelv   rov  fjiev  ev  /JLLO,  %<^pa  /3e/3ijKora 

,   rov  Be  <Pct>/.iaiwv   Trpwrov   errl   rov 
rrepirrdra)  re  ^p^aaadai  KOI 

'tfv  rr)/3evvov  eg  W/AOV  \eyovra,  KaOdirep  KXecava    825 
TOV    '  A.9r)vaiov    laToprjraL     TrepiGTrda-ai    re     TTJV 
TrepiftoXijv   /col   rov   fjbrjpov  dXorfaai  rrpwrov  rwv 

3  &r//jiT}>yopovvra)V.     eireira  6  Xoyo?   rov  /j,ev  Taiov 
(po&epbs  KOI  TrepiTraOrjs  €t?  Seivcocriv,  rjSiutv  Se  6 
rov  'Fiftepiov  KOI  fj,d\\ov   eTrayayyos  oi'tcrov    rfj 
Be   \e£ei    KaOapos    KOI    SiaTreTrovrjaevo^   d 
€K€Lvo<i,    6    Be    Yatov    TriOavbs    KOI 

ovrw   Be  real  irepl  Biatrav  fcal  rpdire^av 
Kal  a^>eX^9  o  Ti/3epio<$,  o  Be  Fato?  rot?  JJLZV  aXXoi? 
7rapa/3a\eiv  crtofypwv  Kal  avffTqpo?,  rfj  Be  TT/JO? 
rov  dBe\(f)bv  Bia<f)opa  VCOTT  perrrf^  KOI  rreplepyos,  co? 

4  01  Trepl  Apovaov  tfXeyxov  ori  Be\(j)iva<;  1  dpyvpovs 
eiTpiaro  T^/XT}?  et?  efcda-rrjv  \irpav   Bpa^f^cov   ^£- 
\i(ov  Kal  BiaKoaicov  rrevry']Kovra.    rw  Be  rjOei  Kara 
rrjv  rov  \6yov  Biacfropav  6  fiev  eirieix^  Kal  rcpaos, 
o  Be  rpa%v<$  Kal  6v/jLoeiBifc,  ware  Kal  Trapa  yi'co- 

ev  TO)  \eyeiv  eK(j)€p6/j,evov  TroXXa/a?  UTT'  opyfjs 
re   (pcovyv    drro^vveiv    KOI    fiXaacfrrjpeiv    Kal 
crvvrapdrreiv  rov  \6yov.      oOev  Kal  fior/Orj/LLa  TT}? 
efCTpoirffi  eTTOL^craro  ravrrj<^  rov  AIKLVVIOV,  ol/ce 
OVK  dvorjrov,  o?  e^wv  fywvcKJKiKov  opyavov,  w 
(f)06yyov<;    dvaftiftd^ovaiv,    omcrOev     ecrroo?     rov 
Taiov  \eyovros,  OTTrjviKa  rpa^vvofievov  alaOoiro 
Tp  <f)CDvf)  Kal  Trapapprjyvv/uevov  Bi  opyrfv,  eveBiBov 
rovov  /jLa\aKov,  c5  TO  <T(j)oBpbv  e 


1  5e\(f>~ivas  Blass,   Fuhr,   and    Ziegler,    with   the    MSS.  : 
(Delphic  tables,  or  tripods),  after  Amyot. 


148 


TIBERIUS    GRACCHUS,  n.  2-5 

while  Caius  was  high-strung  and  vehement,  so  that 
even  when  haranguing  the  people  the  one  stood 
composedly  in  one  spot,  while  the  other  was  the  first 
Roman  to  walk  about  upon  the  rostra  and  pull  his  toga 
off  his  shoulder  as  he  spoke.  So  Cleon  the  Athenian 
is  said  to  have  been  the  first  of  the  popular  orators 
to  strip  away  his  mantle  and  smite  his  thigh.1  In  the 
second  place,  the  speech  of  Caius  was  awe-inspiring 
and  passionate  to  exaggeration,  while  that  of  Tiberius 
was  more  agreeable  and  more  conducive  to  pity. 
The  style  also  of  Tiberius  was  pure  and  elaborated  to 
a  nicety,  while  that  of  Caius  was  persuasive  and  ornate. 
So  also  as  regards  their  table  and  mode  of  life, 
Tiberius  was  simple  and  plain,  while  Caius,  although 
temperate  and  austere  as  compared  with  others,  in 
contrast  with  his  brother  was  ostentatious  and  fasti- 
dious. Hence  men  like  Drusus  found  fault  with  him 
because  he  bought  silver  dolphins  at  twelve  hundred 
and  fifty  drachmas  the  pound.  Again,  their  tempers 
were  no  less  different  than  their  speech.  Tiberius 
was  reasonable  and  gentle,  while  Caius  was  harsh 
and  fiery,  so  that  against  his  better  judgment  he 
was  often  carried  away  by  anger  as  he  spoke,  raising 
his  voice  to  a  high  pitch  and  uttering  abuse  and 
losing  the  thread  of  his  discourse.  Wherefore,  to 
guard  against  such  digressions,  he  employed  an 
intelligent  servant,  Licinius,  who  stood  behind  him 
when  he  was  speaking,  with  a  sounding  instrument  for 
giving  the  tones  of  the  voice  their  pitch.  Whenever 
this  servant  noticed  that  the  voice  of  Caius  was 
getting  harsh  and  broken  with  anger,  he  would  give 
out  a  soft  key-note,  on  hearing  which  Caius  would 
at  once  remit  the  vehemence  of  his  passion  and  of 

1  See  the  Niciaa,  viii.  3. 
VOL    X.  F       I4<^ 


PLUTARCH'S   LIVES 


TOV  7ra$ou9  KOI  Trjs  fywvrj?  dvtels  €7rpavv€TO  KOI 
Trapel^ev  eavrbv  evavdic\rjTov. 

III.  A  I  fjitv  ovv  SiCHpopal  TOiavrai  rives  rjaav 
avra)V'  dv$paya@La  Be  737)09  TOi/9  7roXe/uoi>9  KCU 
7rpo9  TOU9  VTrrjKoovs  SifcaiO(Tvvr)  /cal  77/909  ra? 
ap~)(a<s  em^eXeia  KCU.  Trpo?  ra?  7780^9  ey/cpdreia, 
arjrapd\\aKTOs.  r^v  Be  Trpecrftv'repos  eviawrols 
evvea  6  Tifiepios'  KOL  rovro  rrjv  e/carepov  7ro\i- 


Teiav  aTTYjprriiJLevrjv  rot?  y^povois  eirorjcre  KOL  ra? 


cravTwv  /jLrj^e  crv/AjSdXovTwv  €t9  TO  avro 
&vva/jiiv,  /neyaXyv  av  ej;  d/u,<f)OLi>  O/AOU  KOL  dwrrep- 
f3\7]Tov  yevo/JLevrjv.  \eKTeov  ovv  l&ia  jrepl  ercarepov 
KCU  rrepl  TOV  Trpea^vrepov  nrpoTepov. 

IV.  'E/ceu>09  Toivvv  ev6v<$  etc  irai^wv  ryevo/j-evos 
YJV  7repi/9o^T09  wcrre  r/)9  TMV  Avyovpwv  \ejo- 
iepwavvr)?  a^iO)07jvai  81  dperrjv  fiaXXov  rj  $ia 
rrjv  evjeveiav.   eSijXaxre  &e  "ATTTTIOS  KXau^io?,  avr/p 


tea     TifJirfTiKO^  KOI  7rpoyeypa/j./jLevo<; 

L  TTO\V 


TOU9  ica      avrov  virepaipwv.     ecmw^evwv  jap  ev 
ravry  TMV  iepewv,  Trpoaa'yopevaas   TOV  Tlifiepiov 

ai)ro9     e^vaTO     TTJ    Ovyarpl 


2  WJLov.     oeajL€vov     e  r/cru-ew?  e/ceivov  /cal 


OVTW   revoULevrs,   eiaioov   6 


oirca&e  7T/909   avrbv  CITTO  rT/9  6vpa<;  evOvs   e/caket 

TTjV  <yVVGUKa  jJL€jd\r)  Trj  (frwvf)  (3oMV,  "*fl  'AvTKTTia, 

Trjv  K\av$Lav  ^JJLMV  dvBpl  KaOw^oXo^iKa^  KciKei- 

/}  /  (t  'p'      i>         ^  ,,     e  ^\        *  / 

i">j   uav/jaffacra,        1  19,      etTrev,       rj   CTTTOUOT)    r/    rt 
TO  Ta^o9;  et  8e  Tifiepiov  avTrj  Ppdy^ov 


1  eZ  8e  .  .  .  evpriKfts  Bekker  has  ct  /x^  .  .  .  fvp'urKfts  ;  Blass 
and  Fiihr  ci  /*$;  ef>p^Ktis  (unless  thou  hadst  found),  after 
Stephanus. 


TIBERIUS  GRACCHUS,  n.  5~iv.  a 

his  speech,  grow  gentle,  and  show  himself  easy  to 
recall. 

III.  The  differences  between  them,  then,  were  of 
this  nature  ;  but  as  regards  bravery  in  the  face  of  the 
enemy,  just  dealings  with  subject  peoples,  scrupulous 
fidelity  in  public  office,  and  restraint  in  pleasurable 
indulgence,    they    were    exactly    alike.       Tiberius, 
however,  was  nine  years  older  than  his  brother  ;   and 
this  set  a  different  period  for  the  political  activity  of 
each,    and  more    than   anything  else  vitiated  their 
undertakings.       They  did  not    rise  to  eminence    at 
the  same  time,  and  so  did  not  combine  their  powers 
into  one.     Such  an  united  power  would  have  proved 
irresistibly  great.  We  must  therefore  give  an  account 
of  each  by  himself,  and  of  the  elder  first. 

IV.  Tiberius,  then,  as  soon  as  he  got  past  boyhood, 
was  so  widely  known  as  to  be  thought  worthy  of  a 
place  among  the  priests  called  Augurs ;  and  this  was 
due  to  his  virtues  rather  than  to  his  excellent  birth, 
as    was    clearly    shown    by    Appius    Claudius.      For 
Appius,  who  had  been  consul  and  censor,  had  been 
made  Dean  of  the  Roman  senate  l  by  virtue  of  his 
dignity,  and  in  loftiness  of  spirit  far  surpassed  his 
contemporaries,  at  a  banquet  of  the  augurs2  addressed 
Tiberius  with  words  of  friendship,  and  asked  him  to 
become  the  husband  of  his  daughter.  Tiberius  gladly 
accepted  the  invitation,  and  the  betrothal  was  thus 
arranged,  and  when  Appius  returned  home,  from  the 
doorway  where  he  stood  he  called  his  wife  and  cried 
in  a  loud  voice:    "Antistia,  I   have   betrothed   our 
Claudia."    And  Antistia,  in  amazement,  said  :  "  Why 
so  eager,  or  why  so  fast  ?    If  thou  hadst  only  found 

1  Princeps  Senatus. 

8  Presumably  at  the  induction  of  Tiberius  into  office. 


PLUTARCH'S    LIVES 

3  vvacfrlov."     OVK  dyvow  Be  on  TOVTO  r/i/e?  eVi  TOV 
Trarepa    rcbv    Tpdy^wv    Ti/Sepiov    real 

TOP  *A<j)piKavov  dva<j)epovcriv,  «X\'  ol 

rjjjLels    ypd(f)o/A6v   lcrropov(Tt,,   Kal 

Trjv  ^Krj-niwvos  'A<ppiKavov  T€\€vrr)v  rou? 

<$ria\v    €/c    TTCIVTWV    TrpoKpivavTCis     TOV 

bovvai  Tijv  Kopv)]\Lav,  ct)9  VTTO  TOV  Trarpos  avifc- 

&OTOV  Kal  dveyyvov  dTroXeifyOela-av. 

4  'O  S'  ovv  vewrepo*?  TtSe/Mo?  o-Tpareuo/jievos  ev 
Aifivy    fjL€Ta    TOV    BevTepov    S/C^TT/CO^O?,    e^oi/ro? 
avTov    TTJV    d&eX^ijv,    O/JLOV    o-vi>$iaiTot)fj,6vos    VTTO 

TO)  aTaT          Ta          ev  CLVTOV 


KaT6/jLa&6,  TroXXa  /cal  fj,e<ydXa  TT^O? 
Kal  fiifjaqarw  eVt  TWV  irpd^ewv  ei 
Be    TWV    vewv    TidvTwv    eTrpwTevev    evTa^ia 
5  dvBpeia'   Kal  TOV  ye  Tet^of?  eVeyS?;  TWV 

w?  (frrja-i  <&dvvio<$t  \eywv  Kal   avTos  TW   826 


TT}?  dpio~T€ias.  7ro\\rjv  Be  Kal  Trapoov  evvoiav 
el%€V  ev  TW  crTpaTOTreBw  Kal  iroOov  aTraXXarro- 
IJ.GVOS  avTov  KaTe\t7re. 

V.  Mera  Be  Trjv  crTpaTeiav  e/ceivrjv  aipeQels 
eXa^e  TWV  VTTCLTWV  Tattp  MajKLva  crv- 
eVl  Noyua^TtVou?,  dvOptoTrw  fj,ev  ov 
u),  fiapVTTOT/JOTaTM  Be  'Pw/jLauwv  aTpart-jyu). 
Bio  Kal  [taXXov  ev  TV^ais  7rapa\cyoLS  Kal  Trpdy- 
fj.ao~iv  evavTLOis  TOV  T^ifteplov  BieXajjityev  ov  IAOVOV 
TO  avveTov  Kal  dvbpeiov,  aXX',  6  Oavfjidviov  r/v, 
atSco?  re  ?roXX?x;  Kal  Ti^irj  TOV  ap^ovTOS,  VTTO  TWV 
KaKwv  ovS*  eavTov,  el  o~TpaTr)yos  ecrTiv,  eiriyi- 
2  VWCTKOVTOS.  rjTTrjQels  yap  /za^ai?  yaeyaXai?  €7re- 


TIBERIUS  GRACCHUS,  iv.  3-v.  2 

Tiberius  Gracchus  for  betrothal  to  her  !  "  I  am  aware 
that  some1  refer  this  story  to  Tiberius  the  father  of 
the  Gracchi  and  Scipio  Africanus  Major,  but  the 
majority  of  writers  tell  it  as  I  do,  and  Polybius  says2 
that  after  the  death  of  Scipio  Africanus  the  relatives 
of  Cornelia  chose  out  Tiberius  in  preference  to  all 
others  and  gave  her  to  him,  as  one  who  had  been 
left  by  her  father  unaffianced  and  unbetrothed. 

The  younger  Tiberius,  accordingly, serving  in  Africa 
under  the  younger  Scipio,3  who  had  married  his  sister, 
and  sharing  his  commander's  tent,  soon  learned  to 
understand  that  commander's  nature  (which  pro- 
duced many  great  incentives  towards  the  emulation 
of  virtue  and  its  imitation  in  action),  and  soon  led 
all  the  young  men  in  discipline  and  bravery;  yes,  he 
was  first  to  scale  the  enemies'  wall,  as  Fannius  says, 
who  writes  also  that  he  himself  scaled  the  wall  with 
Tiberius  and  shared  in  that  exploit.  While  he  remained 
with  the  army  Tiberius  was  the  object  of  much  good 
will,  and  on  leaving  it  he  was  greatly  missed. 

V.  After  this  campaign  he  was  elected  quaestor, 
and  had  the  fortune  to  serve  in  a  war  against  Num- 
antia  under  the  consul  Caius  Mancinus,4  who  was  not 
bad  as  a  man,  but  most  unfortunate  of  the  Romans  as 
a  general.  Therefore  in  the  midst  of  unexpected 
misfortunes  and  adverse  circumstances  not  only  did 
the  sagacity  and  bravery  of  Tiberius  shine  forth  all 
the  more,  but  also — and  this  was  astonishing — the 
great  respect  and  honour  in  which  he  held  his 
commander,  who,  under  the  pressure  of  disasters, 
forgot  even  that  he  was  a  general.  For  after  he  had 

1  Cf.  Livy.  xxxviii.  57.  2  Of.  Polybius,  xxxii.  13. 

s  In   the   campaign   of   146   B.C.,  which   ended   with   the 
destruction  of  Carthage.  *  Consul  in  137  B.C. 

'53 


PLUTARCH'S    LIVES 

fjL€v  dva^evyvvvai  VVKTOS,  ere\L7ru)V  TO 
(TTpaTorreBov  alaQo^vwv  Be  TMV  NofAavTivwv  KOI 
TO  /ji€V  (TTpaTOTreBov  ev6v<$  \a/36vTQ)V,  rot?  Be 
dv0p(*)7rois  tTTLTrecrovTwv  tyevyovcn  KOI  TOVS  e'cr^a- 
TOU?  (frovevovTwv,  TO  Be  TTCLV  e^KVK\ovfjLevwv  crTpd- 
KCL\  crvvwOovvTwv  et?  TOTTOU?  ^a\67rou?  KOI 

OVK     eOVTCLS,     UTTOVOVS      T$V     €K      TOV 


crwTtipiav  o  M  ajKivos  e 
3  rrepl  aTrovSwv  KOI  $ia\vcr€wv  TTyOo?  aurotV  ol  5e 
TTicrTeveiv  €(f)a(rav  ovSevl  rr\i]v  (JLOVW  Tf/3ept&),  KOI 
TOVTOV  eKeXevov  aTTocTTeXXeii'  TT/oo?  aurou?.  eVe- 
TrovQeaav  Be  TOVTO  real  BL  CLVTOV  TOV  veaviaicov 
(?jv  yap  avTOV  TrXetcrro?  \6yos  eVt  crTpctTia^,  KOI 

/JL€/J,l"r)/jL6VOl    TOV     TTaT/309    TlfiepLOV,    0?    7T  O\6  fllj  (T  a? 

teal    TroXXou? 


7T/305  TOU?  No/uai'TU'oi"?  «at  TavTijv 


TOV  Bf}/jLOV  op6ws  Kal  Bi/caiws  del 

e/i</>(9el9  6  Tt/3ep^o?   /cat 
rot?  dvBpdcri,  real  TCL  fj.ev  Tra'cra?,  ra 
eVvra'craTO,  A-at  Bicr/nvpLOvs  eaaxre 

TToXtra?,  ai^eu  Oepcnreias  real  T&V  e 


VI.  Ta  8e  ev  TW  % 
irdvTa  KaT€a"%ov  ol  Nop.avTlvoi  teal  BieTropOrjcrav. 
ev  Be  TOVTOIS  teal  TrivateiBes  rjcrav  TOV  Tt/Bepiov, 
ypdjui/j.aTa  teal  \6yovs  e^ovaai  rr}?  Ta/jiievTitefjs 
dp%r}<;,  a?  Tre/^l  TTO\\OV  Troiovfjievos  dTro\a(3elv, 
ijBrj  TOV  aTpaTov  Trpotee^coprj  KOTOS  dvecrTpe^re  rrpos 
rrjv  Tro\iv,  €%(ov  fj,eP  eavTov  Tpels  rj  rerra/ja? 

154 


TIBERIUS  GRACCHUS,  v.  2-vi.  i 

been  defeated  in  great  battles,  he  attempted  to 
abandon  his  camp  and  withdraw  his  forces  by  night ; 
but  the  Numantines  became  aware  of  his  attempt 
and  promptly  seized  his  camp.  Then  they  fell  upon 
his  men  as  they  fled,  slew  those  who  were  in  the  rear, 
encompassed  his  whole  army,  and  crowded  them  into 
regions  that  were  full  of  difficulties  and  afforded  no 
escape.  Mancinus,  despairing  of  forcing  his  way  to 
safety,  sent  heralds  to  the  enemy  proposing  a  truce 
and  terms  of  peace ;  but  the  enemy  declared  that 
they  had  confidence  in  no  Roman  save  only  Tiberius, 
and  ordered  that  he  should  be  sent  to  them.  They 
had  this  feeling  towards  the  young  man  not  only  on 
his  own  account  (for  he  was  held  in  very  high  esteem 
by  the  Numantine  soldiery),  but  also  because  they 
remembered  his  father  Tiberius,  who  waged  war 
against  the  Spaniards,1  and  subdued  many  of  them, 
but  made  a  peace  with  the  Numantines,  to  the 
observance  of  which  with  integrity  and  justice  he 
always  held  the  Roman  people.  So  Tiberius  was  sent 
and  held  conference  with  the  enemy,  and  after 
getting  them  to  accept  some  conditions,  and  himself 
accepting  others,  effected  a  truce,  and  thereby 
manifestly  saved  the  lives  of  twenty  thousand  Roman 
citizens,  besides  attendants  and  camp  followers. 

VI.  However,  all  the  property  captured  in  the 
camp  was  retained  by  the  Numantines  and  treated  as 
plunder.  Among  this  were  also  the  ledgers  of 
Tiberius,  containing  written  accounts  of  his  official 
expenses  as  quaestor.  These  he  was  very  anxious  to 
recover,  and  so,  when  the  army  was  already  well  on 
its  way,  turned  back  towards  the  city,  attended  by 

1  In  180-179  B.O. 

155 


PLUTARCH'S    LIVES 

2  eraipov?.     €KKo\ecra$    $e    rwv    NofjLavrivtov    TOU? 

L  ra?  8e\rou?,   w?  /j-r 


rot?  eo^    iaorv  OVK 


i  Trepl  TWV  wKOVo^ri^evwv.      i)cr9evT€S  ovv 
ol  No/uai'Tiz'ot  rfj  crvvrvyia  T)}S  ^eta?  7rapeKa\ovv 


av~ov    eaeeiv    et? 


rat? 


>  KOI 


aurou?   7roXe//tou9,  aXV    009  <pi\ois  xptjaOai   KOI 

3  77Lcr~€V£iv.      eBoi;€v  ovv  TO)  Tifiepitn  ravra  Troielv, 

TMV  re  SeXrco^  7repie~)(oiJ.evw  KCU  BeSoiKori  Trapo- 

%vveiv  &)?  aTriaTovfjLevovs  TOVS  Xo^afrtVou?.   etcreX- 

QoVTl      &6      €i?      T^y       TTQ\LV     irpWTOV     fJLtV     CLplCTTOV 

TrapeOeaav,  real  rracrav  eTronjcravTo  Berjcriv  e'/xc^a- 


aurwv 


aTredocrav,  KCLI    TOW    a\\wv  a  /3ov\oiro 
\aftelv    e/ceXevov.      6    5'    ov&ev    rj   TOV 


TOU9 

YII.  'ETrel  Se  et9  'P(t)fJ,rjv  eTravfjXdev,  rj  /j,ev  0X77 
0)9  oeii//)  /^ai  Karaicrxvvovcra  rny  'Paj 


ali'iav  ei^e  /cat  KaTriyopiav,  01  de  TU>V 


TOV 
7T/309    Tot»   Tiftepiov,   ra 


yeyovoTtov      i-atyepovTes  et9  TOI^  cp^ovTa,     t' 


CLVTOV  8 


2  OL   /jLevTOi,  &va")(jepaivovTes   TO,  TreTrpay^eva   (ju^el-   827 
Toi/9  irpoyovovs  erceXevov    tcai  yap  e/ceivot 


156 


TIBERIUS  GRACCHUS,  vi.  2-vn.  2 

three  or  four  companions.  After  summoning  forth 
the  magistrates  of  Numantia,  he  asked  them  to  bring 
him  his  tablets,  that  he  might  not  give  his  enemies 
opportunity  to  malign  him  by  not  being  able  to  give 
an  account  of  his  administration.  The  Numantines, 
accordingly,  delighted  at  the  chance  to  do  him  a 
favour,  invited  him  to  enter  the  city  ;  and  as  he 
stood  deliberating  the  matter,  they  drew  near  and 
clasped  his  hands,  and  fervently  entreated  him  no 
longer  to  regard  them  as  enemies,  but  to  treat  and 
trust  them  as  friends.  Tiberius,  accordingly,  decided 
to  do  this,  both  because  he  set  great  store  by  his 
tablets,  and  because  he  feared  to  exasperate  the 
Numantines  by  showing  them  distrust.  After  he  had 
entered  the  city,  in  the  first  place  the  Numantines 
set  out  a  meal  for  him,  and  entreated  him  by  all 
means  to  sit  down  and  eat  something  in  their 
company ;  next,  they  gave  him  back  his  tablets,  and 
urged  him  to  take  whatever  he  wanted  of  the  rest  of 
his  property.  He  took  nothing,  however,  except  the 
frankincense  which  he  was  wont  to  use  in  the  public 
sacrifices,  and  after  bidding  them  farewell  with  every 
expression  of  friendship,  departed. 

VII.  When  he  came  back  to  Rome,  the  whole 
transaction  was  blamed  and  denounced  as  a  ter- 
rible disgrace  to  the  city,  although  the  relatives 
and  friends  of  the  soldiers,  who  formed  a  large  part 
of  the  people,  came  flocking  to  Tiberius,  imputing 
the  disgrace  in  what  had  happened  to  his  commander, 
but  insisting  that  it  was  due  to  Tiberius  that  the 
lives  of  so  manv  citizens  had  been  saved.  Those, 

J 

however,  who  were  displeased  at  what  had  been  done 
urged  for  imitation  the  example  of  their  ancestors, 
who  flung'  to  the  enemy  unarmed  the  generals 

157 


PLUTARCH'S   LIVES 


TOL»?  dyaTTyjaavTas  VTTO  ^avvnwv  d(f)€0fji>at  crrpa- 
rriyovs  avTovs  re  rot?  TroXe/uot?  yvfivovs  irpoa- 
eppityav,  Kal  roi/9  efyatyanevovs  Kal 

TO)V  CTTrOV&WV,  OiOV  Ta/Ua?   KOL  ^Xta 

irpov/3a\ov,   et?    eicelvovs    rrjv  eTTtopfciav  teal   rrjv 

3  BtaXvaiv  T&V  a)fJLO\0'yr]iJLevwv  rpeTrovres.      ev6a 
Kail  fjL(i\L(Tra  rrjv  TT/OO?  TOI^  Ti/Sepiov  evvoiav 

£%e$>r]vev  o  ST}/XO?.      TOV  pep  jap  VTTCITOV 

<yvfjivov    real     $e$€/jie 

rot?  No/navrivois,  rayv  Se  a\\cov  e$ei<javro 
Sia  Tifiepiov.     SoKel  8e  KCU  ^K^TTLWV  /3 

Tore    /cal  7r\ela"rov  Svvdfji€vos  ' 
aAA,'    ov&ev  rjrrov  ev  am'a/?    TJV   on  TOV 
M.ay/civov  ov  irepiea-wcrev,  ov$€  ra? 
%>w6rivat  rot?   Noyuai/Tti/oi9   eo'irov 

4  olfceiov  /cal  <fti\ov  TOV  Ti/3ep[ov  yevofievas.     TO 


eoitcev  €K   >L\oTLia^  ical 


TOV  Tiftepiov  (f)L\(ov  Kal  crotpicrTayv  *Ky£V€(T0ai  ra 
TT}?  &ia<fiopas.  aAA'  avTrj  ye  TT/QO?  ou&ev  d 
ouBe  <f>av\ov  e'^evrecre.  SoKel  8'  dv  ^ 
Trepnrecrelv  o  Tiftepios  ol?  eTraffev,  el  Trapfjv  avTou 
rot?  Tco\LTevfJiaaL  ^/crjiricDV  6  *A<f)pLKav6s'  vvv  &e 
etcelvov  Trepl  No/^avTiav  6Vro?  rjSr)  KOL  7ro\eu,ovvTo$ 
Tcepl  rot/?  I'o/iou?  TroXireta?  €K 


am  a?. 


VIII.    Pw/jialoL  TT}?   TCOV   daTvyeiTovwv 

Trjv  fjiev 


158 


TIBERIUS  GRACCHUS,  VH.  2-vin.  i 

themselves  who  had  been  satisfied  to  be  let  go  by  the 
Samnites,  and  in  like  manner  cast  forth  those  who 
had  taken  hand  and  share  in  the  treaty,  as  for  instance 

V       * 

the  quaestors  and  military  tribunes,  turning  upon 
their  heads  the  guilt  of  perjury  and  violation  of  the 
pact.1  In  the  present  affair,  indeed,  more  than  at 
any  other  time,  the  people  showed  their  good  will 
and  affection  towards  Tiberius.  For  they  voted  to 
deliver  up  the  consul  unarmed  and  in  bonds  to  the 
Numantines,  but  spared  all  the  other  officers  for  the 
sake  of  Tiberius.  It  would  seem,  too,  that  Scipio, 
who  was  then  the  greatest  and  most  influential  man 
at  Rome,  helped  to  save  them  ;  but  none  the  less  he 
was  blamed  2  for  not  saving  Mancinus,  and  for  not 
insisting  that  the  treaty  with  the  Numantines,  which 
had  been  made  through  the  agency  of  his  kinsman 

C7  •/ 

and  friend  Tiberius,  should  be  kept  inviolate.  It 
would  appear  that  the  disagreement  between  the 
two  men  arose  chiefly  through  the  ambition  of 
Tiberius  and  from  the  friends  and  sophists  who  urged 
him  on.  But  this  disagreement  certainly  resulted  in 
no  mischief  past  remedy.  And  in  my  opinion 
Tiberius  would  never  have  met  with  his  great  misfor- 
tunes if  Scipio  Africanus  had  been  present  at  Rome 
during  his  political  activity.  But  as  it  was,  Scipio 
was  already  at  Numantia 3  and  waging  war  there  when 
Tiberius  began  to  agitate  for  his  agrarian  laws.  The 
occasion  of  this  was  as  follows. 

VIII.  Of  the  territory  which  the  Romans  won  in 
war  from  their  neighbours,  a  part  they  sold,  and  a 

1  In  321  B.C.  Cf.  Cicero,  De  of.,  iii.  30,  109. 

2  By  Tiberius  and  his  friends. 

8  Scipio  was  sent  against  Numantia  in  134  B.C.,  and  took 
end  destroj-ed  the  city  in  the  following  year,  in  which  year 
also  Tiberius*  was  killed. 

159 


PLUTARCH'S   LIVES 
rrjv   Be   Troiov/jbevoi,  Brjiiocriav    eBiBocrav 

TOi?    aKTI^UJLOdi     KOi     aTTOpOlS     TWV     7ToX*.TCOl>,     O.7TO- 

(fropav  ov  7ro\\rjv  et?  TO  By/noo'iov  Te\ovcnv. 
2  dp^a/jLevtov  Be  rwv  7r\ova~ia)v  V7rep/3d\,\.eiv  ras 
0,770^)0/30,9  KCU  TOL/?  Tre'^ra?  €%e\avvovTtov,  eypd<f)r) 
vofjios  OVK  €wv  ir\idpa  7>/9  e%eiv  7r\elova  TWV 
TrevTCLKocrLGov.  /COL  ^pa^vv  /j,ev  xpovov  eVecr^e 
ri]v  TT\eove%iav  TO  ypd/JLfjLa  rovro,  KOI  rot?  Trevrj- 
criv  eftot'jdrjcre  Kara  %(*)pav  fxevovcriv  eVt  ra)i> 
Kal  veiJLOfiivois  y}v  e/cacrro? 


3  el%e  fiolpav.     varepov  Be  TWV  <y6iTvia)VTa)v  TT\OV- 
cricov    v7ro/3\iJTOLS   Trpo&coTTois   fieTa^epovrwv  ra? 
€t?  eavrovs,  TeXo?  Be  (pai>epa)$  7/877  S^ 
TO,    TrXetcrra  KaTe^ovrwv,    €%a)<j6  evres  ol 
oure  rat?  crT/oaretai?  ert  nrpoOvfjiovs  Trapei- 
eauroi;?,  ^JJL€\OVV  re  Trai&wv  dvarpo(f)f)s,  ware 


Lwv    Be    ftapftapifcwv    «  f 
TT\r)(j6ai,  Si   wv  eyecapyovv  ol  ir\ovaiOL  ra 

4  TOU?  TToX-iTas  e^eXdaavTes.     eTre^elp^cre  /juv  ovv 
rfj  Biopdwcret,  Fato?  AatXto?  o  S/CT/TTt'aM'o?  eialpos. 
dvTLtcpovcrdvTtoV   Be    rayv    Svvarwv   (^o/3?^el?    TOV 
Oopvftov  teal  Trav&d/jievos  eirefcKijdr)  cro^o?  7}  <f)po- 
vifjios'  etcdrepov  yap  eBotcei  arffjiaiveiv  o  (jairLijv^ 
6    Tt/Se'/jfo?   Be    Srj/j.apxo<$   drroBei^Oel^   eu^L9   eV 
avri-jv   wp/jLiyae  rrjv  Trpa^LV,    &)?  /j,€V    ol 
\eyoucri,    Aio^az/of?    roO  pijropos    teal 

5  TOL)  (f)i\oa-6(f)ov  Trapopfjirjaavrcov  avrov,  wv  6  fjitv 

as  rjv   M.iTV\i)valo<;,   6  Be  avroOev 


1  60 


TIBERIUS  GRACCHUS,  vm.  1-5 

part  they  made  common  land,  and  assigned  it  for 
occupation  to  the  poor  and  indigent  among  the 
citizens,  on  payment  of  a  small  rent  into  the  public 
treasury.  And  when  the  rich  began  to  offer  larger 
rents  and  drove  out  the  poor,  a  law  was  enacted 
forbidding  the  holding  by  one  person  of  more  than 
five  hundred  acres  of  land.  For  a  short  time  this 
enactment  gave  a  check  to  the  rapacity  of  the  rich, 
and  was  of  assistance  to  the  poor,  who  remained  in 
their  places  on  the  land  which  they  had  rented  and 
occupied  the  allotment  which  each  had  held  from  the 
outset.  But  later  on  the  neighbouring  rich  men,  by 
means  of  fictitious  personages,  transferred  these 
rentals  to  themselves,  and  finally  held  most  of  the 
land  openly  in  their  own  names.  Then  the  poor, 
who  had  been  ejected  from  their  land,  no  longer 
showed  themselves  eager  for  military  service,  and 
neglected  the  bringing  up  of  children,  so  that  soon 
all  Italy  was  conscious  of  a  dearth  of  freemen,  and 
was  filled  with  gangs  of  foreign  slaves,  by  whose  aid 
the  rich  cultivated  their  estates,  from  which  they  had 
driven  away  the  free  citizens.  An  attempt  was  there- 
fore made  to  rectify  this  evil,  and  by  Caius  Laelius 
the  comrade  of  Scipio  ;  but  the  men  of  influence 
opposed  his  measures,  and  he,  fearing  the  disturbance 
which  might  ensue,  desisted,  and  received  the 
surname  of  Wise  or  Prudent  (for  the  Latin  word 
"sapiens"  would  seem  to  have  either  meaning). 
Tiberius,  however,  on  being  elected  tribune  of  the 
people,  took  the  matter  directly  in  hand.  He  was 
incited  to  this  step,  as  most  writers  say,  by  Diophanes 
the  rhetorician  and  Blossius  the  philosopher. 
Diophanes  was  an  exile  from  Mitylene,  but  Blossius 


161 


PLUTARCH'S   LIVES 


,  'AvriTrdrpov  rov 


eV    dcrrei    avvv6^   KOI 


avrov     7Tpo(T(^(ai>jj(T€o-i     <ypafji^drwv     <pi\oao<f)(ov» 
ei'ioi  Be  Kal  Kopvr)\iav  Gvvtrcain&vrai  ri]V  ^77- 
repa  7ro\\dfct<;  TOU?  f/oi/9  ovei&i&ucrav  OTI    ra>- 
(jLatoi    ^tcrjTriwvos    ai)Tr]V   en   irevOepdv,   OVTTQ)   oe 
6  fiijTepa     Ypd<y)(wv    Trpodayopevovcriv.     a\\oi    oe 
^TTopiov  Tiva  Tlo&Tov/jiiov  aiTiov  j6i'€(70aL  \eyov- 
<TIV,    r)\iKi(t)Tr)v    rov    ^ijSeplov    Kal 
€(f)d/Ai\\ov    avru)    Trepl    ra?    avviyyopias,    ov, 
eTrai>r)\6ev  CLTTO  TT}?  crr/jarta?,  evpoov  TroXu  rfj  £ 
Kal  ry  Bvvd/jLei  TraprfXXa^oTa  KOI  Q 
t}0e\rjaev,  0)9  eoircev,  V7rep/3a\€crdai  TroXiTeu/zaro?   828 
7rapaB6\ov     Kal     /jL€<yd\r)v    TrpoaSoK 

o  S'  aSeAx/)09  avrov  Fato?  eV 
iw  yeypatyev  et?  No^avrlav  Tropevo/Jievov  Sid 
TT}?  rTvppr]VLas  TOV  Tifiepiov,  Kal  rrjv  eprj/JLiav  rfj<; 
^a>/?a?  opwvra  KOI  rou?  yecopyovvras  r)  ve/Aovra? 
otVera?  eVeicraVrou?  /tat  fiapftdpovs,  Tore  jrp&rov 
€7rl  vovv  /3a\eo-0ai  rrjv  /jivpicov  Kaicwv  ap^acrav 
avrols  7ro\iT€Lav.  rrjv  8e  ir\eia"niv  avro?  o  S^- 
yao9  opfjwjv  Kal  (friXoTi/miav  ej~r)-^re,  7rpOKa\ov/nevos 
Bid  rypa/jL/jLarayv  avrov  ev  crToat9  Kal  TOL^OI^  Kal 

di>a\a/3eiv 


IX.   Ov  n/r)V  e'0'  avrov  ye  crvi>e0tjK€  rov   VO/JLOV, 
T049  ^e  Trpwrevovaiv  dperfj  Kal  86%r}  rwv  7ro\ircov 
^prjardfjievo^,   wv   Kal    Kpacrtro^   rjv    o 
l  MOVKIOS  S/cat/3oXa9  o 


162 


TIBERIUS  GRACCHUS,  vm.  5-ix.  i 

was  a  native  Italian  from  Cumae,  had  been  an  intimate 
friend  of  Antipater  of  Tarsus  at  Rome,  and  had  been 
honoured  by  him  with  the  dedication  of  philosophical 
treatises.  But  some  put  part  of  the  blame  upon 
Cornelia  the  mother  of  Tiberius,  who  often  reproached 
her  sons  because  the  Romans  still  called  her  the 
mother-in-law  of  Scipio,  but  not  yet  the  mother  of 
the  Gracchi.  Others  again  say  that  a  certain  Spurius 
Postumius  was  to  blame.  He  was  of  the  same  age  as 
Tiberius,  and  a  rival  of  his  in  reputation  as  an  advo- 
cate ;  and  when  Tiberius  came  back  from  his  cam- 
paign and  found  that  his  rival  had  far  outstripped 
him  in  reputation  and  influence  and  was  an  object  of 
public  admiration,  he  determined,  as  it  would  seem, 
to  outdo  him  by  engaging  in  a  bold  political  measure 
which  would  arouse  great  expectations  among  the 
people.  But  his  brother  Caius,  in  a  certain  pamphlet,1 
has  written  that  as  Tiberius  was  passing  through 
Tuscany  on  his  way  to  Numantia,  and  observed  the 
dearth  of  inhabitants  in  the  country,  and  that  those 
who  tilled  its  soil  or  tended  its  flocks  there  were 
imported  barbarian  slaves,  he  then  first  conceived  the 
public  policy  which  was  the  cause  of  countless  ills  to 
the  two  brothers.  However,  the  energy  and  ambition 
of  Tiberius  were  most  of  all  kindled  by  the  people 
themselves,  who  posted  writings  on  porticoes,  house- 
walls,  and  monuments,  calling  upon  him  to  recover 
for  the  poor  the  public  land. 

IX.  He  did  not,  however,  draw  up  his  law  by 
himself,  but  took  counsel  with  the  citizens  who  were 
foremost  in  virtue  and  reputation,  among  wrhom  were 
Crassus  the  pontifex  maxim  us,  Mucius  Scaevola  the 

1  Probably  a  political  pamphlet  in  the  form  of  a  letter.  Cf. 
Cicero,  de  div.  ii.  29,  62. 

163 


PLUTARCH'S   LIVES 

Tore  real  KXauSio?  "ATTTTto?  o 

2  TOV    Tiifiepiov.     Kal  So/eel  VO/JLOS  et?   aoiiciav  teal 
7T\eove%iav   ToaavTrjv    /zr/SeTrore   Trpaorepo?  ypa- 
<f>i}vai  Kal  /jLaXaKMTepos.      01)9  yap  eo€L  BL/crjv  r/)? 
d-rreideias  Bovvai  KOI  yu-era  £?7/ua<j  ?}i/  Trapa  TOI)? 
yo/^of?  ercapTTOVvro  ^utpav  afyelvai,   TOUTOU?  e'/ce- 
Xeucre     TL^V     TrpocrXanfidvovTas     eKJSalveiv     wv 
a8t/c&)?   etceKTrjVTO,   /col   Tra/jaSe^ecr^at   TOI)?  /3o?7- 

3  deias  Seofjuevovs  TWV  TroXtrcoi/.    aXXa  /caLTrep  ourw 

eTravopOwcrecos  oucrrj^  evyvoa/jiovos,  o  [lev  8)7/^09 
Trapels     ra     yeyevij^eva,    TravcraaOat.    TO 

\OL7TOV  d$  I  KOV/J,€V  0$,  01   $6  TT\OV(TIOI  KOi 

opyf)  8e  ical 


TOV 


rov      t/jiov,   co?    71?    avaaa^Qv    e 
T?}?  TroXtre/a?  elordyovros  TOV  Tiftepiov 
teal  TrdvTa  Trpdy/jiaTa  KLVOVVTOS. 

4  'AA.V   ou8ei^  lirepaivov    o  yap  Ti/Bepios   Trpo? 
Ka\r)V  vTroOeaLv  Kal   SiKaiav  dyu>vi%6[j.ei'o<;  \6yro 
teal    (f)av\6repa    icocr^TJcrat    Svva/Aei 

&€LVOS  TIV  Kal  dfjua^o^,  orrore  TOV  &rf/j,ov  TW 
7r€piK6%v/jLevov  KdTacTTas  \eyot,  rrepl 
a>?    TCL   fjiev  Oripla  ra  Trjv   '\Ta\iav  vefjio^eva  Kal 
(j)d)\eov  e^et  Kal   KOLTOIQV    ecrTiv    avTwv 

5  Kal  KaTaova-eis,1  rot?  Be  virep  TT}?  'IraA-ta? 
yiteVoi?     «:ai     diro9vr}crKOvcriv     ae/)o? 

d\\ov  Be  ov&evos  {LeTecrTiv,  aXX'  doiKOi  Kal  dvi- 
BpVTOt  /iieTa  TCKVCOV  Tr\avwvTai  Kal  yvvaiK&v,  oi 
Be  avTOKpaTopes  tyevBovTai  TOVS  GTpaTUOTas  ev 

vrrep 


Bekker  and  many  other  editors  have 
after  Stephanus  and  Reiske. 

164 


TIBERIUS  GRACCHUS,  ix.  1-5 

jurist,  who  was  then  consul,  and  Appius  Claudius,  his 
father-in-law.  And  it  is  thought  that  a  law  dealing 
with  injustice  and  rapacity  so  great  was  never  drawn 
up  in  milder  and  gentler  terms.  For  men  who 
ought  to  have  been  punished  for  their  disobedience 
and  to  have  surrendered  with  payment  of  a  fine  the 
land  which  they  were  illegally  enjoying,  these  men 
it  merely  ordered  to  abandon  their  injust  acquisitions 
upon  being  paid  their  value,  and  to  admit  into  owner- 
ship of  them  such  citizens  as  needed  assistance.  But 
although  the  rectification  of  the  wrong  was  so 
considerate,  the  people  were  satisfied  to  let  bygones 
be  bygones  if  they  could  be  secure  from  such  wrong 
in  the  future  ;  the  men  of  wealth  and  substance, 
however,  were  led  by  their  greed  to  hate  the  law,  and 
by  their  \vrath  and  contentiousness  to  hate  the  law- 
giver, and  tried  to  dissuade  the  people  by  alleging 
that  Tiberius  was  introducing  a  re-distribution  of 
land  for  the  confusion  of  the  body  politic,  and  was 
stirring  up  a  general  revolution. 

But  they  accomplished  nothing ;  for  Tiberius, 
striving  to  support  a  measure  which  was  honour- 
able and  just  with  an  eloquence  that  would 
have  adorned  even  a  meaner  cause,  was  formid- 
able and  invincible,  whenever,  with  the  people 
crowding  around  the  rostra,  he  took  his  stand 
there  and  pleaded  for  the  poor.  "  The  wild 
beasts  that  roam  over  Italy,"  he  would  say,  "  have 
every  one  of  them  a  cave  or  lair  to  lurk  in  ;  but  the 
men  who  fight  and  die  for  Italy  enjoy  the  common 
air  and  light,  indeed,  but  nothing  else  ;  houseless  and 
homeless  they  wander  about  with  their  wives  and 
children.  And  it  is  with  lying  lips  that  their 
imperators  exhort  the  soldiers  in  their  battles  to 

165 


PLUTARCH'S    LIVES 

icpwv  afJLvveaOai  TOU?  TroXe/uof  9-  ovSevl  yap  € 
ov  ftw/jLOS   Trarpraos,    OVK    rjpiov    rrpoyoviKov 
ToaovTwv  'Pw/jiaicov,  aXX'  vrrep  aXXoTyoia? 

Kttl  7T\OVTOV  7TO\€fJLOV(TL  KOL  d 


OVK 


X.  Tovrovs     CLTTO     (frpovij/AaTos    /jLeydXov 
vs  aXi-fOivov  TOU?  Xo7ou?  Kariovras  l  et? 
v  evOovcnwvra   Kal   avv^^avKJTa^evov  o 
v(f)i(TTaTO  TWV  evavTiwv.     eacravres  ovv  TO  avri- 
~\.&yeiv    eVt     Ma/3/coi/    'O/cra/3iOi/    TpeTrovrai    TWV 
Brj/jidpXwv    eva,    veaviav    e/J,j3pi0f)    TO    ?}^o?    /tal 
2  KofffJLLOv,  eralpov  &e  TOV  Tifiepiov  Kal  avvrjdrj.    $10 


TO    .ev  TrwTov  alBovjLevos  €K€ivov  dveSvero"   TTO\- 


\wv   8e   Kal  Svvarwv  Seopevcov  Kal 

wa~7rep  eK^iaaOel?  dvrncaOiorTaro  rw  Tifteplq) 


TO     KCLTOS'     OV$€V        a       Oi 


3  Ke\€vovTes    Trepaivovaiv  ez^o?  ei'i<rrajj.evov. 


rovro    Trapo^vi'Oels    6    Tiftepios    TOV    fj.ev 

OpWTTOV    €7TaV€L\€TO     VOfJLOV,     TOV     Be    r)$LO)     T€    TOt? 

TroXXoi?    Kal    crfyo&poTepov    eVl    TOU?    d&iKovinas 
elaetpepev  r;8r;,  Kekevwv  e^iaTaaOai  T^  ^co/oa?  f)v 
€KeKTi]VTO  Trapa  TOU?  rrpOTepovs  VO/JLOVS. 
4       *Hcrar  ovv  O/JLOV  TL  Kad'  eKaa'Trjv  ^fjiepav  dywves 
avTW   TT^O?   rbv  'QKTdftlov   eVi    TOU  /5/;//,aTO?,   ev   829 
ol?,   KaiTrep  e%    aicoa^    aTrovorjs    Kal    (friXoveiKias 
dvTepei$ovT€s,  ovoev  elrreiv  \eyovTai   Trepl   aXX?;- 
\wv  $av\ov,  ov$e  prjfjLa  Trpoirecrelv  OaTepov 


1  Ka.Ti6i>Tas  Bekker  has  Kararelvovra,  after  Coraes,  from  the 
variant  Karardvovras. 

166 


TIBERIUS  GRACCHUS,  ix.  5-x.  4 

defend  sepulchres  and  shrines  from  the  enemy ;  for 
not  a  man  of  them  has  an  hereditary  altar,not  one  of  all 
these  many  Romans  an  ancestral  tomb,  but  they  fight 
and  die  to  support  others  in  wealth  and  luxury,  and 
though  they  are  styled  masters  of  the  world,  they 
have  not  a  single  clod  of  earth  that  is  their  own." 

X.  Such  words  as  these,  the  product  of  a  lofty 
spirit  and  genuine  feeling,  and  falling  upon  the  ears 
of  a  people  profoundly  moved  and  fully  aroused  to 
the  speaker's  support,  no  adversary  of  Tiberius  could 
successfully  withstand.  Abandoning  therefore  all 
counter-pleading,  they  addressed  themselves  to 
Marcus  Octavius,  one  of  the  popular  tribunes,  a  young 
man  of  sober  character,  discreet,  and  an  intimate 
companion  of  Tiberius.  On  this  account  Octavius  at 
first  tried  to  hold  himself  aloof,  out  of  regard  for 
Tiberius  ;  but  he  was  forced  from  his  position,  as  it 
were,  by  the  prayers  and  supplications  of  many 
influential  men,  so  that  he  set  himself  in  opposition 
to  Tiberius  and  staved  off  the  passage  of  the  law. 
Now,  the  decisive  power  is  in  the  hands  of  any  tribune 
who  interposes  his  veto  ;  for  the  wishes  of  the 
majority  avail  nothing  if  one  tribune  is  in  opposition. 
Incensed  at  this  procedure,  Tiberius  withdrew  his 
considerate  law,  and  introduced  this  time  one  which 
was  more  agreeable  to  the  multitude  and  more  severe 
against  the  wrongdoers,  since  it  simply  ordered  them 
to  vacate  without  compensation  the  land  which  they 
had  acquired  in  violation  of  the  earlier  laws. 

Almost  every  day,  therefore,  there  were  forensic 
contests  between  Tiberius  and  Octavius,  in  which,  as 
we  are  told,  although  both  strove  together  with  the 
utmost  earnestness  and  rivalry,  neither  abused  the 
other  or  let  fall  a  single  word  about  the  other  which 

167 


PLUTARCH'S    LIVES 

rov  erepov  St'  opyyv  avemr^eiov.  ov  jap 
ev  /3ctK'%€VfjLao'iv)l  GO?  eoiK€v,  d\\a  KOI  ev  (j)i\o- 
ri/jiLais  Kal  opyais  TO  irefyvKevcu  /mXco?  /ecu  rre- 
7rcu$€vcr6at  crax£/?oz'&>?  efyia'rr)o~i  /cal 

5  rrjv  Sidvoiav.     eirel  B€  ea)pa  rov  ' 
fj,€vov    TO)    vo/jLto    teal     KaT6%ovTa 

%a)pa<;   crvxyrjv   o    Tt/3epiO9,   eBelro    jrapelvai   rrjv 
<$>L\oveiKtav,    LK/ucrra/zefo?   aurw   rrjv   Tiprjv  airo- 

&0)(T€IV    €K    TWV    IBlCOV,   KCLLTTep    OV    \a/J,7Tpa)V    OVTWV. 

OVK  avaa-"xofji£vov  Se  rov  'Qxraftuov,  Biaypdfjifj,ari 
ra?  a'AAa?  ap^a?  a?racra?   e/ccoXvcre  ^prffjiari^eiv, 

6  a^pL  av  f)  Trepl  rov  vo^ov  Sieve^Ofj  -v/r^^o?*   ra>  Be 
rov  K/3oz^ou  vaw  crffrpaylSas  t'3ta?  erreftakev,  OTTW? 
ol  racial  prj&ev  ej;  avrov  \au(Bdvoiev  fjur]$  etV</>e- 
poiev,  KOI  rot?  arr£i6ii(jci<ji  rwv  o~rpari]<yoiv  tyfjbiav 
CTTeieijpygev,    wcrre   rrdvras   VTroSeicravras   d<peti'ai 

7  rrjv   e/cacrrft)   TrpocrtjKovcrav  OiKovo^JLiav.     evrev6ev 
ol  Krrj^ariKol   ra?   JJLCV    eaOtjras    /j,ere/3a\ov   fcal 
Trepifjecrav  olicrpoi  KCU  rarreivol  Kara  rijv  dyopdv, 


€7T€/3ov\evov  Be  T<W  Tiftepiw  Kpixpa  Kal  o~vvi- 
o~raaav  eir  avrov  TOL/?  dvaipij&ovras,  ware  /ca- 
Kelvov  ov&evos  dyvoovvroi  vTro^wvvvcrOai 


o 


XI.  'E^crracr^?  Be  rr}?  T^e'pa?  Kal  rov  Btjfj,ov 
avrov  Ka\ovvro<$  enl  rrjv  ^Irfjfov,  ^pTrdaOrjaai' 
VTTO  row  rr\ov(Tiwv  ai  vBpiai,  Kal  ra  yivo^eva 
7roX\.r)V  el'xe  (Tvy%V(Tiv.  ov  fjLrjv  d\\a  rcov  rrepl 
Tiftepiov  7r\i')06i  ^Laa-acrOai  Bvva/jLevwv  Kal  avcr- 
ejrl  rovro,  MaAAto?  Kal 


yap  zv 

76  ffct>(ppci>i>  ov 
(Euripides,  Bacchae,  310  f.  (Kirchhoff)). 

168 


TIBER  I  US  GRACCHUS,  x.  4-xi.  i 

anger  made  unseemly.  For  not  only  "  in  Bacchic 
revelries/'  as  it  appears,  but  also  in  the  exercise  of 
rivalry  and  wrath,  a  noble  nature  and  a  sound  train- 
ing restrain  and  regulate  the  mind.  Moreover,  when 
Tiberius  observed  that  Octavius  himself  was  amenable 
to  the  law  as  a  large  holder  of  the  public  land,  he 
begged  him  to  remit  his  opposition,  promising  to  pay 
him  the  value  of  the  land  out  of  his  own  means, 
although  these  were  not  splendid.  But  Octavius 
would  not  consent  to  this,  and  therefore  Tiberius 
issued  an  edict  forbidding  all  the  other  magistrates 
to  transact  any  public  business  until  such  time  as  the 
vote  should  be  cast  either  for  or  against  his  law.  He 
also  put  his  private  seal  upon  the  temple  of  Saturn, 
in  order  that  the  quaestors  might  not  take  any 
money  from  its  treasury  or  pay  anj  into  it,  and  he 
made  proclamation  that  a  penalty  would  be  imposed 
upon  such  praetors  as  disobeyed,  so  that  all  magis- 
trates grew  fearful  and  ceased  performing  their 
several  functions.  Thereupon  the  men  of  property 
put  on  the  garb  of  mourning  and  went  about  the 
forum  in  pitiful  and  lowly  guise ;  but  in  secret  they 
plotted  against  the  life  of  Tiberius  and  tried  to  raise 
a  band  of  assassins  to  take  him  off,  so  that  Tiberius 
on  his  part — and  everybody  knew  it — wore  a  con- 
cealed short-sword  such  as  brigands  use  (the  name 
for  it  is  "dolo"). 

XI.  When  the  appointed  day  was  come  and  Tiber- 
ius was  summoning  the  people  to  the  vote,  the  voting 
urns  were  stolen  away  by  the  party  of  the  rich,  and 
great  confusion  arose.  However,  the  supporters  of 
Tiberius  were  numerous  enough  to  force  the  issue, 
and  were  banding  together  for  this  purpose,  when 


169 


PLUTARCH'S   LIVES 

avBpes  virartKOL,  7rpoo~7T€cr6vT€<}  TO>  Tiiftepicp   teal 
%€ipwv  ciTTTo/Jievoi  KOI  BaKpvovT€s  eSeovTO  Traixra- 

2  cr6ai.     TOV  Be  /ecu  TO  /meX\ov  oo~ov  OVTT(I)  Beivbv  yjBrj 

J  ^  \          C*     *  5Cv^  «  >         ^         ^  /) 

crv/jL(ppovovvTOs,  Kai  01  aibw  TWV  avopwv  TTVUO- 
TI  K€\evovcri  Trpdrreiv  CLVTOV,  OVK  e<j)acrav 
elvai  TT/JO?  r^\ifcavrrjv  av/jL^ovXiav, 
Be  rfj  ftov\fj  tceXevovres  KOI  Beopevoi 
avveiTeiaav. 

fn?  Be  ovBev  eTreflaivev  77  {3ov\r)  (rvveXOovcra 
Bta  Tot/?  TrXofcrtof?  tV^uo^ra?  ev  avrrj,  -rpeireraL 
7T/9O?  epyov  ov  vofju/jiov  ovSe  ihrieiKes,  a$e\e<j6ai 
T?}?  a/3^7}?  TOV  'QKTci/3ioi',  a/jLTj-^avoyv  a'XXa)?  eVa- 

3  yayeiv   rw   vofjiw  rrjv    tyrj<$>ov.      Kai    Trputrov    fjiev 

avrov,    Xo7ou?     re     Trpoa-tyepcov 
i    %eipa)i>    (iTTTO^evo^,    trBovvai 
TW   B/J/JLW  BiKaia    /JLev    a^iouvn, 
a  Be  avrl  jJLeyd\wv  irovwv  Kai  KivBvvoiv  X?^o- 
.    Bi(t>0ov/A€vov  Be  TOV  'O/CTa/3/ou  T^V  evrev^iv 


fe3io?  a>?  OVK 


Kai  irepl    TrpayfjUiTtov   fjieydXayv   O.TT' 


avev 


TOV   xpbvov,   ev   Lafjia  TOVTOV   fjibvov   bpav   ecfrij    TO 

4  TravaaaOai  TT)?  ap^r^  TOV  eTepov.    Kai  jrepl  avTOV 

<ye  TrpoTepov  TOV  'OKTaftiov  eVeXeutre  TU> 

<£>ov  dvaBovvac    KaTaftrfcreo-Oat,  yap  evdvs  I 

,  av  TOVTO  Bo^y   rot?   TroXt/raj?.      TOV  Be 
fj,rj  0e\,ovTo$    auro?   e^t]   Trepl  e/eeivov 
dvaBa)o~eiv,  eav  IJLTJ  /jieTayvu)  /9ofXei/<rayLte^09. 
XII.  Kai    Tore    fj,ev    eVt    TOVTOI?    Bie\vo~e   Trjv 

170 


TIBERIUS  GRACCHUS,  xi.  i-xn.  i 

Manlius  and  Fulvius,  men  of  consular  dignity,  fell 
down  before  Tiberius,  clasped  his  hands,  and  with 
tears  besought  him  to  desist.  Tiberius,  conscious  that 
the  future  was  now  all  but  desperate,  and  moved 
by  respect  for  the  men,  asked  them  what  they 
would  have  him  do.  They  replied  that  they  were 
not  competent  to  advise  in  so  grave  a  crisis,  and 
urged  him  with  entreaties  to  submit  the  case  to  the 
senate.  To  this  Tiberius  consented. 

But  the  senate  in  its  session  accomplished  nothing, 
owing  to  the  prevailing  influence  of  the  wealthy 
class  in  it,  and  therefore  Tiberius  resorted  to  a 
measure  which  was  illegal  and  unseemly,  the  ejection 
of  Octavius  from  his  office  ;  but  he  was  unable  in  any 
other  way  to  bring  his  law  to  the  vote.  In  the  first 
place,  however,  he  begged  Octavius  in  public,  ad- 
dressing him  with  kindly  words  and  clasping  his  hands, 
to  give  in  and  gratify  the  people,  who  demanded 
only  their  just  rights,  and  would  receive  only  a 
trifling  return  for  great  toils  and  perils.  But  Octavius 
rejected  the  petition,  and  therefore  Tiberius,  after 
premising  that,  since  they  were  colleagues  in  office 
with  equal  powers  and  differed  on  weighty  measures, 
it  was  impossible  for  them  to  complete  their  term  of 
office  without  open  war,  said  he  saw  only  one  remedy 
for  this,  and  that  was  for  one  or  the  other  of  them  to 
give  up  his  office.  Indeed,  he  urged  Octavius  to  put 
to  the  people  a  vote  on  his  own  case  first,  promising 
to  retire  at  once  to  private  life  if  this  should  be  the 
will  of  the  citizens.  But  Octavius  was  unwilling,  and 
therefore  Tiberius  declared  that  he  would  put  the 
case  of  Octavius  unless  Octavius  should  change  his 
mind  upon  reflection. 

XII.    With  this  understanding,   he  dissolved  the 

171 


PLUTARCH'S    LIVES 

€KK\ricrlav'  rfj  B'  vcrrepaia  rov  Bij/uov  o~vve\0ovro^ 
avaftas  eVl  TO  /3r//J.a  rrd\iv  erreiparo  rreiOeiv  rov 
'QtcTdftiov  co?  Be  r]V  duerdrreicrros,  ela7JveyKe 
vojjiov  dtyaipov^evov  avrov  rrjv  Btj^ap^iav,  Kal 
TOU?  TroXtra?  ev0v<$  €KaXei  Trjv  -fyiifyov  eTrupepovras. 
2  ovcrwv  Be  irevre  KCU  rpLaKovra  <$>v\wv,  co?  al  BeKa- 
eTTTa  Trjv  -^ri)(f)ov  eTrevrji'D^eiaav  KOL  yitm?  eri 
7rpO(ryevo/j,evy]s  eBet  TOV  ""QKrafiiov  IBuarrjv  yeve- 
crdai,  KeXevaas  e7Tia")(€iv  avOis  eBelro  rov  'O/cTa- 
(3[ov  KCU  rcepiefBakev  avrov  ev  o-^rei  rov  Btj/nov  Kal 
Karrjcrrrd^ero,  ~kirrapwv  Kal  Beo/jLevos  /JLi^O'  eavrov  830 
arijJLOv  TreptiBelv  ^evofJievov  /u-^r'  eKeivw  /3apeo? 
ovray  /cal  (jKvOpwrrov  7ro\irevjjLaros  alriav  rrpoa- 


3  TOVT&V  rwv  Beijcrewv  ov  Tra^reXw?  arey/crop 
ovb*  drei'r)  \eyova~iv  aKpodaOai  rov  Qfcrdfiiov, 
d\\d  Kal  BaKpvwv  v7ro7ri/jLrr\aa0aL  rd  o/jL/nara 
l  aiwjrdv  errl  TTO\VV  %povov.  a>?  p,evroi,  TTyoo? 
U?  rr\ovaiov<$  Kal  rovs  KrrjjAariKovs  avvecrrwras 


Trap    eKeiVois   dBo^iav  vTrocrrrjvai  rrdv  Beivov  OUK 
ayevvfi)?  Kal   /ceXeOcrat    rrpdrreuv  o  fiovXerai,   rov 

4  Tiftepiov.     ovrco   Brj  rov  VOJJLOV  KVpwOevros  o  fiev 
TtiBepios   roiv  drreXevBepcov  rivl  TTpoarera^ev  drro 
rov  /3///iaro?  e\Kvcrai  rov  'O/cra/Sto^'    expfjTO   Be 
vTniperats  drceXevOepois  IBiois,  Kal  rovro  rtjv  o^riv 
OiKrporepav  rov  'OKraftuov  rrapea-^ev  e\Koaei>ov 

5  7T/90?    vjSpiV.      6    Be  cS^/uo?   €(j)0)p/j,^(7ev  avru),   Kal 
rwv  rr\ovcriwv  avvBpa/jiovrciyv  Kal  Biaa%6i>rwv  ra? 
^et/oa?,  o  aev  'O«Ta/3to?  efftoOv]  u6\i$  e^aprrayels 
Kal  Biafivywv  rbu  6^\ov,  olKerrjv  Be  avrov  Trtcrrov 


172 


TIBERIUS  GRACCHUS,  xn.  1-5 

assembly  for  that  day ;  but  on  the  following  day, 
after  the  people  had  come  together,  he  mounted  the 
rostra  and  once  more  attempted  to  persuade  Octavius. 
When,  however,  Octavius  was  not  to  be  persuaded, 
Tiberius  introduced  a  law  depriving  him  of  his 
tribuneship,  and  summoned  the  citizens  to  cast  their 
votes  upon  it  at  once.  Now,  there  were  five  and  thirty 
tribes,  and  when  seventeen  of  them  had  cast  their 
votes,  and  the  addition  of  one  more  would  make  it 
necessary  for  Octavius  to  become  a  private  citizen, 
Tiberius  called  a  halt  in  the  voting,  and  again 
entreated  Octavius,  embracing  and  kissing  him  in 
the  sight  of  the  people,  and  fervently  begging  him 
not  to  allow  himself  to  be  dishonoured,  and  not  to 
attach  to  a  friend  responsibility  for  a  measure  so 
grievous  and  severe. 

On  hearing  these  entreaties,  we  are  told,  Octavius 
was  not  altogether  untouched  or  unmoved ;  his  eyes 
filled  with  tears  and  he  stood  silent  for  a  long  time. 
But  when  he  turned  his  gaze  towards  the  men  of 
wealth  and  substance  who  were  standing  in  a  body 
together,  his  awe  of  them,  as  it  would  seem,  and  his 
fear  of  ill  repute  among  them,  led  him  to  take  every 
risk  with  boldness  and  bid  Tiberius  do  what  he 
pleased.  And  so  the  law  was  passed,  and  Tiberius 
ordered  one  of  his  freedmen  to  drag  Octavius  from 
the  rostra;  for  Tiberius  used  his  freedmen  as  officers, 
and  this  made  the  sight  of  Octavius  dragged  along 
with  contumely  a  more  pitiful  one.  Moreover,  the 
people  made  a  rush  at  him,  and  though  the  men  of 
wealth  ran  in  a  body  to  his  assistance  and  spread  out 
their  hands  against  the  crowd,  it  was  with  difficulty 
that  Octavius  was  snatched  away  and  safely  rescued 
from  the  crowd ;  and  a  trusty  servant  of  his  who 

173 


PLUTARCH'S    LIVES 


earwra 

CLKOVTOS      TOV     TlficlOV,     Kdl     TTO?     TOV 


66pu/3ov,  co?  rjaOero  ra  yivo/j-eva,  7ro\\f) 


XIII.  'E/e    TOVTOV     Kvpovrai    /j,ev    o    irepl 

,  aipuvvrcu  Be  rpet?  av&pes  eVl  rrjv 
Kai  Siavofujv,  auro?  Tij3epio<s  KOL  KXau- 
8^0?  "ATTTTto?  o  TtevBepos  Kai  Faio?  Tpdy%o<>  6 
a8e\^)09,  ou  Trapaiv  OVTOS,  d\\a  VTTO  ^K^TTLWVL 

2  ?rpo?    No/iavrtav  crrparevofj.ei'o^.    ravra   TOV   Tt- 
ftepiou     &ia7rpatap.evov     Ka6^ 

evitTTCLfievov,  KCLI  TT/DO?  TOVTOIS 

(TT^Vaz/TO?   ovceva  TOW  eirufxivaw,   d\\a 

Tiva,  7re\drr]v  avrou,  vrpo?  itavra  bva^e 

01  ^vvarol  Kai  (po/3ou/j.€i>oi   TOV  Tifiepuov  Trjv  av- 

^t](TLv  ev  TTJ  ftov\f)   TrpoeTrrjXdfCL^ov  CLVTOV,  airov- 

fievu)   fjL.ev,    a>?    e^o?    ecrrtV,   etc    Brj/jLoaiov    ffievjVJjv, 

3  OTTCO?  e%oi  Btave/Jtatv  TJJV  ^wpav,  ov  Soyre?,  erepcav 


y   avd- 


\wp.a  Be  6/9  kK.d<jTr)v  fjftcpav  evvea  6/5oXoi)?  ra^- 
at'Te?,  elarjyovfjLevov  TavTa  Ho7T\iou  Nacrj/ca  /cat 
5e6co/coTO?  eavTov  et?  T^P  TT/JO?  liceivov  e 


etfrepev    etefiaLveiv    aur?}?    avay/ca- 


4       'O   6e    877/40$  eri   p,a\\ov   e^6Ka€TO'    Kai  (f>i\ov 
TW   TifSepifp    TeXevTijcravTos    ai 

TW   veKpw   p,o^6'f]pwv  €7 
OTTO   fyapiicLKwv    avyprjffffeu    TOV 


TIBERIUS  GRACCHUS,  xn.  5-xm.  4 

stood  in  front  of  his  master  and  protected  him,  had 
his  eyes  torn  out,  against  the  protest  of  Tiberius,  who, 
when  he  perceived  what  was  going  on,  ran  down 
with  great  haste  to  appease  the  tumult. 

XIII.  After  this  the  agrarian  law  was  passed,  and 
three  men  wrere  chosen  for  the  survey  and  distribu- 
tion of  the  public  land,  Tiberius  himself,  Appius 
Claudius  his  father-in-law,  and  Caius  Gracchus  his 
brother,  who  was  not  at  Rome,  but  was  serving  under 
Scipio  in  the  expedition  against  Numantia.  These 
measures  were  carried  out  by  Tiberius  quietly  and 
without  opposition,  and,  besides,  he  procured  the 
election  of  a  tribune  in  the  place  of  Octavius.  The 
new  tribune  was  not  a  man  of  rank  or  note,  but  a 
certain  Mucius,  a  client  of  Tiberius.  The  aristocrats, 
however,  who  were  vexed  at  these  proceedings  and 
feared  the  growing  power  of  Tiberius,  heaped  insult 
upon  him  in  the  senate.  When  he  asked  for  the 
customary  tent  at  public  expense,  for  his  use  when 
dividing  up  the  public  land,  they  would  not  give  it, 
although  other  men  had  often  obtained  one  for  less 
important  purposes ;  and  they  fixed  his  daily  allow- 
ance for  expenses  at  nine  obols.1  These  things  were 
done  on  motion  of  Publius  Nasica,  who  surrendered 
completely  to  his  hatred  of  Tiberius.  For  he  was  a 
very  large  holder  of  public  land,  and  bitterly  resented 
his  being  forced  to  give  it  up. 

But  the  people  were  all  the  more  inflamed  ;  and 
when  a  friend  of  Tiberius  died  suddenly  and  his  body 
broke  out  all  over  with  evil  spots,  they  ran  in  throngs 
to  the  man's  funeral,  crying  out  that  he  had  been 
poisoned  to  death,  and  they  carried  the  bier  them- 

1  That  is,  in  Roman  money,  nine  sestertii,  equivalent  to 
about  twenty  pence,  or  forty  cents. 

175 


PLUTARCH'S   LIVES 


TO 


evfa  Trapecrrr/crav,  ov  <£auXo)9  v 
5  Tijv  (frapfia/ceiav  bo^avres.  eppdyrj  yap  6  re/epos 
/cal  Bi€(f)Oop6r(i)V  vypwv  7r\i]@os  €^€^\vaev,  ware 
a.Trocrfieo'ai  TTJV  (^Xo^a*  KOI  <$>epvvT(i)i>  a 
OVK  e/caero  irplv  et?  erepov  TQTTOV 
teal  TroXXa  Trpay/j.arevcrafiei'wv  /xo\<?  ij-^/aro  TO 

TTVp  aVTOU.      TT^O?  TaVTO,  TOU?  TTO/VXoi'?   €Tt  ^oiX\OV 

6  Ti/3e/)fo?  irapo^vvwv  pere/SaXe  T^V  effOfjra,  /cal 
TGI"?  Trat^a?  Trpoayaycov  eBelro  TOV  Srjfiov  rovrwv 
/cal 


eavrov. 

XIV.  'Evrel  Se  TOU  ^L\o'Too^  ^Arrd\ov 


ev  fj  K\rjpovo/jios  ejeypaTTTO  rov  /9acrfXeco?  6 
,    ev0v$    6 

OTTCO?    ra 
rot?    TTJV  *\(i)pav  Sia\ay%dvov(ri,  TWV 


2  d<pop/jLijv.      Trepl  Be  TWV  TroXeco^,  ocrai  Tr}?  'Arra- 
Xou    /3acri\6Las    rjcrav,    ov$€i>    €<f)i]    rf)    avyK\i'jTU) 
ftov\€vea0aL  Trpoaij/ceiv,   aXXa    TW   £>;/xa)   yvoo/jirjv 

TpoQl](TeLV.        €K       TOVTOV      fJid\L(TTa     7TpO(T€-     831 

rfj    /3ou\fj'    Kal    Ho/jLirrjios    /j,ev    d 

TW  Tiftepiay  /cal  Sia  rovro 
aura)  TOP   ilepya/j,Tjvbi>    TWV  (Bacn\LKwv 
Se&cotcoTa    /cal    7rop(f)vpav,    009    yu-t'XXo^rt 

3  {3acn\€i>6ti>  ev  'Pw/^rj,  KotVro9  Be  MereXXo9  a>^et- 
BHT€    TOV    Tifiepiov    on    rov    fJLev    Trarpos    avrov 

176 


TIBERIUS  GRACCHUS,  xm.  4-xiv.  3 

selves,  and  stood  by  at  the  last  ceremonies.  And 
their  suspicions  of  poison  were  thought  to  be  not 
without  reason.  For  the  dead  body  burst  open  and 
a  great  quantity  of  corrupt  humours  gushed  forth,  so 
that  the  Hame  of  the  funeral  pyre  was  extinguished. 
And  when  fresh  fire  was  brought,  again  the  body 
would  not  burn,  until  it  was  carried  to  another  place, 
where,  after  much  trouble,  the  fire  at  last  took  hold 
of  it.  Upon  this,  Tiberius,  that  he  might  exasperate 
the  multitude  still  more,  put  on  a  garb  of  mourning, 
brought  his  children  before  the  assembly,  and  begged 
the  people  to  care  for  them  and  their  mother,  saying 
that  he  despaired  of  his  own  life. 

XIV.  And  now  Attalus  Philometor  died,1  and 
Eudemus  of  Pergamum  brought  to  Rome  the  king's 
last  will  and  testament,  by  which  the  Roman  people 
was  made  his  heir.  At  once  Tiberius  courted  popular 
favour  by  bringing  in  a  bill  which  provided  that  the 
money  of  King  Attalus,  when  brought  to  Rome, 
should  be  given  to  the  citizens  who  received  a  parcel 
of  the  public  land,  to  aid  them  in  stocking  and  tilling 
their  farms.  And  as  regarded  the  cities  which  were 
included  in  the  kingdom  of  Attalus,  he  said  it  did 
not  belong  to  the  senate  to  deliberate  about  them, 
but  he  himself  would  submit  a  pertinent  resolution 
to  the  people.  By  this  proceeding  he  gave  more 
offence  than  ever  to  the  senate  ;  and  Pompeius, 
rising  to  speak  there,  said  that  he  was  a  neighbour 
of  Tiberius,  and  therefore  knew  that  Eudemus  of 
Pergamum  had  presented  Tiberius  with  a  royal 
diadem  and  purple  robe,  believing  that  lie  was  going 
to  be  king  in  Rome.  Moreover,  Quintus  Metellus 
upbraided  Tiberius  with  the  reminder  that  whenever 

1  In  133  B.C. 

'77 


PLUTARCH'S   LIVES 


TlfJLrjTCVOVTOS,  QGCLKIS  aVCi\VOl  /J,6Ta  BctTTVOV  OUCaBe, 

ra  (fra)Ta  KaTea/Bevvvcrav  oi  7ro\lrat, 

fjir]  TTOppcoTepw  TOV  ueTpiov  Bo^coa-iv  ev 

elvai  KOI  7TOTOJ9,  TOVTW  Be  Trapatyaivovai  VVKTOS 

oi     OpaovTdToi    teal     aTropdiTaroi,    TWV    SrjjjLOTWv 

4  TITO?  8'  "Avvios,  OVK  €7rieiKr)S  {lev  ovSe  crcocfrpcov 

,  ev  Se  \6yoi<f   vrpo?   ra?  cpwrt^aei^  real 
diroKpicreis  a/za^o?  eivai  &OKWV,  ei?  opiajjiov 
Tiva  Trpov/caXelTO  TOV  Tiftepiov,  r)  yJr]v  iepov  OVTCL 
i  a&vXov  €K  ro)v  vofjiwv  rjri/jLcoKevai  TOV  crvvdp- 
Oopvftovvruiv    Be    vroXXw^    e/CTT^^^o'a?    6 
TOV  re  ^r)fjiov  Gvi>eKii\ei  KOL  rbv  "Avviov 

5  a%0fjvat  KeXeucra?  e(3ov\ero  KanyyopeLV.    6  Be  /cal 

TO)    \OJ(f>     KOI     TT)     Bofyj    TTOXU    XefTTOyLteZ^O?     6i? 

eavrov  Beii'OTtjTa  KareBvero,  fcal  7rap€K(i\ei 
Trpo  T03V  Xojcov  diroKpivaaOaL  TOV  Tiftepiov.  <rvy- 
%a)  povvTOS  Be  epwTav  e/ceivov  /cal  aKoirrfi  <y^vofjLein^ 
elrrev  o  "Avvios,  "*Av  crv  fj.ev  UTI/JLOVV  fie  (3ov\r) 
KOI  TrpOTnjXafci&iv,  €700  Be  Tiva  TU>V  awv  eiriKa- 
\eao)/j,at  crvvap^ovTcov,  6  Be  avaftr)  fio^Q^crwv,  av 
Be  opyicrO'fjs,  a  pa  ye  avTOv  TVJV  dpj(rjv  d(^aipi]o"rj;^ 

6  7T/30?  ravTiyv  \€jeTai  r^v  epu>Tr)criv  ovra)  BiaTro- 
pTt6r]vaL  TOV  Tiftepiov  ware  irdvrwv  b'vra  /cal  TO 
\ejeiv    eToi/LLOTaTov   /cal    TO   Oappelv    i 


XV.  Tore  [lev  ovv  BieXvcre  rrjv  efCfeX/rjcriav 
aladavofJievo^  Be  TMV  7ro\iTev/jidT(i)i>  TO  rrepl  TOV 
'Q/CTafitov  ov  Tot?  BvvaTols  fj.6vov,  d\\a  Kal  TO?? 
eKTraOeaTepov  (fAeya  <ydp  TI  fcal  /ca\bv 


178 


TIBERIUS  GRACCHUS,  xiv.  3-xv.  i 

his  father,  during  his  censorship,  was  returning  home 
after  a  supper,  the  citizens  put  out  their  lights,  for 
fear  they  might  be  thought  to  be  indulging  immoder- 
ately in  entertainments  and  drinking  bouts,  whereas 
Tiberius  himself  was  lighted  on  his  way  at  night  by 
the  neediest  and  most  reckless  of  the  populace.  Titus 
Annius,  too,  a  man  of  no  high  character  or  sobriety, 
but  held  to  be  invincible  in  arguments  carried  on  by 
question  and  answer,  challenged  Tiberius  to  a  judicial 
wager,1  solemnly  asserting  that  he  had  branded  with 
infamy  his  colleague,  who  was  sacred  and  inviolable 
by  law.  As  many  senators  applauded  this  speech, 
Tiberius  dashed  out  of  the  senate-house,  called  the 
people  together,  and  ordered  Annius  to  be  brought 
before  them,  with  the  intention  of  denouncing  him. 
But  Annius,  who  was  far  inferior  to  Tiberius  both  in 
eloquence  and  in  reputation,  had  recourse  to  his  own 
particular  art,  and  called  upon  Tiberius  to  answer  a 
few  questions  before  the  argument  began.  Tiberius 
assented  to  this  and  silence  was  made,  whereupon 
Annius  said  :  "  If  thou  wish  to  heap  insult  upon  me 
and  degrade  me,  and  I  invoke  the  aid  of  one  of  thy 
colleagues  in  office,  and  he  mount  the  rostra  to  speak 
in  my  defence,  and  thou  fly  into  a  passion,  come, 
wilt  thou  deprive  that  colleague  of  his  office  ?  ' 
At  this  question,  we  are  told,  Tiberius  was  so 
disconcerted  that,  although  he  was  of  all  men  most 
ready  in  speech  and  most  vehement  in  courage,  he 
held  his  peace. 

XV.  For  the  present,  then,  he  dissolved  the 
assembly ;  but  perceiving  that  the  course  he  had 
taken  with  regard  to  Octavius  was  very  displeasing, 
not  only  to  the  nobles,  but  also  to  the  multitude  (for 

1  Cf.  the  Goto  Major )  xxii.  5. 

179 


PLUTARCH'S    LIVES 


TO  TWV  ^rjjjiap^wv  d^twua  uexpi  rfjs  r; 

BiaTerrjp^aevov   dvyprjcrOai,  /cal  /ca0v/3pi- 
adai},   \6yov    kv  TU>   S)j/aca    &ie%ri\6ev,    ov    /un/cpd 


TWV  €7TL^€ipr)/jidTwv  OVK  CLTOTTOV  rjv, 


wcrre  V7rovor)0rjvai  ir]V  iriBavQiriTa  teal  TTVKVQ- 
2  TTjra  rov  av$pb<$.  €(f»j  jap  lepov  TOV  ^rjfJLap^ov 
elvai  teal  dcrv\ov,  on  rw  SIJ/HM  KaQwalwiai  /cal 
rov  Sijfiov  Trpo^a-rrjKev.  av  ovv  yu,era/3aA,OyU.e^o9 
TOV  Stj/jLov  dSi/cfj  teal  TTJV  la^vv  Ko\ovy  real 


Trapaiprai  TTJV  ty>)<f)ov,  auro?  eavrov 
3  r/}?  T^/AT}?  €</>'  ol?  eXafiev  ov  TTOLWV  eVet  /cal  TO 
K.a7r6T(t)\tov  KaTacTKaTTTOvra  /cal  TO  vewpiov  e'/i.- 
TmrpdvTa  Sij/juapxov  lav  Ser/crei.      KOI  ravra 


TOV  orjuov,  ov  Srjaapxos  ecrTt.  TTW?  ovv  ov 
<$eivoi>  el  TOV  u.ev  inraTov  6  S^aap^o^;  a^et, 
TOV  oe  &>j/jiap)£ov  OVK  dfiaiprjcreTai  TTJV  egou- 
aiav  6  8?5/xo9  oTav  avTrj  Kara  TOV 
/cal  jap  vjraTov  /cal 


4  6fjboid)<i  6  ^T/yito?  aipelTat.  /cal  ^v  ij  <ye  ftacrikeia 
7r/)O9  TW  Trao~av  dp^rjv  ex,€lv  ^v  £aVTf)  o~v\\a- 
ftovcra  /cal  Tat?  /teyio-Tcu?  iepovpyiats  /ca0a)o~La)Tai 
7T/90?  TO  Oeiov  d\\a  Tap/cvvtov  e^e^a\ev 
dSi/covvTa,  /cal  6Y  ez-'o?  dvSpbs  vftpw  r; 


/cal 


ajiov   ev   'Poiar)   /cal  aefjivov   005  al 
rrovcrai   rrapdevoi   /cal    (f)v\dTTovo~ai,   TO 
Trvp;  d\\'  el  TIS  av  dadprrj  avT&v, 
180 


TIBERIUS  GRACCHUS,  xv.  1-4 

it  was  thought  that  the  high  and  honourable  dignity 
of  the  tribunate,  so  carefully  guarded  up  to  that  time, 
had  been  insulted  and  destroyed),  he  made  a  lengthy 
speech  before  the  people,  a  few  of  the  arguments  of 
which  it  will  not  be  out  of  place  to  lay  before  the 
reader,  that  he  may  get  a  conception  of  the  man's 
subtlety  and  persuasiveness.  A  tribune,  he  said,  was 
sacred  and  inviolable,  because  he  was  consecrated  to 
the  people  and  was  a  champion  of  the  people.  "  If, 
then,"  said  Tiberius,  "he  should  change  about, 
wrong  the  people,  maim  its  power,  and  rob  it  of  the 
privilege  of  voting,  he  has  by  his  own  acts  deprived 
himself  of  his  honourable  office  by  not  fulfilling  the 
conditions  on  which  he  received  it ;  for  otherwise 
there  would  be  no  interference  with  a  tribune  even 
though  he  should  try  to  demolish  the  Capitol  or  set 
fire  to  the  naval  arsenal.  If  a  tribune  does  these 
things,  he  is  a  bad  tribune  ;  but  if  he  annuls  the 
power  of  the  people,  he  is  no  tribune  at  all.  Is  it 
not,  then,  a  monstrous  thing  that  a  tribune  should 
have  power  to  hale  a  consul  to  prison,  while  the 
people  cannot  deprive  a  tribune  of  his  power  when 
he  employs  it  against  the  very  ones  who  bestowed 
it  ?  For  consul  and  tribune  alike  are  elected  by 
the  people.  And  surely  the  kingly  office,  besides 
comprehending  in  itself  every  civil  function,  is  also 
consecrated  to  the  Deity  by  the  performance  of  the 
most  solemn  religious  rites ;  and  yet  Tarquin  was 
expelled  by  the  city  for  his  wrong-doing,  and 
because  of  one  man's  insolence  the  power  which  had 
founded  Rome  and  descended  from  father  to  son  was 
overthrown.  Again,  what  institution  at  Rome  is  so 
holy  and  venerable  as  that  of  the  virgins  who  tend 
and  watch  the  undying  fire  ?  And  yet  if  one  of  these 

VOL.  x.  r.      181 


PLUTARCH'S    LIVES 

pvcrarerai'   TO   yap  aav\ov   ov  <f)v\aTTOvcriv  dcre- 

ftovcrai  ei?  rot?  Qeovs,  o  Bid  TOU?  #eoi/9  e^ovcnv. 

5  OVKOVV  ovBe  8?;yu,a^o9  dSiKwv   TOV   Brj/jiov1   e^eiv 

Trjv  Bid  roi>  Brjfiov  auv\iav  ftiKaios  eariv  fj  yap 

ravTrjv  avaipel.     KCU   fji^v  el  Si- 
rr/v 


ov)(l   KCLV 

6  SiKaiorepov    Tracrwv    airo"^ir]<^L(Ta[j.evu>v;    iepov   $e   832 
teal   a&vXov  ov$€V   OUTGO?   earlv    a>?  ra  TWV  6ewv 
%pr)a0ai   Be  rouTOt?  /col  Kivelv 

/3ov\erai,,  TOV  &r}/j, 
\VK€V.      €%r)i>   ovv    avTW    Kal    Triv 
avddrjfjia    /^ereveyKelv     a?     eTepov.      OTI     £>e    OVK 
acrv\ov  ovBe 


i    avrwv. 


XVI.  ToiavTa  fiev  r}V  Ta  K€<pd\aia  T^?  TOV 
^LKaLO\oyia^.  eVet  Be  avvopwvTes  ol 
ra?  aTrefXa?  KOI  T?)V  GVGTCLGIV  GO'OZ/TO  Selv 
ere/oa?  TtzpikyecrQcii  &rnj.ap-)(ia<s  €t?  TO  JJL€\\OV> 
av0i<;  aXXot?  VO/JLOIS  di>6\d/ji/3ai>6  TO  TrX^^o?,  TOU 
T€  xpovov  TWV  (TTpaTeiwv  dtyaipwv,  teal  BiBovs 
€TUKa\€icr0ai  TOV  Bfj/jiov  diro  TCOV  &iKacrT&v,  KOL 

TOt?     KplVOVGL       TOT€,      CTVyKXy^TlKOL^     OV&1,      KttTa- 

2  /juyvvs    €K    TMV    iTTTrewv    TOV    iaov    dpiO/jbov,    Kal 

/3oiA,7}?  TTJV  lo")(yv  KO\OVU>V 
Cobet  :   STJ/J.OV. 

182 


TIBERIUS  GRACCHUS,  xv.  4-xvi.  2 

breaks  her  vows,  she  is  buried  alive ;  for  when  they 
sin  against  the  gods,  they  do  not  preserve  that  invio- 
lable character  which  is  given  them  for  their  service 
to  the  gods.  Therefore  it  is  not  just  that  a  tribune 
who  wrongs  the  people  should  retain  that  inviolable 
character  which  is  given  him  for  service  to  the  people, 
since  he  is  destroying  the  very  power  which  is  the 
source  of  his  own  power.  And  surely,  if  it  is  right 
for  him  to  be  made  tribune  by  a  majority  of  the 
votes  of  the  tribes,  it  must  be  even  more  right  for 
him  to  be  deprived  of  his  tribuneship  by  a  unanimous 
vote.  And  again,  nothing  is  so  sacred  and  inviolate 
as  objects  consecrated  to  the  gods ;  and  yet  no  one 
has  hindered  the  people  from  using  such  objects,  or 
moving  them,  or  changing  their  position  in  such 
manner  as  may  be  desired.  It  is  therefore  permis- 
sible for  the  people  to  transfer  the  tribunate  also, 
as  a  consecrated  thing,  from  one  man  to  another. 
And  that  the  office  is  not  inviolable  or  irremovable 
is  plain  from  the  fact  that  many  times  men  holding 
it  resign  it  under  oath  of  disability,  and  of  their 
own  accord  beg  to  be  relieved  of  it." 

XVI.  Such  were  the  chief  points  in  the  justifica- 
tion of  his  course  which  Tiberius  made.  And  now 
his  friends,  observing  the  threats  and  the  hostile 
combination  against  him,  thought  that  he  ought  to 
be  made  tribune  again  for  the  following  year.  Once 
more,  therefore,  Tiberius  sought  to  win  the  favour  of 
the  multitude  by  fresh  laws,  reducing  the  time  of 
military  service,  granting  appeal  to  the  people  from 
the  verdicts  of  the  judges,  adding  to  the  judges,  wrho  at 
that  time  were  composed  of  senators  only,  an  equal 
number  from  the  equestrian  order,  and  in  every  way 
at  length  trying  to  maim  the  power  of  the  senate 


PLUTARCH'S   LIVES 

Trpo?   opyrjv  Kal   fyiXoveiKiav  fj,a\\ov   YI  rov    rov 

BlKaiOV   Kal    O~Vfji<j)€pOVrO^    \OyLO~fJLOV.        CTTcl    B€    T?}? 

frepo/jievijs   rjcrOovro   TOI>?    evavrlov?  Kpa- 
(ou   yap   7rap>jv   a?ra?   6  £>}yu,o?),  rrpuirov 


rov  ^povov  eTreira  rrji> 

3  et?    rr]V    vcrrepaiav    airavrav    KeXevcravres. 
Trpwrov  p,ev  6t?  ri]v  dyopav  Kcna/3a<;  6 

IK€T6V€     TOU?     aV0p(t)7TOVS     TCtTTeLVOS     Kal 

eirena   $e$oiK€vat    (frija'as    /JLIJ    VVKTOS 

ol/eiav  ol   e^dpol  Kal   $ia<$>9eL 
avrov,  ovro)  TOU?  dv@p(i)7rovs  Sie&rjKev  Mare 

oiKiav  avrov  Tra/ATroXXoi'?  rtvas 
l  SiavvKrepev&ai  rrapafyvXdrrovras. 
XVIT.  "A/ia  6'  rjjAepa  rraprjv  6  ra?  opviQas 

\  7rpoe/3a\\€ 

al  &  ov  rrporfkOov,  el  /JLTJ  yuta  /jLovrf,  Bia- 
&el<javro<$  ev  fid\a  rov  dvOpwrrov  TO  dyyelov 
ov&e  avrrf  Be  TT}?  rpo<f)r)s  eOiyev,  aX,V  errdpacra 
rr)V  dpLcrrepdv  Trrepvya  Kal  Trapareivaaa  TO 
<r/ce'Xo?  Trd\iv  et?  TO  dyyelov  Karefyvye.  rouro  Kal 
rov  Trporepov  arrj/jueiov  rov  TL/3eptov  dve/J-vrjaev. 
2  771^  yap  avru> 


eKirpeTrws  Kal  Sidcrrj/jiov  et?  rovro 
oc^et?  e\,adov  evreKovres  wd,  Kal 
ravra  e%ey\v^ravro.  Bio  Kal  fjid\\ov  o  Ti/Sepios 
Tot?  rrepl  Ta?  opvL9a<$  erapdrrero.  rrporjei  Be 
o/AO)?,  dvu)  rov  Brjfjiov  t]Opola6aL  rrepl  TO 
3  \LOV  7rvv9av6fj,evos'  Kal  rrplv  e%e\6elv 
Taicre  rrpos  rov  ovBov,  cr<f)oBpd<>  ovrco 

were  rov  fjiev  ovvya  rov  fieyd\ov  BaK- 


184 


TIBERIUS   GRACCHUS,  xvi.  2-xvn.  3 

from  motives  of  anger  and  contentiousness  rather 
than  from  calculations  of  justice  and  the  public  good. 
And  when,  as  the  voting  was  going  on,  the  friends 
of  Tiberius  perceived  that  their  opponents  were 
getting  the  better  of  the  contest,  since  all  the  people 
were  not  present,  in  the  first  place  they  resorted  to 
abuse  of  his  fellow  tribunes,  and  so  protracted  the 
time  ;  next,  they  dismissed  the  assembly,  and  ordered 
that  it  should  convene  on  the  following  day.  Then 
Tiberius,  going  down  into  the  forum,  at  first  suppli- 
cated the  citizens  in  a  humble  manner  and  with  tears 
in  his  eyes ;  next,  he  declared  he  was  afraid  that  his 
enemies  would  break  into  his  house  by  night  and  kill 
him,  and  thereby  so  wrought  upon  his  hearers  that 
great  numbers  of  them  took  up  their  station  about 
his  house  and  spent  the  night  there  on  guard. 

XVII.  At  break  of  day  there  came  to  the  house 
the  man  who  brought  the  birds  with  which  auspices 
are  taken,  and  threw  food  before  them.  But  the 
birds  would  not  come  out  of  the  cage,  with  the 
exception  of  one,  though  the  keeper  shook  the  cage 
right  hard  ;  and  even  the  one  that  came  out  would 
not  touch  the  food,  but  raised  its  left  wing,  stretched 
out  its  leg,  and  then  ran  back  into  the  cage.  This 
reminded  Tiberius  of  an  omen  that  had  happened 
earlier.  He  had  a  helmet  which  he  wore  in  battle, 
exceptionally  adorned  and  splendid  ;  into  this  ser- 
pents crawled  unnoticed,  laid  eggs  there  and 
hatched  them  out.  For  this  reason  Tiberius  was  all 
the  more  disturbed  by  the  signs  from  the  birds.  But 
nevertheless  he  set  out,  on  learning  that  the  people 
were  assembled  on  the  Capitol ;  and  before  he  got 
out  of  the  house,  he  stumbled  against  the  threshold. 
The  blow  was  so  severe  that  the  nail  of  his  great  toe 

185 


PLUTARCH'S   LIVES 

TV\OV  payrjvai,  TO   Be  cu^a  Sia  TOV  V 

(frepea'dai.     uiKpov    Be    ainov    7rpoe\66vTO<; 
t]crav    virep    Kepd^ov    /j.a'^o/j.evoi,    Kupatces    ev 
real  TTO\\WV,  w?  el/cos,  dvOpajrrcov  rrap- 
ep%ouei>MV,      /car'     avrov     TOV     Tifiepiov     \iOo<z 
aTTwaOeis  VTTU  Oarepov  TOW  KopuKwv  eirecre  irapa 
TOV  TroSa.      TOVTO  Kal  TOVS  6  pa&VTaTovs  Ton>  Trepl 
4  avrov    eTrearaev     a\\a    13\,ocrcrfo?    o 


7rapa)i>  acr^vvrjv   erj   Ka     Ka-rijeLav    av   evai 

7ro\\r)V    el 

/cai'ov  8e 

rov  'Ptofiaicov  Brj/Aov,  Kopa/ca  Setcra?  ov%  vTratcov- 

aeie     rot?    TroXtra^?    KaXovor     TOVTO    [JLZVTOI    TO 
ov  OVK   ev  <ye\wTL   O/jaecrOaL  TOVI  e%0pov<j, 
a)?  TvpavvovvTos  Kal  TpvtywvTos  rjBrj   xara- 
5  fiorjaeddai  TT/JO?  TOV  orj/jiov.    ap.a  8e  Kal  rrpoaedeov 

7ro\\ol    TO)    Tifiepico    rrapa    TO)V    ev 
,  errei'jeaOai  tce\evovTe<;,  <w?  TW 
wv.     Kal    TO.    *ye    Trpwra    Aa/zTr/ow?    drn'/VTa 

TV)    '\\ftepiM,    (fravevTi    aev   ev6u$   dpa/nei'wv  ftorjv 


oe 


Kal    Trepl     avTov,    a>?     /jLTjtels    TreXdcreiev 
rrapaTaTTouevojv. 

XVIII.   'Ap£a/ji€vov    Be    Ttd\iv    TOV 
ra?    ^uXa?    dvayopeveiv,    ov&ev     eVepatero     TWV   832 
elw6oTd)v    &ta    TOV    CITTO    TWV    ea^dTwv    dopv/jov, 
u>0ov/j.evwv  Kal  a>OovvTwv  TOU?   evavTLovs  elcrfiia- 
Kal  dva/jiiyvv^evov^.     ev  Be  TOVTO)  <&ov\- 


rro       ov^    avr^p    et? 
OVK 


1  b.v  flvai  Cobet  and  P'uhr  : 

1  86 


TIBERIUS  GRACCHUS,  xvn.  3-xviii.  i 

was  broken  and  the  blood  ran  out  through  his  shoe. 
He  had  gone  on  but  a  little  way  when  ravens  were 
seen  fighting  on  the  roof  of  a  house  to  his  left  hand  ; 
and  though  there  were  many  people,  as  was  natural, 
passing  by,  a  stone  dislodged  by  one  of  the  ravens  fell 
at  the  foot  of  Tiberius  himself.     This  caused  even 
the  boldest  of  his  followers  to  pause;  but  Blossius  of 
Cumae,  who  was  present,  said  it  would  be  a  shame 
and  a  great  disgrace  if  Tiberius,  a  son  of  Gracchus,  a 
grandson  of  Scipio  Africanus,  and  a  champion  of  the 
Roman  people,  for  fear  of  a  raven  should  refuse  to  obey 
the  summons  of  his  fellow  citizens ;  such  shameful 
conduct, moreover,  would  not  be  made  a  mere  matter 
of  ridicule  by  his  enemies,  but  they  would  decry  him 
to  the  people  as  one  who  was  at  last  giving  himself 
the  airs  of  a  tyrant.     At  the  same  time  also  many  of 
his  friends  on  the  Capitol  came  running  to  Tiberius 
with  urgent  appeals  to  hasten  thither,  since  matters 
there  were  going  well.     And  in  fact  things  turned 
out  splendidly  for  Tiberius  at  first;    as  soon  as  he 
came  into  view  the  crowd  raised  a  friendly  shout,  and 
as  he  came  up  the  hill  they  gave  him  a  cordial  wel- 
come  and   ranged  themselves    about    him,  that    no 
stranger  might  approach. 

XVIII.  But  after  Mucius  began  once  more  to  sum- 
mon the  tribes  to  the  vote,  none  of  the  customary 
forms  could  be  observed  because  of  the  disturbance 
that  arose  on  the  outskirts  of  the  throng,  where 
there  was  crowding  back  and  forth  between  the 
friends  of  Tiberius  and  their  opponents,  who  were 
striving  to  force  their  way  in  and  mingle  with  the 
rest.  Moreover,  at  this  juncture  Fulvius  Flaccus,  a 
senator,  posted  himself  in  a  conspicuous  place,  and 
since  it  was  impossible  to  make  his  voice  heard  so 

187 


PLUTARCH'S   LIVES 


TJ;  %etpt  fypdcraL  TL  /3ov\6/jLevov  avTov 
2  IBia   TW  Tiftepifp.      Kal  KeXeva-avTos  eteeivov  Bia- 
TO  7rXf;$o?,   dvaftas  /^oXi?   KCU  irpO(re\0wv 
OTI    T/?<?    {3ov\fjs    a-vyKaOe^o^evrj^    ol 

7T\OV(JIOI,    TOV    VTTCLTOV     /JilJ    7T£t^O^T£?,     CLVTol     Sld- 

voovvrai  Ka9*  avrovs  airoKiivvvvai  TOV  Ti/Bepiov, 
TroXXoi)?    errl    TOVTO    SovXovs    Kal   (i\ovs   &)7rXt- 


XIX.  'H?  ovv  Tavra  rot?  rrepl  CIVTOV 
fyei\ev  6  Tifiepios,  OVTOI  JJLCV  evOvs  ra?  re  Tij/3ev- 
vovs  Trepie^ctivvvvTO,  Kal  TO,  TWV  vTnipeTwv  oopaTa 
GvyK\wvTes  ol?  dveipyovcri  TOV  o^Xov,  Sie\d/j,- 
fiavov  a)?  d/jLVVGv/jievoi  rot?  K\d(T^aai  TOL/?  ejrep- 

2  ^oyLieVou?.       T0)v    $€    aTTCOTepo)     Oavfjia^ovTwv    TO, 
lyivofjisva,  Kal  Trvv6avop,evwv,   o 

rfj  X€tP^  T^?  *e(/)a^-'}<>>  evBeuevv 
KIV&VVOV,  eVel  rr}?  (f)(0vr)s  OVK  CTT^KOVOV.  ol  8e 
evavrioi  TOVTO  iSo^re?  e8eov  Trpos  TTJV  /3oi;X?;y, 
aTrayye'XXozre?  alTelv  SidBj^a  TOV  Tifiepiov  Kal 
TOVTOV  cn]fjielov  eivai  TO  T?}?  A-e^>aX>}?  €TriQiyyd- 

3  ^6f^.     TrdvTes  p-ev  ovv  etfopv/SijOrjaav    6  Be   Na- 
cri/ca?    r)%Lov    TOV    VTraTov   Ty    TroXei  fiorjOeiv  Kal 
KaTa\veiv  TOV  Tvpavvov.    aTTOKpivaaevov  Be  irpdw^ 
eKeivov  /Bias  fjiev  ovoe/HLas  VTrdp^eiv  ovoe  dvaip/j- 
creiv     ovoeva    TWV     TTO\ITWV     aKpiTov,    el    /^evroi 
•^nrjcfrio-aiTO   TL  TWV   TrapavofJiwv   o   Br/uos   VTTO  TOV 
Tifieptov   TreicrOels  rj  /3iao-0ei$,  TOVTO  Kvpiov  ^ 

v,  dvaTrriBrja-as  6  Nacrf/ca?,  "  'E-Tra  TOLVVV" 
,  "  TrpoBioaxTiv  6  ap^wv  TIJV  Tr6\iv,  ol  {3ov\Q- 

188 


TIBERIUS  GRACCHUS,  xvm.  i-xix.  3 

far,  indicated  with  his  hand  that  he  wished  to 
tell  Tiberius  something  meant  for  his  ear  alone. 
Tiberius  ordered  the  crowd  to  part  for  Flavins,  who 
made  his  way  up  to  him  with  difficulty,  and  told  him 
that  at  a  session  of  the  senate  the  party  of  the  rich, 
since  they  could  not  prevail  upon  the  consul  to  do 
so,  were  purposing  to  kill  Tiberius  themselves,  and 
for  this  purpose  had  under  arms  a  multitude  of  their 
friends  and  slaves. 

XIX.  Tiberius,  accordingly,  reported  this  to  those 
who  stood  about  him,  and  they  at  once  girded  up 
their  togas,  and  breaking  in  pieces  the  spear-shafts 
with  which  the  officers  keep  back  the  crowd,  distri- 
buted the  fragments  among  themselves,  that  they 
might  defend  themselves  against  their  assailants. 
Those  who  were  farther  off,  however,  wondered  at 
what  was  going  on  and  asked  what  it  meant.  Where- 
upon Tiberius  put  his  hand  to  his  head,  making  this 
visible  sign  that  his  life  was  in  danger,  since  the 
questioners  could  not  hear  his  voice.  But  his 
opponents,  on  seeing  this,  ran  to  the  senate  and  told 
that  body  that  Tiberius  was  asking  for  a  crown ;  and 
that  his  putting  his  hand  to  his  head  was  a  sign  having 
that  meaning.  All  the  senators,  of  course,  were 
greatly  disturbed,  and  Nasica  demanded  that  the 
consul  should  come  to  the  rescue  of  the  state  and 
put  down  the  tyrant.  The  consul  replied  with  mild- 
ness that  he  would  resort  to  no  violence  and  would 
put  no  citizen  to  death  without  a  trial ;  if,  however, 
the  people,  under  persuasion  or  compulsion  from 
Tiberius,  should  vote  anything  that  was  unlawful, 
he  would  not  regard  this  vote  as  binding.  There- 
upon Nasica  sprang  to  his  feet  and  said  :  "  Since, 
then,  the  chief  magistrate  betrays  the  state,  do  ye 

189 


PLUTARCH'S    LIVES 


4  fievoi  roi?  vo/jiois  ftorjOelv  aKo\ov6elTe."  Kal 
Tavra  \cywv  a^a  /cal  TO  KpacnreBov  TOV  i/Aariov 
Oe/jievos  errl  TT}?  K€(f>a\i]<;t  e^copei  77/909  TO  Kavre- 
Tci)\iov.  e/cacrTOS  Be  T-WV  eTro/jLei'cov  avrw  Trj 


ov&evos  evL(TTap.evov  rrpos  TO  d£iwjj.a  TMV  d 
dXXa  (frewyovTMV  KOL  TraTovvTwv  aAA?;Aof?. 

O/  yu-ez^  ot'^  Trepl  CLVTOVS  p6rra\a  /cal 
€KO/JLI^OV  olKoOev   avrol  Be  TWV  &i$pu>v 

v    VTTO    TOV    (frevyovTO?    o)(\ov    TO,   K\dfffjiaTa 

l    TOU?   TroSa?  \a/j,{3dvoi>Te<;  dveftaivov  eVt   TOV 
Tifiepiov,    ci/jia    TraiovTes     rou9     irpoTeTay^evov^ 

KUi  TOVTWV  /JL€V  T)V  TpOTTT)  Kal  </)0^0?'    ttVTOV  B€  TOV 

Ti^epiov  (frevyovTOS  dvTe\d/3eTo  Ti?  TWV 
6  o    Se    Trji>    Tr)(3evvov    a</>ei9    Kal    fyevywv    ev 
^iTMdLV   eff(j)d\r)   Kal  KaTrjvi^Ori  irepi  TLVCIS 
rrpo  avTov   TrerrTcoKOTas.     dviaTdfjievov   8e  avTov 


o     jiev    eLta^co9    KCLI 


l  Sicfrp 


ov 


di>Te7roi€LTo 


.    TWV  Be  aXXwv  airkQavov  vrrep  Tpia- 

Be 


XX.  Tavrrjv  Trpu>Tt]v  icrTOpovaiv  ev  'Pw/jirj  crra- 
GLV,  dfi  ov  TO  /3aai\ei>€(T0ai  KaTeXvaav, 

Be 


OVTC  Trep    f 

aXX;;Xoi9,  c/^oySw  {lev  ol  BvvaTol  TCOV  TTO\- 
\a)V,  aiBovjuevoi  Be  TVJV  ftov\r)V  6   Br)/no<$,  erravov. 
Be  Kal  Tore  firj  ^aXe7r&>9  av  evBovvai  rrapr)- 


190 


TIBERIUS  GRACCHUS,  xix.  4-xx.  i 

who  wish  to  succour  the  laws  follow  me."  With 
these  words  he  covered  his  head  with  the  skirt  of  his 
toga  and  set  out  for  the  Capitol.  All  the  senators 
wrho  followed  him  wrapped  their  togas  about  their 
left  arms  and  pushed  aside  those  who  stood  in  their 
path,  no  man  opposing  them,  in  view  of  their  dignity, 
but  all  taking  to  flight  and  trampling  upon  one 
another. 

Now,  the  attendants  of  the  senators  carried  clubs 
and  staves  which  they  had  brought  from  home  ;  but 
the  senators  themselves  seized  the  fragments  and 
legs  of  the  benches  that  were  shattered  by  the  crowd 
in  its  flight,  and  went  up  against  Tiberius,  at  the 
same  time  smiting  those  who  were  drawn  up  to  protect 
him.  Of  these  there  was  a  rout  and  a  slaughter ; 
and  as  Tiberius  himself  turned  to  fly,  someone  laid 
hold  of  his  garments.  So  he  let  his  toga  go  and  fled 
in  his  tunic.  But  he  stumbled  and  fell  to  the  ground 
among  some  bodies  that  lay  in  front  of  him.  As  he 
strove  to  rise  to  his  feet,  he  received  his  first  blow, 
as  everybody  admits,  from  Publius  Satyreius,  one  of 
his  colleagues,  who  smote  him  on  the  head  with  the 
leg  of  a  bench  ;  to  the  second  blow  claim  was  made 
by  Lucius  Rufus,  who  p!umed  himself  upon  it  as  upon 
some  noble  deed.  And  of  the  rest  more  than  three 
hundred  were  slain  by  blows  from  sticks  and  stones, 
but  not  one  by  the  sword. 

XX.  This  is  said  to  have  been  the  first  sedition  at 
Rome,  since  the  abolition  of  royal  power,  to  end  in 
bloodshed  and  the  death  of  citizens;  the  rest,  though 
neither  trifling  nor  raised  for  trifling  objects,  were 
settled  by  mutual  concessions,  the  nobles  yielding 
from  fear  of  the  multitude,  and  the  people  out  of 
respect  for  the  senate.  And  it  was  thought  that  even 

191 


PLUTARCH'S   LIVES 


ryopr)0el<;  6  Ttftepios,  eTt,  Be  paov  el%ai  Bi^a  (f>6vov 

2  Kal    Tpav^aTwv    eTriovcriv     ov     <yap     7rXeioi>e?     77 

Tpio")(i\ioi   Trepl  avrbv  rjaav.     a\\    eoifcev   opyfj 

TCOV    TT\OV<jiu>V    Kal    /JLLCT61    7T\eOV    >}    &l      a?    €CT/C?/7r- 

TOVTO  Trodcreis  r  crvcnacris  eV  avrov 


/ecu  TOVTOV  /neya  re/c/jujpiov  w/uw?  real 


o  veicpos.    ov  'yap  eTrerpe^av  avekeaOai   834 
TO  crcoyua  TM  d8e\(j)(0  Beouevw  KOL  Od-fy 
d\\d   yLtera   rwv    a\\a>i'  veKpwv  et?   TOV 

v.  fcal  TOVTO  Trepan  ovx  rjv,  d\\a  Kal  TWV 
aurov  TOL/9  fJiev  e^efcjjpvrrov  a/cptrou?,  TOU? 
Be  crvX\.a/jL/3dvovT€<;  d-jreKTLvvvcrav'  ev  ol?  teal 
o  ptJTCop  aTrcoXeTO.  Ydiov  Be  rtva 
et?  dyyelov  Ka6eip%avres  Kal 
\OVT€<;  e^t'Sfa?  /cal  BpaKOVTas  ovrw 
o  Be  Kuyaato?  BXocrcrio?  dvrj^Or)  fjiev  eVl  rou? 
L»7raTou9,  epcoTco/jievos  Be  Trepl  TWV  ^eyovoTwv 
GD/jiO\6<yei  TreTTOiriKevai  nrdvra  Tiftepiov  /ce\evovros. 
4  etVo^ro?  Be  TOV  Nacr</ca  TTyOo?  avrov,  "  Ti  ovv,  el 
ere  Tifiepto?  eiceXevcrev  euTrprjcrai  TO  Ka7reTa>)uoi>;  ' 
TO  f^ev  Trpayrov  dvreXeyev  a>?  OVK  av  rovro  TV/3e- 
piov  Ke\evcravTos'  TroXXaVt?  Be  Kal  TTO\\WI>  TO 
auTO  TrvvOavofjievtoVy  "  'AXX*  CKCLVOV  ye  Trpoardcr- 
<roz'TO?,"  etyr),  "  Kafjiol  TOVTO  irpd^ai  KO\MS  el%€v 
ov  yap  av  Tifiepios  TOVTO  7rpoo~eTa%ev,  el  fir)  TU> 
Bi]fj,r*>  avvetpepev."  OVTOS  jmev  ovv  Bia(f)v>ya)v  ucrre- 


192 


TIBERIUS  GRACCHUS,  xx.  r-4 

on    this   occasion    Tiberius    would    have    given   way 
without  difficulty  had    persuasion  been   brought  to 
bear  upon  him,  and  would  have  yielded  still  more 
easily  if  his  assailants  had  not  resorted  to  wounds 
and    bloodshed ;    for    his   adherents    numbered    not 
more  than   three  thousand.     But   the    combination 
against  him   would  seem  to   have  arisen   from    the 
hatred  and  anger  of  the  rich  rather  than  from  the 
pretexts  which  they  alleged ;    and  there   is  strong 
proof  of  this  in  their  lawless  and  savage  treatment  of 
his  dead  body.     For  they  would  not  listen  to   his 
brother's  request  that  he  might  take  up  the  body 
and  bury  it  by  night,  but  threw  it  into  the  river 
along  with  the  other  dead.     Nor  was  this  all ;    they 
banished    some    of  his   friends   without  a  trial    and 
others   they   arrested    and    put   to    death.      Among 
these  Diophanes  the  rhetorician  also   perished.     A 
certain  Caius  Villius  they  shut  up  in  a  cage,  and  then 
put  in  vipers  and  serpents,  and  in  this  way  killed  him. 
Blossius  of  Cumae  was  brought  before  the  consuls, 
and  when  he  was  asked  about  what  had  passed,  he 
admitted  that  he  had  done  everything  at  the  bidding 
of  Tiberius.     Then  Nasica  said  to  him,  "  What,  then, 
if  Tiberius  had  ordered  thee  to  set  fire  to  the  Capitol?  " 
Blossius  at  first  replied  that  Tiberius  would  not  have 
given  such  an  order  ;  but  when  the  same  question 
was  put  to  him  often  and  by  many  persons,  he  said : 
"  If  such  a  man  as  Tiberius  had  ordered  such  a  thing, 
it  would  also  have  been  right  for  me  to  do  it ;  for 
Tiberius  would  not  have  given  such  an  order  if  it  had 
not  been  for  the  interest  of  the  people."  l  Well,  then, 
Blossius    was    acquitted,    and    afterwards    went    to 

1  For  the  story  of  Blossius,  cf.   Cicero,  De  am,   11.   37; 
Valerius  Maximus,  iv.  7.  1. 

193 


PLUTARCH'S   LIVES 

pov  torero  7rpo9  'ApiaroviKOv  et?  ^Kaiav,  KOL  TWV 
eiceivov  Trpay^drwv  Sia(f)0apevTtt>v  eavTov  dvel\ev. 
XXI.  'H  Be  /3ofXr;  OepaTreuovcra  TOV  STJ/AOV  etc 
TrapovTwv  ovre  TT/JO?  TTJV  Siavo/jirjv  en  TT}? 
-tjvavnovTo,  KCLI  avrl  TOV  Tiftepiov  Trpou- 
Orj/ce  rot?  7roXXo?9  opLcrrrjv  e\€a~0ai.  \ajSovTe<s 
&€  ra<?  'fyrjfyovs  ei'Xovro  TlorrXiov  ^paaaov,  oltcelov 
QWTCL  rpdy^fo"  Ovydr^p  yap  avrov  KiKivvia  Vaiw 
Y payday  awco/cei.  Kairoi  NeVco?  6  }Lopvij/Xi6<i 
(f)Tjo-iv  ov  K.pd<T(Tov,  B/jouTou  8e  TOV  dpia/ji/Sev- 
cravTQS  diro  KvcriTavwv  OvyaTepa  yr^jiai  Ydiov 
d\\a  ol  TrXet'ou?  co?  TJ/JLCLS  ypa^o/.iev  icrTopovcnv. 
eVet  8e  ^aXeTrw?  [JLCV  o  STJ/JLOS  el%e  TM 
TOV  Ttfieptov  Kai  (pavepbs  r/v  a^vv 
Kdipov,  ij&ij  &e  KOI  Bi/cac  TU)  Nacri/ca  rrpoave- 

,  BeLcracra  irepl  TOV  dvSpos  rj  /Bov\^ 
/j.r/$ev    Beo/jievr)   Tr&^Tceiv   CLVTOV    els  ' 

3  ov   yap    aTretcpviTTOVTO   KCLTO,  ra9    aTravT^crei^   ol 
avOpwTTOi  Trfv  &v(T/j.ei>€tav,  aXX'  e^yptaivomo  KCU 
KaT€/36a>v  orrov  TrpocTTv^oiev,  evayri  KOI  Tvpavvov 
Kai  /jLe/AiayfcoTa  <$)ov(p  crfo/uaro?  davXov  KOL  tepov 
TO    ayi(i)Ta,Tov    KOL    (ppiKCtiBea-TaTOV   ei> 

lepoyv   aTTOKakovvTes.      OVTW    /nev 
'JraTua?  6  Nacrt/ca?,  tcaiTrep  evBeSe/nevos 
iepovpytais"    ijv   yap    6    yuey^crro? 
iepewv.     e^a>   Be  u\vwv  KCU 
ov  yuera  TTO\VV  %povo 

4  Trepl  TLepya/j,ov.     ov  Bel  Se  6avfjL,d^eiv  el 

194 


TIBERIUS  GRACCHUS,  xx.  4-xxi.  4 

Anstonicus1  in  Asia,  and  when  the  cause  of  Aristo- 
nicus  was  lost,  slew  himself. 

XXI.  But  the  senate,  trying  to  conciliate  the 
people  now  that  matters  had  gone  so  far,  no  longer 
opposed  the  distribution  of  the  public  land,  and 
proposed  that  the  people  should  elect  a  commissioner 
in  place  of  Tiberius.  So  they  took  a  ballot  and 
elected  Publius  Crassus,  who  was  a  relative  of 
Gracchus  ;  for  his  daughter  Licinia  was  the  wife  of 
Caius  Gracchus.  And  yet  Cornelius  Nepos 2  says 
that  it  was  not  the  daughter  of  Crassus,  but  of  the 
Brutus  who  triumphed  over  the  Lusitanians,  whom 
Caius  married ;  the  majority  of  writers,  however, 
state  the  matter  as  I  have  done.  Moreover,  since  the 
people  felt  bitterly  over  the  death  of  Tiberius  and 
were  clearly  awaiting  an  opportunity  for  revenge, 
and  since  Nasica  was  already  threatened  with  prose- 
cutions, the  senate,  fearing  for  his  safety,  voted  to 
send  him  to  Asia,  although  it  had  no  need  of  him 
there.  For  when  people  met  Nasica,  they  did  not 
try  to  hide  their  hatred  of  him,  but  grew  savage  and 
cried  out  upon  him  wherever  he  chanced  to  be,  calling 
him  an  accursed  man  and  a  tyrant,  who  had  defiled 
with  the  murder  of  an  inviolable  and  sacred  person  the 
holiest  and  most  awe-inspiring  of  the  city's  sanctu- 
aries. And  so  Nasica  stealthily  left  Italy,  although  he 
was  bound  there  by  the  most  important  and  sacred 
functions  ;  for  he  was  pontifex  maximus.  He  roamed 
and  wandered  about  in  foreign  lands  ignominiouslv. 

fj  CJ  *     - 

and  after  a  short  time  ended  his  life  at  Pergamum. 
Now,  it  is  no  wonder  that  the  people  so  much  hated 

1  The  pretender  to  the  throne  of  Attains  Philometor  (xiv.  1). 
He  was  defeated  and  taken  prisoner  by  the  Romans  in  130  B.o. 

2  In  a  lost  biography. 

195 


PLUTARCH'S   LIVES 

OUTft)?    6     Sij/JLOS,    07TOV    KOL    ^KrjTTiWV    6 

os,  ov  BoKovai  'Pco/j-aloL  /nrjSeva  SiKat,6- 
repov  fj-i^Se  fjLO\\ov  dyaTTtjcrai,  Trapd  /JUKpov  t}\0ev 
efCTrecrelv  KOL  arepecrOai.  T/}?  TT/^O?  rov  S))/JLOV  eu- 
i/ot'a?,  ort  TTpcorov  fjiev  ev  No^a^rta  rr;^  T€\€VTrjv 
rov  Tifiepiov  TTV&  '6/Lte^o?  uvefyatvrjcrev  etc 


a>?  U7r6\oiro  KCU  aAAo?  o  Ti9  TOtavrd  ye  pe^ot, 


5  eVetra  TWV  Trepl  Tdlov  KOI  QovX/Biov  avrov  St* 
eV«-X?/cr/a?  Trvv6avo[Jiei'u>v  ri  typovoiri  Trepl  rr}? 
Ti/Bepiov  TeXefT/}9,  OUA:  dpea-KO/jievrjv  Tot?  uvr' 
exelvov  7reTro\iTcv}jLei>ots  drroKpia-iv  e&wKev.  etc 
TOVTOV  jap  6  {Jiev  Sr/yu,o9  avTeicpovcrev  aury  Xe- 
yovri,  yu^Se7T&>  TOVTO  7TO£>/cra?  Trporepov,  av-os 
Be  TOV  &r]/j.ov  elrrelv  Ara/ca)?  TrpOTfyOrj.  Trepl  p.ev 
TOVTWV  ev  Tft>  *2,Kr)7ri(Di>os  fiiw  ra  icaQ*  efcaara 


r. 


I.    Fai'o?    ^e    F/oay^o?    eV   dp^y    fiev    rj 


TOU?  €ov$  ?)       ovov  crvv<wv  e       avrovs 


ecrnj    re   r^?    dyopas    KCU    tcaO'   eavrov 

Sterpi/Sev,    w?    av    Ti?    ev    re    T&>    Trapovrt, 
a    Trpdrrwv  Kal  TO   \OLTTOV   OI/TW?   aTrpay- 
/Siwcro/xe^o?,    wcrre    Aral    \oyov    Ticrl     Ka@'   835 
aurov  Trapacr^etv  co?  &va"%epaivovTO<;  Kal 
2  (3\r)iJLGvov    rrjv    TOV    Tifiepiov    TroXtreta^. 


196 


TIBERIUS  GRACCHUS,  xxi.  4-5 

Nasica,  when  even  Scipio  Africanus,  than  whom  no  one 
would  seem  to  have  been  more  justly  or  more  deeply 
loved  by  the  Romans,  came  within  a  little  of  forfeiting 
and  losing  the  popular  favour  because,  to  begin  with, 
at  Numantia,  when  he  learned  of  the  death  of 
Tiberius,  he  recited  in  a  loud  voice  the  verse  of 
Homer1 :  — 

"  So  perish  also  all  others  who  on  such  wickedness 
venture," 

and  because,  in  the  second  place,  when  Caius  and 
Fulvius  asked  him  in  an  assembly  of  the  people 
what  he  thought  about  the  death  of  Tiberius, 
he  made  a  reply  which  showed  his  dislike  of  the 
measures  advocated  by  him.  Consequently  the 
people  began  to  interrupt  him  as  he  was  speaking, 
a  thing  which  they  had  never  done  beforehand  Scipio 
himself  was  thereby  led  on  to  abuse  the  people.  Of 
these  matters  I  have  written  circumstantially  in  my 
Life  of  Scipio.2 


CAIUS  GRACCHUS 

I.  Caius  Gracchus,  at  first,  either  because  he 
feared  his  enemies,  or  because  he  wished  to  bring 
odium  upon  them,  withdrew  from  the  forum  and 
lived  quietly  by  himself,  like  one  who  was  humbled 
for  the  present  and  for  the  future  intended  to  live 
the  same  inactive  life,  so  that  some  were  actually 
led  to  denounce  him  for  disliking  and  repudiating 
his  brother's  political  measures.  And  he  was  also 

1  Odyssey,  L  47  (Athena,  of  Aegisthus). 
8  One  of  the  lost  biographies. 

197 


V 


PLUTARCH'S   LIVES 


fjLeiparciov  IT  av~  a^  acnw    evvea  yap 

Ta£e\(f)ov  KaO'  rjXiKLav,  etceivos  Be  OVTTW 
rpidfcovra  yeyovoos  drreOavev.  errel  Be  irpolovTos 
TOV  xpovov  TOV  re  Tporrov  rjO'V'^rj  Biefiaivev  dpyias 
Kal  /u,aXa/aa?  KCLL  TTOTWV  KOI  ^pt]/jLaTio-fj.MV  d\\6- 
rpiov  ovra,  KCLL  TOV  \oyov  &<nrep 
Ka.TacrKeva'Cop.ei'O'S  eVt  T^V  iro\.LTeiav 
3  OVK  rjoe/j-ijcrcov,  £iKr)v  re  TIVI  TMV  <$>i\a)V  tyevyovri 
Berrtw  avveiTToov,  TOV  8/;/xou  avvevOovcrLayvTos  v(f) 
Kal  /3aK)(6vovTOS  Trepl  avTov,  arre 


ei?  (j)6/3ov  av6i$  01  Svvarol  KaOiaTavTO,  Kal  vroXi"; 
rjv  ev  aurot?  ^0709  co?  OVK  edcrovo~Lv  eVl  ori/iap- 
jfiav  TOV  Tdlov  rrpoe\6elv. 

4  ^.vvTvy^dvei  Be  aTrb  TavTOfJiaTOV  \a-%eli>  avTov 
et?  2ap8a)  ra/jiLav  ^Opecrrr}  TO)  vTrdry   Kal  TOVTO 
TO??    fj.ev    e^Opols    KaO*    fjSovrjv    eyeyoveL,   TOV    £e 
Td'iov  OVK  eXvTrrjcrev.      are  yap  wv  rro\e/j.iKO^  Kal 
^f.lpov  ov£ev  TT/OO?  cTTpare/a?  rjcrKri{j.€i>os  rj  St'/ca?, 

€TL  B€  TTjV  7TO\lT€LaV  KaL  TO  /3r/[J.a  (fcplTTWV,  aVT€- 
'XjE.LV  Be  Ka\OVVTL  TU>  Bl'][J.U>  Kal  TOi?  <£>L\OIS  0V 

BvvdfjLevos,    TravTaTcacri     TIJV     drroBri/jLLav    eKeiut^v 

5  rjydrrrjo-e.      Ka'iTOi    KpaTel     to^a     7ro\\r}     TOVTOV 
axparov  yeveaOai  Bijaayooyov,  Kal  rro\v  TOV  Tt- 
fiepiov   \auTrpoTepov   77/209   Trjv    drrb    TMV   cf)(\wv 
Bo^av.      OVK  e-^ei  Be  OVTW   TO  d\rj9es'   dXX?  eoiKev 
UTT'    dvdyKTjs  nvos  /j.d\\ov  OVTOS  r]  Trpoaipecreajs 

6  e/j-Trecreiv  els  TI/V  7ro\iT€Lav.     la-opel  Be  Kal  Ki^e- 
pwv  6  pi]T(jL>p  &)?  apa  (frevyovTL  Trdcrav  dp^r/v   TW 
Yatw    Kal   fj.eO^    r](TV^ia^   ypr}/jLtvw    "Cr]V   o 

6'vap     <$>ave\s     Kal     Trpocrayopevaas,    "  Ti 


198 


CAIUS  GRACCHUS,  i.  2-6 

quite  a  stripling,  for  he  was  nine  years  younger  than 
his  brother,  and  Tiberius  was  not  yet  thirty  when  he 
died.  But  as  time  went  on  he  gradually  showed  a 
disposition  that  was  averse  to  idleness,  effeminacy, 
wine-bibbing,  and  money-making ;  and  by  preparing 
his  oratory  to  waft  him  as  on  swift  pinions  to  public 
life,  he  made  it  clear  that  he  was  not  going  to 
remain  quiet;  and  in  defending  Vettius,  a  friend  of 
his  who  was  under  prosecution,  he  had  the  people 
about  him  inspired  and  frantic  with  sympathetic 
delight,  and  made  the  other  orators  appear  to  be  no 
better  than  children.  Once  more,  therefore,  the 
nobles  began  to  be  alarmed,  and  there  was  much 
talk  among  them  about  not  permitting  Caius  to  be 
made  tribune. 

By  accident,  however,  it  happened  that  the  lot  fell 
on  him  to  go  to  Sardinia  as  quaestor  for  Orestes  the 
consul.1  This  gave  pleasure  to  his  enemies,  and  did 
not  annoy  Caius.  For  he  was  fond  of  war,  and  quite 
as  well  trained  for  military  service  as  for  pleading  in 
the  courts.  Moreover,  he  still  shrank  from  public 
life  and  the  rostra,  but  was  unable  to  resist  the  calls 
to  this  career  which  came  from  the  people  and  his 
friends.  He  was  therefore  altogether  satisfied  with 
this  opportunity  of  leaving  the  city.  And  yet  a  strong 
opinion  prevails  that  he  was  a  demagogue  pure  and 
simple,  and  far  more  eager  than  Tiberius  to  win  the 
favour  of  the  multitude.  But  this  is  not  the  truth  ; 
nay,  it  would  appear  that  he  was  led  by  a  certain 
necessity  rather  than  by  his  own  choice  to  engage  in 
public  matters.  And  Cicero  the  orator  also  relates2 
that  Caius  declined  all  office  and  had  chosen  to  live  a 
quiet  life,  but  that  his  brother  appeared  to  him  in  a 
dream  and  addressed  him,  saying  :  "  Why,  pray,  dost 

1  In  126  B.O.  *  De  div.  i.  26,  56. 

199 


PLUTARCH'S    UVKS 


"  rutV.    SpabvveiSi    orv   ^crrtz1   diro£pa<ri?, 

C  r' 


TOT     tjaoi1  TTo/Tci'o/icroK  ~c 
.    IVivufz'Os'    orr   o    l\mK    cV 

pt"T/}?   (i-^^ci^/Z1   e^i^OV,    ViT/    77O\l'  77<i' 


Tor  tFTpaTqybv  evvoiq  \~a]  ri/.uj, 
vat    \/T07?/T/   va<    (bt\o~oria  9r 

.     i<r)(ypov   $*    val    po< 


yct/iflvo?     fr       apoovi    yeroneroi1    \'a      TOI< 
T<i\   TruXt.s^  scrOffra   TDK 


oi'\f]S  rtjr 
Tor  (TTaT^oi1  aXX<wei>  aju>i€€tv  rot/? 


vat 


o  l\/toc  aurov?  (It/)'  eai'Ta"1!1  eiroirjGev  €<r0ffra 
TTt/ttvI'-a/  vat  ftor)Qfi<Tat  TO?S"  TPa>ftato*9,  Taf'ra 
Tra\ir  ti\-  'Pwprjv  airayy€\\ofjteva  vat  So/eovvra 


.    vat  Trpioroi'  ft€V  €K  A.i/3vi)<i  Trapa  M/vt'xf/-a 
TOI"    /8a<riX€o>9    rrptafSti'f    irapaycvofAGvov?,    vat 

s    UK    o 


v  ft-      a/oova  CTITOJ'  Ta 
roi-rt^  e^€/SaXov    t'TTtcra  boyfJM  Troioirrai  TOK 

Jt,   TOT 


vat  TOL> 

o  ^e  TorTa>r  arTa>  rr^ocr- 
frrrs  6^€7rX€UflT€  TT/JOS"  opy>']i',  vat 
Tra*  €\7riBas   ov  uoi-oi1  VTTO 


200 


CAIUS  GRACCHUS,  i.  6-n.  4 

thou  hesitate,  Caius  ?  There  is  no  escape  ;  one  life 
is  fated  for  us  both,  and  one  death  as  champions  of 
the  people." 

II.  After  reaching  Sardinia,  then,  Caius  gave  proof 
of  every  excellence,  and  far  surpassed  all  the  other 
young  men  in  conflicts  with  the  enemy,  in  just 
dealings  with  the  subject  peoples,  and  in  the  good 
will  and  respect  which  he  showed  towards  his 
commander,  while  in  self-restraint,  frugality,  and 
industry,  he  excelled  even  his  elders.  The  winter  in 
Sardinia  proved  to  be  rigorous  and  unhealthy,  and 
the  Roman  commander  made  a  requisition  upon  the 
cities  of  clothing  for  his  soldiers,  whereupon  the  cities 
sent  to  Rome  and  begged  to  be  relieved  from  the 
exaction.  The  senate  granted  their  petition  and 
ordered  the  commander  to  get  clothing  for  his  soldiers 
in  some  other  way.  The  commander  was  at  a  loss 
what  to  do,  and  the  soldiers  were  suffering ;  so  Caius 
made  a  circuit  of  the  cities  and  induced  them  of  their 
own  free  will  to  send  clothing  and  other  assistance  to 
the  Romans.  This  was  reported  to  Rome,  where  it 
was  thought  to  be  a  prelude  to  a  struggle  for  popular 
favour,  and  gave  fresh  concern  to  the  senate.  So,  to 
begin  with,  when  ambassadors  of  King  Micipsa  came 
from  Africa,  and  announced  that  out  of  regard  for 
Caius  Gracchus  the  king  had  sent  grain  to  the  Roman 
commander  in  Sardinia,  the  senators  were  displeased 
and  turned  them  away.  In  the  second  place,  they 
passed  a  decree  that  fresh  troops  should  be  sent  to 
relieve  the  soldiers  in  Sardinia,  but  that  Orestes 
should  remain,  with  the  idea  that  Caius  also  would 
remain  with  him  by  virtue  of  his  office.  But  Caius, 
when  this  came  to  his  ears,  straightway  sailed  off  in 
a  passion,  and  his  unexpected  appearance  in  Rome 

201 


PLUTARCH'S  LIVES 

ctLTtav  el%ev,   d\\a  Kal  rot?  TroXXoi?   dXXoKorov 

TO  Td/LLLaV  Ol'Td  TTpOaTTOUTTJVaL  TOV  dp^OVTO^. 

ov  IJLTJV  d\\a  Karrjyopias  avTw  yevofJLevi^  eVt  Ttoi> 

o{/ro) 


dire\6eiv  rj 
5  rd  f^eyicrra   So^a?.     ecrrpaTeva-0ai    fjiev  yap  e< 

err),  TWV  a\\wv  Be/ca  o-Tparevo^evcov  ev  83  G 
wv    Be 


e    rw    arpaTJjju)    7rapafj,e- 
pieriav,  TOV  vo^ov  y^er'  eviavrov  errav- 
Se    TCOV  <TTpaTevcra/j.€vwv 


7r\rjpe<?  TO  fBakdvTiov  etcrei'^j/o^Q)?  icevov 
%ei'ai,  TOU?    Be   a'XXou?  ercTriovras   ov   elcn']i>eyKav 
dpyvpiov  Kal  ^pvcriov  juecrTovs  Bevpo  TOU? 


III.   'E«:  TOUTOU  iraKw  aXXa?  ottVia?  avTW  KOI 
eTrrjyov  &)?  TOU?   avfj-^d^ov^  d^iardvn  Kal 
T}?  Trepl   <3>peyeX\av   ev8ei%0eL<ri]$ 
Las.     o  Be  TTCKTCLV  vTrotyiav  d7ro\v(rd/j.evo$ 
l  </>az'el?  Ka0apb<?  evOvs  eVt 
rwv    JJLZV    yvtopificw     dvBpa)i>    6 

irpos    avTov,    o^Xou    Be    roaovrov 
et?    TTJV    iro\iv    etc    T?}?  'iTaTu'a?    Kal 


\i7relv,   TOV   Be   TreBiov   prj   Bef;a/j,evov   TO   77X7)^0? 

aTTO  TW^  Teywv  Kal  TWI>  KepdfjLwv  Ta?  fywvds  o-vvrj- 

2  ^etz'.      TOGOVTOV  B1  ovv  e^eftidcravTO   TOV  ^r)fj.ov  ol 

BvvaTol  Kal  r>}9  e\7r/6o?  ToO  Patov  Ka0el\ov,  ocrov 


CAIUS  GRACCHUS,  n.  4-111.  2 

not  only  was  censured  by  his  enemies,  but  also  made 
the  people  think  it  strange  that  he,  quaestor  as  he 
was,  had  left  his  post  before  his  commander. 
However,  when  he  was  denounced  before  the  censors, 
he  begged  leave  to  speak,  and  wrought  such  a  change 
in  the  opinions  of  his  hearers  that  he  left  the  court 
with  the  reputation  of  having  been  most  grossly 
wronged.  For  he  said  that  he  had  served  in  the 
army  twelve  years,  although  other  men  were  required 
to  serve  there  only  ten,  and  that  he  had  continued  to 
serve  as  quaestor  under  his  commander  for  more  than 
two  years,  although  the  law  permitted  him  to  come 
back  after  a  year.  He  was  the  only  man  in  the  army, 
he  said,  who  had  entered  the  campaign  with  a  full 
purse  and  left  it  with  an  empty  one  ;  the  rest  had 
drunk  up  the  wine  which  they  took  into  Sardinia, 
and  had  come  back  to  Rome  with  their  wine-jars  full 
of  gold  and  silver. 

III.  After  this,  other  fresh  charges  and  indictments 
were  brought  against  him,  on  the  ground  that  he  had 
caused  the  allies  to  revolt  and  had  been  privy  to  the 
conspiracy  at  Fregellae,1  information  of  which  was 
brought  to  Rome.  But  he  cleared  himself  of  all 
suspicion,  and  having  established  his  entire  innocence, 
immediately  began  a  canvass  for  the  tribuneship.  All 
the  men  of  note,  without  exception,  were  opposed  to 
him,  but  so  great  a  throng  poured  into  the  city  from 
the  country  and  took  part  in  the  elections  that  many 
could  not  be  housed,  and  since  the  Campus  Martius 
could  not  accommodate  the  multitude,  they  gave  in 
their  voices  from  the  house-tops  and  tilings.  So  far, 
however,  did  the  nobility  prevail  against  the  people 
and  disappoint  the  hopes  of  Caius  that  he  was  not 

1  Fregellae  revolted,  and  was  destroyed  in  125  B.C. 

203 


PLUTARCH'S   LIVES 


to?  Trpoo'eBoKijo'e,  TrpwTOv,  d\\a  reraprov 
dvayopeuOtjvai.  Trapa\a/3wv  Be  TTJV  ap^v  eudvs 
rjv  uTrdvTwv  TT/QWTO?,  la")(va)V  re  ra>  \eyeiv,  o>? 
aAAo?  ovBeis,  KOI  TOV  rrd&ovs  avTu>  irapprja-Lav 


3  evravda  yap  e^  aTracr?;?  vr/joc^ao-ew?  Trepirjye  TOV 
avaiJiL^vi}(JK,wv  TWV  yeyovoTwv  KOL  TrapaTi- 
TO,  ro)i>  jrpoyoi'wv,  co?  etcelvoL   JJLZV   KOI 
€7ro\€/jLr]a-av  vrrep  Tevviciov  T/I/O?   Brjj 

,  real  Yatov  ISeroviov  Odvarov  KCLT€- 


,  OTL      t]/iipxM  Tropevo/jievM    t      yop?  ou)( 

/  ,,  *rf\       «  p-  \          '        i  » 

fj,ovo<?'  \IJLMV     be     opwvTwv, 

Tiftepiov  £uXo£?  orvveKOTTTOV  oi)TOLtKol  Sia 

TroXeco?  ecrvpero  veKpos  €K  KaTrercoXtoi;  pi(j)rj- 

4    (TOyLte^O?    6/5    TOJ>  TTOTafJiOV      OL   Be    d\i(TKOIJLei'OL  TOIV 

0vr}GKov  ciKpiTOi.     KaiToi  rraTpiov  ecrnv 
el  Ti?  £XWI>  ^'LKrlv  OavaTiKi-jV  /J.TJ  vTratcovei, 


TOVTOV  Trpo?  ra?  Ovpas  ewOev  e 
dvaKa\el(j9ai  rf)  crd\7TLyyi,  KOI  /JLTJ  rrpoTepov  em- 
ov  avru)  rou?  SiKaard^.      OI/TO>?  ev\a- 
l  7T€(f)v\ay/j,evoi  Trepl  ra?  Kpi(rei^  rjcrav." 
IV.  Toiourotv  Xoyoi?   TrpoavacreKTas  TOV 


/cat 


eV  TO)  \eyeiv},  Buo  i^o/xou?  elcre^epe,  TOV  yue/',  et 
dpXpVTOS  dcprjpfJTO  Tifv  dp^rjv  6  Brj^os,  ovx 
TOVTW  BevTepas  dp%rjs  [jieTovaiav  elvar 


204 


CAIUS  GRACCHUS,  in.  2-iv.  i 

returned  first,  as  he  expected,  but  fourth.  But  after 
entering  upon  his  office  ]  he  was  at  once  first  of  all 
the  tribunes,  since  he  had  an  incomparable  power  in 
oratory,  and  his  affliction  gave  him  great  boldness  of 
speech  in  bewailing  the  fate  of  his  brother.  For  to 
this  subject  he  would  bring  the  people  round  on 
every  pretext,  reminding  them  of  what  had  happened 
in  the  case  of  Tiberius,  and  contrasting  the  conduct 
of  their  ancestors,  who  went  to  war  with  the  people 
of  Falerii  on  behalf  of  Genucius,  a  tribune  whom  they 
had  insulted,  and  condemned  Caius  Veturius  to  death 
because  he  was  the  only  man  who  would  not  make 
way  for  a  tribune  passing  through  the  forum.  "But 
before  your  eyes,"  he  said,  "  these  men  beat  Tiberius 
to  death  with  clubs,  and  his  dead  body  was  dragged 
from  the  Capitol  through  the  midst  of  the  city  to  be 
thrown  into  the  Tiber;  moreover, those  of  his  friends 
who  were  caught  were  put  to  death  without  trial. 
And  yet  it  is  ancient  usage  among  us  that  if  anyone 
who  is  arraigned  on  a  capital  charge  does  not  answer 
to  his  summons,  a  trumpeter  shall  go  to  the  door  of 
this  man's  house  in  the  morning  and  summon  him 
forth  by  sound  of  trumpet,  and  until  this  has  been 
done  the  judges  shall  not  vote  on  his  case.  So 
careful  and  guarded  were  the  men  of  old  in  capital 


cases.' 


IV.  Having  first  stirred  up  the  people  with  such 
words  as  these  (and  he  had  a  very  loud  voice,  and 
was  most  vigorous  in  his  speaking),  he  introduced 
two  laws,  one  providing  that  if  the  people  had 
deprived  any  magistrate  of  his  office,  such  magistrate 
should  not  be  allowed  to  hold  office  a  second  time ; 

1  For  the  year  123  B.C.,  ten  years  after  Tiberius  had 
entered  upon  the  same  office. 

205 


PLUTARCH'S   LIVES 

Be,   ei   TIS   ap%u>v    ci/cpiTOv   €KK6Kr}pv^oi  7ro\irrjv, 
2  tear  avrov  BiBovTa  Kpicriv  TW  S^aw.     TOVTWV 
avTiKpvs  o  [JLev  Mdp/eov  'OfCTaftiov  rjTL 


VTTO  Ttfteplov  T>}?  8ijfJLap')(ias  e/crreaovTa, 


£'  evefyeTO  IToTT/XXio?'   OI>TO?  yap  arparrjya)^ 

TOV    TlSepiOV    <})L\OV$    €J;€K/1pVJ;6.       KOI 

fjiev  ov%  t/TTocTTa?  TIJV  KplaLV  €(j)Vj€v  ej;  ' 
rov    Be    erepov    vo/Jiov    Fai'o?     auro? 
c^rycra?  r^  /jL^rpl   K.opvrj\ia    BerjOeicrr] 

3  TOI^  'QfCTafiiov.     KOL  o  Bfjfjbos  r)yda9r~i  KOL 

pr](T6,  ri/jiwv  r^v  KopvrjXlav  ov&ev  ifrrov  CLTTO  TCOV 
iraiScov  i}  TOV  rraTpos,  ^9  ye  real  ^O\K>}V  el/cova 
(TTijcras  vcrTepov  eTreypatye  Jt£.opvr)\lav  fiijTepa 
rpdy%cov.  enroll  fjLOvev€.Tai  &£  Ka^  Tov  Taiov  TTO\- 
\a  prfTopiKM^  KOL  ayopaicos  virep  avTrjs  elp^/j-eva 
?rpo9  Tiva  TWV  e%0pwv  "  ^v  ydp"  €<prj,  "  Kopi'rj- 

4  \iav  XofSo/?eZ?  TTJV  Tifiepioi'  TeKovaav"   eVel   ^6 
Bia/3€/3\'Ji/:i€vos    rjv    ei?    /j,a\a,Kiav    6 

f*  TLva  6e,"    elrrev,   "  e^wv  Trapprja-iav 


La  aeavTov;  e're/ee?  yap  w?  erceivy];  rea 
icracri  rPa)j,aioi  TT\€L(O       ovov  €K€Lvrv  air 


>P>\  T  *\\tfO.)5  /  \p 

avopos  ovcrav  r/  ere  TOV  avopa.  TOICLVTIJ  fiev  rj 
TTLKpia  T0)v  \o-ywv  TJV  avrou,  KOI  TroXXa  \afieiv 
etc  T0)v  yeypafJb/jLevwv  eaTiv  6/noLa. 

V.   Twv  Be  vo/Jifov  ot»9  ela-efape  T&  B^JLLM  %api£6-   837 
fievos    /cal    rca,Ta\vu>v    TTJV   (Tvy/cXijTov,   6    fjiev  TJV 
Kk^pov^iKO^  dvave/jiwv1  rot?  Trevrjcn  rrjv  Brj/aocriav, 
6    Be    cTTpaTKOTLfcos  ecrdrJTa   re   Ke\evcov 


1  avai'f/j.c>}v  Coraes  and  Bekkor,  after  Du  Soul,  for  the  MSS. 
a.fj.0.  vfijuav.  Ziegler  adopts  Siavtuav,  proposed  by  Sint.2and 
Cobet. 

206 


CAIUS  GRACCHUS,  iv.  i  -v    i 

arid  another  providing  that  if  any  magistrate  had 
banished  a  citizen  without  trial,  such  magistrate 
should  be  liable  to  public  prosecution.  Of  these  laws, 
one  had  the  direct  effect  of  branding  with  infamy 
Marcus  Octavius,  who  had  been  deposed  from  the 
tribunate  by  Tiberius  ;  and  by  the  other  Popillius 
was  affected,  for  as  praetor  he  had  banished  the 
friends  of  Tiberius.  Popillius,  indeed,  without 
standing  his  trial,  fled  out  of  Italy  ;  but  the  other  law 
was  withdrawn  by  Caius  himself,  who  said  that  he 
spared  Octavius  at  the  request  of  his  mother  Cornelia. 
The  people  were  pleased  at  this  and  gave  then- 
consent,  honouring  Cornelia  no  less  on  account  of  her 
sons  than  because  of  her  father ;  indeed,  in  after 
times  they  erected  a  bronze  statue  of  her,  bearing 
the  inscription:  "Cornelia,  Mother  of  the  Gracchi." 
There  are  on  record  also  many  things  which  Caius  said 
about  her  in  the  coarse  style  of  forensic  speech,  when 
he  was  attacking  one  of  his  enemies:  "  What,"  said 
he,  "dost  thou  abuse  Cornelia,  who  gave  birth  to 
Tiberius  ?  "  And  since  the  one  who  had  uttered  the 
abuse  was  charged  with  effeminate  practices,  "  With 
what  effrontery,"  said  Caius,  "canst  thou  compare 
thyself  with  Cornelia  ?  Hast  thou  borne  such  children 
as  she  did  ?  And  verily  all  Rome  knows  that  she 
refrained  from  commerce  with  men  longer  than  thou 
hast,  though  thou  art  a  man."  Such  was  the  bitter- 
ness of  his  language,  and  many  similar  examples  can 
be  taken  from  his  writings. 

V.  Of  the  laws  which  he  proposed  by  way  of 
gratifying  the  people  and  overthrowing  the  senate, 
one  was  agrarian,  and  divided  the  public  land  among 
the  poor  citizens  ;  another  was  military,  and  ordained 
that  clothing  should  be  furnished  to  the  soldiers  at 

207 


PLUTARCH'S    LIVES 

teal  /j,r}Bev  et?  rovro  T?;? 
v<patpei(T0ai  rwv  arparevofjiei'wv,  KOI  veu>repov 
erwv  errraKaiBeKa  yu./)  KaraXeyecrOai  crrpariwrrjv 
6  Be  av/jL/jia')^t,KO^  lao^n](^ov^  rroLwv  rot?  rro\irai$ 

2  rou?    'IraXiwra?.      6  Be  airi/cbs  eTTev&vi^wv  rot? 

ayopdv.     6  Be  BiKacrriKo1;,  w  TO 

e   T???    TCOV    av<yK\v)TiKwv 
jap  e/cpivov  ra?  Bi/cas,  /cal  Bia  rovro  <po/3epol 
rw  re  B/jfAM  teal  rot?  Imreixnv  r)crav,  o  Be  rpia- 
rwv  iTTTrewv    rrpoa Kare\e%ev  avrols  overt 
teal  ra?  icpicreis  KOIVCLS  rwv  QaKoalwv 

3  erroi>]cre.     rovrov  rov  VO/JLOV  elcrfyepwv  rd  re  a\\a 
\eyerai    o-TrovBduat    ^La^epovrw^,    real    rwv    rrpo 
avrov   rrdv-wv   Bij/Aaywywv  77730?    rr)V   (rvyK\r)Tov 
d<f)opcoi/rcov  Kal  TO  Ka\ov/JLevov  KOfJiinov,  TT/OWTO? 
Tore  cTT/oa^el?  e^a>  rrpos  rrjv  dyopdv  BrjfjLrjyopfjffai, 
/cal  TO  \OLTTOV  ovro)  rroielv  e£  etcewov,  fjutcpa  rrap- 
€y/c\Lcrei  teal  fteraOecrei   cr^^/zaTO?  /^eya  Trpdyjaa 
Kivr}(ja<$  /cal  /AereveyKcbv  rporrov  riva  rr)v  rro\ireiai> 
€K  T^}?  dpicrroKparias  et?  rrjv  By/jLOKpariav,  co?  rwi> 
rroXXcov  Beov,   ov  TJ}?  /SouXr}?,   (jro^d^eaOaL  TOL/? 
\eyovras. 

VI.  'Evrel  5e  ou  JJLOVOV  e'Be^aro  rov  VOJJLOV  rovrov 
6  Brjjjios,  d\\d  KciKeivti)  rovs  Kpivovras  €K  ra)i> 
Lmrewv  eBwKe  Kara\e£ai,  /jLovap^iKij  ns 
eyeyovei  irepl  avrov,  ware  Kal  r^v 


208 


CAIUS  GRACCHUS,  v.  i-vi.  i 

the  public  cost,  that  nothing  should  be  deducted 
from  their  pay  to  meet  this  charge,  and  that  no  one 
under  seventeen  should  be  enrolled  as  a  soldier ; 
another  concerned  the  allies,  and  gave  the  Italians 
equal  suffrage  rights  with  Roman  citizens  ;  another 
related  to  the  supplies  of  grain,  and  lowered  the 
market  price  to  the  poor ;  and  another  dealt  with  the 
appointment  of  judges.  This  last  law  most  of  all 
curtailed  the  power  of  the  senators  ;  for  they  alone 
could  serve  as  judges  in  criminal  cases,  and  this 
privilege  made  them  formidable  both  to  the  common 
people  and  to  the  equestrian  order.  The  law  of 
Gracchus,  however,  added  to  the  membership  of  the 
senate,  which  was  three  hundred,  three  hundred  men 
from  the  equestrian  order,  and  made  service  as  judges 
a  prerogative  of  the  whole  six  hundred.  In  his  efforts 
to  carry  this  law  Caius  is  said  to  have  shown 

mf 

remarkable  earnestness  in  many  ways,  and  especially 
in  this,  that  whereas  all  popular  orators  before  him 
had  turned  their  faces  towards  the  senate  and  that 
part  of  the  forum  called  the  "  comitium,"  he  now  set 
a  new  example  by  turning  towards  the  other  part  ot 
the  forum  as  he  harangued  the  people,  and  continued 
to  do  this  from  that  time  on,  thus  by  a  slight  deviation 
and  change  of  attitude  stirring  up  a  great  question, 
and  to  a  certain  extent  changing  the  constitution 
from  an  aristocratic  to  a  democratic  form  ;  for  his 
implication  was  that  speakers  ought  to  address 
themselves  to  the  people,  and  not  to  the  senate. 

VI.  The  people  not  only  adopted  this  law,  but 
also  entrusted  to  its  author  the  selection  of  the 
judges  who  were  to  come  from  the  equestrian  order, 
so  that  he  found  himself  invested  with  something 
like  monarchical  power,  and  even  the  senate 

209 


PLUTARCH'S    LIVES 


avrov.     <rvv€/3ov\eve 
Be    0,66    TI    TMV   e/ceivy    TrpeTrovTwv    elcnjyov/Aevos' 
2  olov  TJV  teal  TO  Trepl  TOV  airov  Boy/^a  fji€Tpt(orarov 


KOI  Ka\\LcrTov,  ov 


8'     eTreicre     Trjv    /3ov\}jv 
TOV   CTITOV   avaire/jL^raL    rat? 
TO  apyvpLov,  Kol  7rpo(T€7raLTidcra(T0ai  TOV 


/ca    aoprjTOv  TTOIOVVTCL  TIJV    p-^ijv  rot? 


co 


ev  rat? 


3  "Eypa-^re  Be  /cal  7ro\et?  diroLKiSas  €K7T€fji7r€<T0ai 
Kal  ra?  0801)5  Troielaflai  Kal  KaTacrKevd^to-Qai 
<TiTO/36\ia,  TOVTOLS  aTraai  7rpaTTO/j,€vois  avTov 


Kal  BLOtKijTrjv  e^LCTTa^,   Kal  TT/OO? 

a7TOT/3L'0/U€I'05  TWV  TOCTOVTCOV  Kal  Tllj\LKOl)TWV,  d\\d 

Kal  Oav/^aaTw  TLVL  Ta^ei  Kal  TTOVW  TMV 

ct>5  fiovov  eKacrTOV  e^epya^op-evos,   coo-re  Kal 

Trdvv   fJLicrovvTas    avTov    KOI    SeSoiKOTas    €KTT\IJT- 


Tea6ai  TO  Bid  irdvTwv  avvaifjiov  Kal 
4  01    Be    7ro\\ol    Kal    TIJV    o-^nv    avTrjv 

e'^prrjfjLevov  opwi'Tes    avTov  7r\r)0o<$    epyo\d/3a)v, 
Te~)(VLTO)V,    Trpea/BevTcov,    dp^ovTwv, 


Trdcriv 


l  TO  (re/jLvov  ev  TW  (f>L\,ctvdp(i)7rcp  Bia<pv\dTTwv, 
Kal  ve/jiwv  avTov  TO  dpfjiOTTOV  oltceltos  CKUO-TW, 
^a\€TTOv<f  aTreBeiKvve  (rvKofydinas  TOVS  (f)o/3epov 
avTov  f)  (fcopTiKOV  6Xco5  7;  (Biatov  d7TOKa\ovvTas. 
BeivoTepos  rjv  ev  rat5  o/ifXta£5  Kal  rat5 


210 


CAIUS  GRACCHUS,  vi.  1-4 

consented  to  follow  his  counsel.  But  when  he 
counselled  them,  it  was  always  in  support  of  measures 
befitting  their  body ;  as,  for  instance,  the  very 
equitable  and  honourable  decree  concerning  the 
grain  which  Fabius  the  pro-praetor  sent  to  the  city 
from  Spain.  Cains  induced  the  Senate  to  sell  the 
grain  and  send  the  money  back  to  the  cities  of 
Spain,  and  further,  to  censure  Fabius  for  making 
his  government  of  the  province  intolerably  burden- 
some to  its  inhabitants.  This  decree  brought 
Caius  great  reputation  as  well  as  popularity  in  the 
provinces. 

He  also  introduced  bills  for  sending  out  colonies, 
for  constructing  roads,  and  for  establishing  public 
granaries,  making  himself  director  and  manager  of 
all  these  undertakings,  and  showing  no  weariness  in 
the  execution  of  all  these  different  and  great  enter- 
prises;  nay,  he  actually  carried  out  each  one  of  them 
with  an  astonishing  speed  and  power  of  application, 
as  if  it  were  his  sole  business,  so  that  even  those  who 
greatly  hated  and  feared  him  were  struck  with 
amazement  at  the  powers  of  achievement  and 
accomplishment  which  marked  all  that  he  did.  And 
as  for  the  multitude,  they  were  astonished  at  the 
very  sight,  when  they  beheld  him  closely  attended 
by  a  throng  of  contractors,  artificers,  ambassadors, 
magistrates,  soldiers,  and  literary  men,  with  all  of 
whom  he  was  on  easy  terms,  preserving  his  dignity 
while  showing  kindliness,  and  rendering  properly  to 
every  man  the  courtesy  which  was  due  from  him, 
whereby  he  set  in  the  light  of  malignant  slanderers 
those  who  stigmatised  him  as  threatening  or  utterly 
arrogant  or  violent.  Thus  he  was  a  more  skilful 
popular  leader  in  his  private  intercourse  with  men 

211 


PLUTARCH'S   LIVES 

rrpd^eaiv  rj  TO??   drro  rov  /?>;/xaro5  \6yois 
70)709. 

VII.  'EcrTrouSacre  Be  f^dXiara  rreplr^i' 
Te  ^peta?  a//,a  /cat  rov  rrpos  %dpiv  KCU 


evQelai  yap  ijyovro  Bid  TWV 
teal  TO  jj,ev  eaTopwro  Trerpa  ^effrfj,  TO 
Se  a/jifjiov  ^coyLiacrt   vaKTtjs    eTTUKi'ovro.     7n/u,7rXa- 
fjievwv  Be  TMV  KOI\WV  fcai    ^evyvv^evwv  <y€<pvpai<j 
ocra  x€i/jLappoi  &I€KOTTTOV  1}  (f>  a  pay  yes,  u^fros  re  TWV 
eKarepwOev  laov  /cal  7rapd\\T]\ov  \af.i(3avovTa)V, 
6fjLa\rjv  KOI  Ka\i]v  o^nv  el%e  Si    o\ov  TO  epyov.    838 
2  7T/30?   Be  TouTOi?   Sia/jLeTpijaas    Kara  /JLL\IOV   oSbi> 
(TO  Be  JJLI\IOV  OKTCO  araBlai/  oXiyov  diroBel} 
\t@ivov<s  a-i^ela   rou  /jierpov 
Be   \L0ov$   eXarrov   a7re%oi' 
0ei'  T^}?  6Bov  Si&Qrjteev,  &>?  eli]     aSiws  Tot? 
ej(ovcnv  eTTiftaLveiV  air*  avrwi> 


VIII.  'ETrt  TOVTOIS  rov  BTJ/JLOV 
avrov  teal  rrav  onovv  eTot/i&)9  e^oz^TO?  evBeiKvvaflai 
rrpos  evvoLav,  e<f)r)  rrore  Bij/jirjyopwv  avros  alr/jaeiv 
^dpiv,  fjv  \a/3(*jv  /jLev  dvrl  rravros  e£eii>,  el  Be 
drroTi>)(OL,  [j,r)Bev  €K€ivoi<>  ^n,^ri^oLf>r]<je.iv.  rovro 
pi]6ev  e'Bo^ev  air^ai^  VTrareias  elvai,  KOI  rrpoa- 
BoKiav  rracriv  a>?  ci/jia  fjiev  vTrareiav,  d^a  Be 
2  8rjfj,ap')(iav  /jierioov  rrapea-^ev.  evcrrdvrwv  Be  rwv 
dp^aipecricoi'  KO.I  fierectjpw  ovrwv  dirdv- 
Tdlov  Qdvviov  /cardyayv  et?  TO  ireBLov 


212 


CAIUS  GRACCHUS,  vi.  4-vm.  2 

and  in  his  business  transactions  than  in  his  speeches 
from  the  rostra. 

VII.  But  he  busied  himself  most  earnestly  with 
the  construction  of  roads,  laying  stress  upon  utility, 
as  well  as   upon  that  which  conduced  to  grace  and 
beauty.     For  his  roads  were  carried  straight  through 
the  country  without  deviation,  and  had  pavements  of 
quarried  stone,  and  substructures  of   tight-rammed 
masses  of  sand.  Depressions  were  filled  up,  all  inter- 
secting torrents  or  ravines  were  bridged    over,  and 
both  sides  of  the  roads  were  of  equal  and  correspond- 
ing height,  so   that  the  work  had    everywhere   an 
even  and  beautiful  appearance.     In  addition  to  all  this, 
he  measured  off  every  road  by  miles  (the  Roman  mile 
falls   a  little  short  of    eight  furlongs)    and  planted 
stone  pillars  in  the  ground  to  mark  the  distances. 
Other   stones,    too,    he    placed    at  smaller  intervals 
from  one  another  on  both  sides  of  the  road,  in  order 
that  equestrians  might  be  able  to  mount  their  horses 
from  them  and  have  no  need  of  assistance. 

VIII.  Since  the  people  extolled  him  for  all  these 
services  and  were  ready  to  show  him  any  token  what- 
soever of  their  good  will,  he  said  to  them  once  in  a 
public  harangue  that  he  was  going  to  ask  a  favour  of 
them,  which,  if  granted,  he  should  value  supremely, 
but  if  it  were  refused,  he  should  find  no  fault  with 
them.     This  utterance  was  thought  to  be  a  request 
for  a  consulship,  and  led  everybody  to  expect  that  he 
would  sue  for  a  consulship  and  a  tribuneship  at  the 
same  time.     But  when  the  consular  elections  were  at 
hand  and  everybody  was  on  the  tip-toe  of  expecta 
tion,  he  was  seen  leading  Caius  Fannius  down  into 
the  Campus  Martius  and  joining  in   the  canvass  for 


VOL.  x.  H       2I3 


PLUTARCH'S   LIVES 


v   exetvqt    fi€Ta   TWV 

TOVTO  poTrrjv  rjvejfce  TOO  <$>avvla>  /jLeyd\,rjv. 
/JL€V    uTraro?,    Fai'o?    Be    877/^/3^09    dTTeBei^dr)    TO 
BevTepov,  ov  7rapayye\\a)V  ovBe  fjiericov,  d\\a  rou 


3       'ETrel  Be  ewpa  rrjv  fji€v  a-vyrc\r)Tov  e^Opav  avri- 
Kpw$,  afji[B\vv  8e  rfj  TT/JO?  avrov  evvoia  TOV  <&dvviov, 


TO 


/lev  et?  Tdpavra  /cal  KaTrvrjv 
,  fca\a)V   Be    eVl  KOivwvia  TroXtreta?  rou? 
77  Be  J3ov\rj  Beiaaaa  pr)  TravTaTrao'iv 
yevrjTcu,  fcaivrjv  (cal  dcrvvrjflrj  irelpav  eirtjye 
rot?  TroXXot?    dTrorpOTrrjs,  dvTi&yj/Aaycoyovcra   Kal 
4  ^api^OfjievT]  Trapa  TO  fteXTiaTOV.     rjv  yap  et? 
TOV   Fatov    o-vvapxovTcov    Aty&o?    ApoOcro?,    ai/ 


oure 


,  ijdei1  Be  KOI  \6ya)  /cat  ifkovTw  rot?  /j,d\iaTa 
TifjLO)/J<€vot<>  Kal  Bvva/jLevots  diro  TOVTWV  evdfjii\\o<$. 


€7rl   TOVTOV  ovv  ol  jvwpt  fAtoraTOi  TpeirovTai, 


TrapeKaXovv  avrov  a-fyacrdai  TOV  Yatov  Kal 

eVl  TOV    avBpa    ava-Tr/vai,  /jbrj   ftia 
e    di'TLKpovovTa    rot?     7roXXot9,    aXXa 
fjBovrjv    apxpVTa    Kal    ^api^ofjievov    vrrep   wv 


IX.  'EvrtSoL'?  ovv  o  At/3iO?  66?  TavTa  T 
TTJV  eavTOV  BrffjLap^Lav  VO/JLOV?  eypatyev  OVTC 

1  tfQfi  Coraes  and  Bekker  retain  the  old  vulgate 
214 


CAIUS  GRACCHUS,  vm.  2-ix.  i 

him  along  with  his  friends.  This  turned  the  tide 
strongly  in  favour  of  Fannius.  So  Fannius  was 
elected  consul,  and  Caius  tribune  for  the  second 
time,  though  he  was  not  a  candidate  and  did  not 
canvass  for  the  office  ;  but  the  people  were  eager  to 
have  it  so. 

However,  he  soon  saw  that  the  senate  was  hostile 
to  him  out  and  out,  and  that  the  good  will  of  Fannius 
towards  him  had  lost  its  edge,  and  therefore  again 
began  to  attach  the  multitude  to  himself  by  other  laws, 
proposing  to  send  colonies  to  Tarentum  and  Capua, 
and  inviting  the  Latins  to  a  participation  in  the  Roman 
franchise.  But  the  senate,  fearing  that  Gracchus 
would  become  altogether  invincible,  made  a  new 
and  unusual  attempt  to  divert  the  people  from  him  ; 
they  vied  with  him,  that  is,  in  courting  the  favour 
of  the  people,  and  granted  their  wishes  contrary 
to  the  best  interests  of  the  state.  For  one  of  the 
colleagues  of  Caius  was  Livius  Drusus,  a  man  who  was 
not  inferior  to  any  Roman  either  in  birth  or  rearing, 
while  in  character,  eloquence,  and  wealth  he  could 
vie  with  those  who  were  most  honoured  and  influen- 
tial in  consequence  of  these  advantages.  To  this 
man,  accordingly,  the  nobles  had  recourse,  and 
invited  him  to  attack  Caius  and  league  himself  with 
them  against  him,  not  resorting  to  violence  or  coming 
into  collision  with  the  people,  but  administering  his 
office  to  please  them  and  making  them  concessions 
where  it  would  have  been  honourable  to  incur  their 
hatred. 

IX.  Livius,  accordingly,  put  his  influence  as  tribune 
at  the  service  of  the  senate  to  this  end,  and  drew  up 
laws  which  aimed  at  what  was  neither  honourable 


215 


PLUTARCH'S    LIVES 


KO,\WV  TWOS  OVT€  Twv  \v<n,Te\wv  e^ofievovs,  d\\a 
ev    fjiovov,    virep[3a\e(T9ai    TOV    Tdlov    rjSovfj    KOL 

TO)V   7TO\\WV,  WCTTTep   6V  KW/jLW&ia,   <T7T6VO'a)V 


/cal      SiafjiiX^cofjievos.       M     KOL 
€7roir}cr€v  eavr^v  rj  avyK\r)TO<$  ov 


rot?  TOV  Tatov  •jToX.iTevfJiacnvt  a\\a  avrov  e/ceivov 

ave\elv    rj    TaTreivwaai    TravrdiTacn    /3ov\o/jLevr)v. 

2  TOV    jjiev    <yap    airoiKia^    Bvo  jpd^ravra  KOI  rou? 

WV  TTO\ITWV  elcrdyovTa  B^fioKOTTelv 
,  Aiftiw  Be  Ba)Se/ca  KCLTOIKI^OVTL  /cat  Tpicr- 


TWV 


(Tvve\a^lBdvovTO.  KaKeivo)  /j-ev,  OTL  %copav 
rot?  nrevTjai  Trpocrra^a?  CKCKTTW  T€\elv  drrofyopav 
€i?  TO  o~r)jn.6o-iov,  &)?  KO\aK€vovTi  TGI/?  TroXXoi;? 
aTrrj-^OdvovTo,  Aifiios  Se  KCU  TTJV  djroffropav  TavTrjv 
3  TWV  vGLfjLafjievtov  dtyaipwv  ijpea'Kev  aurot?.  ert  8e 
6  fjiev  rot?  A.aTivoL<;  i(ro-dfi]<f)iav  SiSovs  c^vTrei,  TOV 
be,  OTTO)?  fjirjSe  eVt  GTpaTeias  e^fj  Tiva  ACLTLVWV 

ej3oi]6ovv  TM  VO/JLW. 


/ecu    at»TO?    o  At/3to?    del 


e\eyev  co?  <ypd(f)oi  TavTa  Ty  /3ov\fj  SOKOVVTO,  KTJ&O- 
4  [levy  TWV  7ro\\tov   o  Srj  Kal  ^JLOVOV  aTro  TWV  TTO\L- 

T€VfjLaTO)V    aVTOV  Xplj&l/jLOV    V7ri'lp')(€V.      r)fJL6p(*)T6pOV 

yap  eo"%e  TT^OO?  Trjv  {3ov\r)V  6  &r//jio$'  Kal  TOU? 
jvaypi/jLcoTUTov^  avToi)  irpoTepov  v<popa>/ji€vov  /cat 
216 


CAIUS  GRACCHUS,  ix.  1-4 

nor  advantageous ;  nay,  he  had  the  emulous  eager- 
ness of  the  rival  demagogues  of  comedy  to  achieve 
one  thing,  namely,  to  surpass  Caius  in  pleasing  and 
gratifying  the  people.1  In  this  way  the  senate 
showed  most  plainly  that  it  was  not  displeased  with 
the  public  measures  of  Caius,  but  rather  was  desirous 
by  all  means  to  humble  or  destroy  the  man  himself. 
For  when  Caius  proposed  to  found  two  colonies,  and 
these  composed  of  the  most  respectable  citizens, 
they  accused  him  of  truckling  to  the  people ;  but 
when  Livius  proposed  to  found  twelve,  and  to  send 
out  to  each  of  them  three  thousand  of  the  needy 
citizens,  they  supported  him.  With  Caius,  because 
he  distributed  public  land  among  the  poor  for  which 
every  man  of  them  was  required  to  pay  a  rental  into 
the  public  treasury,  they  were  angry,  alleging  that 
he  was  seeking  thereby  to  win  favour  with  the 
multitude  ;  but  Livius  met  with  their  approval  when 
he  proposed  to  relieve  the  tenants  even  from  this 
rental.  And  further,  when  Caius  proposed  to  bestow 
upon  the  Latins  equal  rights  of  suffrage,  he  gave 
offence  ;  but  when  Livius  brought  in  a  bill  forbidding 
that  any  Latin  should  be  chastised  with  rods  even 
during  military  service,  he  had  the  senate's  support. 
And  indeed  Livius  himself,  in  his  public  harangues, 
always  said  that  he  introduced  these  measures  on  the 
authority  of  the  senate,,  which  desired  to  help  the 
common  people;  and  this  in  fact  was  the  only  advan- 
tage which  resulted  from  his  political  measures.  For 
the  people  became  more  amicably  disposed  towards 
the  senate  ;  and  whereas  before  this  they  had  sus- 
pected and  hated  the  nobles,  Livius  softened  and 

1  An  allusion  to  the  rival  demagogues  in  the  Knights  of 
Aristophanes. 

217 


PLUTARCH'S    LIVES 

/jLicrovvros  €%6\V(T€  teal  KareTrpdvve  rrjv 

KL-av  not    ^dKeironira    ravrrjv  6  Aifiios,   009  e/c   839 


etcevcov    p//.<w/i,ei>09  yva)[JLr)S  e       TO 
Kal     ai£ea'0ai  TO!?  7roXXot9. 


X.  Me7t(TT7?    Se    ra>     A/ooOcra)    7Tt<rTt9     evvoias 
TT/JO?  roz^  &THJLOV  eyivero  /ecu  SiKaioGvv'ris  TO  yu,^Sez^ 

eavrov  <j)aLV6a0ai  <ypd(f)OVTa. 
jap  oiKiCTTas  erepovs  e'^eVe/xTre  TWV  ir6\ewv 
Kal  SioiKija'ea'i  ^prujLaTwv  ov  Trpocrrjet,  TOV  Taiov 
ra  7T\€LcrTa  Kal  fiey  terra  rcov  TOIOVTWV  avry 

2  irpocrTiOivTos.     eVel  5e  'Povflpiov  TWV  crvvap^ov- 
TWV  6^05  OiKi^evOai  Kap^rj^ova  ypd^ravro^  dvypr)- 

VTTO  ^KrjTrlwvos,  K\ijpw  \a%ct)v  6  Faio9 
et?  Ai/Bvrjv  eVl  TOZ^  KaroiKicrfAOV,  en, 
fjLa\\ov  eVt/Sa?  o  A/JOUCTO?  aTro^TO?  avrov  TOV 
Slj/jiov  vireX.d^lSave  Kal  TrpocrrfyeTo,  /AdXiara  Tat? 

3  Kara   rov  <$>ov\(3Lov  8taySoXat?.     o  Se  <&ov\/3io$ 
ovros  r)V  rov  Taiov  (j)L\o$,  Kal  avvdp^wv  eVt  rrjv 

Be 


V7TO 

1/7T07TTO9     ^€     «al    T0t9    aA,\O£9     Ct)9 


Siarctv&v  Kal  irapo^vvwv  Kpvfya  TOU? 
7rpo9  dTToaraatv.  ot?  dvaTrobeiKrws  Kal  dve\ey- 
/CTo>9  \eyo/JLevoi<;  avros  TrpocreriOet  rclv-riv  o 
^E>ouXy8to9  ou^  vyiaivov(rr]<;  ov&€  elprjviKrjs  wv  Trpo- 
4  alpea-ews.  rovro  /jbdXicrra  Kare\ve  rov  Taiov 
a7ro\avovra  rov  jjuicrov?.  /cal  6r€  ^KIJTTLCOV  6 
218 


CAIUS  GRACCHUS,  ix.  4-x.  4 

dissipated  their  remembrance  of  past  grievances  and 
their  bitter  feelings  by  alleging  that  it  was  the 
sanction  of  the  nobles  which  had  induced  him  to 
enter  upon  his  course  of  conciliating  the  people  and 
gratifying  the  wishes  of  the  many. 

X.  But  the  strongest  proof  that  Livius  was  well 
disposed  towards  the  people  and  honest,  lay  in  the 
fact  that  he  never  appeared  to  propose  anything  for 
himself  or  in  his  own  interests.  For  he  moved  to 
send  out  other  men  as  managers  of  his  colonies,  and 
would  have  no  hand  in  the  expenditure  of  moneys, 
whereas  Caius  had  assigned  to  himself  most  of  such 
functions  and  the  most  important  of  them.  And 
now  Rubrius,  one  of  his  colleagues  in  the  tribuneship, 
brought  in  a  bill  for  the  founding  of  a  colony  on  the 
site  of  Carthage,  which  had  been  destroyed  by 
Scipio,  and  Caius,  upon  whom  the  lot  fell,  sailed  off 
to  Africa  as  superintendent  of  the  foundation.  In 
his  absence,  therefore,  Livius  made  all  the  more 
headway  against  him,  stealing  into  the  good  graces 
of  the  people  and  attaching  them  to  himself,  particu- 
larly by  his  calumniations  of  Fulvius.  This  Fulvius 
was  a  friend  of  Caius,  and  had  been  chosen  a 
commissioner  with  him  for  the  distribution  of  the 
public  land  ;  but  he  was  a  turbulent  fellow,  and  was 
hated  outright  by  the  senators.  Other  men  also  sus- 
pected him  of  stirring  up  trouble  with  the  allies  and 
of  secretly  inciting  the  Italians  to  revolt.  These 
things  were  said  against  him  without  proof  or  inves- 
tigation, but  Fulvius  himself  brought  them  into 
greater  credence  by  a  policy  which  was  unsound  and 
revolutionary.  This  more  than  anything  else  was  the 
undoing  of  Caius,  who  came  in  for  a  share  of  the 
hatred  against  Fulvius.  And  when  Scipio  Africanus 

219 


PLUTARCH'S    LIVES 


*A(f)pLKavb<>  €$;  ovSevbs  alriov 

Ttjcre  KOL  cr^/Jietd  Tiva  TW  veKpCo  Tr\riywv  Kal  /5ta? 


ev    rot?    irepl    etcelvov  ye- 
ypaTTTai,  TO  /J.ev  irKeldTOV  eVl  TOP 


T?}?  ^ta/SoX?}?,  e^Opov  ovia  teal  TTJV  rjfjuepav 
eVl   TOV  y3///xaro?    TO>   ^KJ]TTIWVL 
5  rffydTo    8e  /cal    TOV    Yatov  VTTOVOICL.     teal    Seii>ov 
epyov    CTT'   av&p\   rw   TT/OCOTO)  Kal  {jLeyiaTw 
TO\fjLr)dev    OVK    eVu^e    BiK^s    ovSe    et? 
7rpoij\0ev    zvecrTrjcrav  yap  ol  TroXXot  Kal 
KaTe\v<rav  TYJV  Kplaiv  inrep  TOV  Taiov  $)o{Bi 
/j,rj    7re/3i7T6Tr/9    Trj    aiTia    TOV    (frovov 


TavTa  jmev  ovv  lyeyovet  TrpoTepov. 


XI.   'Ez^  B€  Ty  Ai/3vrj  irepl  TOV  rr)? 
KaToiKiajJiov,  T)V   6    Fa  to?  *\ovvwviav,  OTrep  etrrlv 
'Hpaiav,    a)i>6/JLao~e)    TroXXa    /cwXu/x 
Trapa  TOV  Saifioviov  \ejovcriv.     ij  re  yap 

TrvevpaTos  dfyapTrd^ovTOs  avnjv,  TOV 


Kal 


ra  lepa  rot?  /Sw/xot?  eTTiKeiueva  BieaKeSaaev  dve- 
fjiov  6ve\\a  Kal  Bieppi,\fr6V  virep  TOI)?  opovs  r»}? 
yeyevrj/jievijs  viroypa(f)f)S,  avTovs  Be  TOL/?  6pov$ 
dveaTraaav  67T6\0ovT€<>  \VKOL  Kal  [jiaKpav  O)%OVTO 
2  (f)epovT€$.  ov  fjiijv  dXXo,  Trdvra  o~vvTd%a<$  Kal 

6  Fttio?  rjuepais  eftSo/uUJKOVTa  rat? 
€7ravfj\06V    e/9     'Pcti/jiTjv,    Trie^eaOat,     TOV 

)    TOV    kpovaov   Trvv6avb( 
TWV  Trpay/jiaTcov  T?;?  avTOV  Tcapovaias 

220 


CAIUS  GRACCHUS,  x.  4-xi.  2 

died  without  any  apparent  cause,  and  certain  marks 
of  violence  and  blows  were  thought  to  be  in  evidence 
all  over  his  dead  body,  as  I  have  written  in  his  Life,1 
most  of  the  consequent  calumny  fell  upon  Fulvius, 
who  was  Scipio's  enemy,  and  had  abused  him  that 
day  from  the  rostra,  but  suspicion  attached  itself  also 
to  Caius.  And  a  deed  so  monstrous,  and  perpetrated 
upon  a  man  who  was  the  foremost  and  greatest 
Roman,  went  unpunished,  nay,  was  not  even  so  much 
as  probed ;  for  the  multitude  were  opposed  to  any 
judicial  enquiry  and  thwarted  it,  because  they  feared 
that  Caius  might  be  implicated  in  the  charge  if  the 
murder  were  investigated.  However,  this  had  hap- 
pened at  an  earlier  time.2 

XI.  In  Africa,  moreover,  in  connection  with  the 
planting  of  a  colony  on  the  site  of  Carthage,  to 
which  colony  Caius  gave  the  name  Junonia  (that  is 
to  say,  in  Greek,  Heraea),  there  are  said  to  have 
been  many  prohibitory  signs  from  the  gods.  For  the 
leading  standard  was  caught  by  a  gust  of  wind,  and 
though  the  bearer  clung  to  it  with  all  his  might,  it 
was  broken  into  pieces  ;  the  sacrificial  victims  lying 
on  the  altars  were  scattered  by  a  hurricane  and  dis- 
persed beyond  the  boundary-marks  in  the  plan  of  the 
city,  and  the  boundary-marks  themselves  were  set 
upon  by  wolves,  who  tore  them  up  and  carried  them 
a  long  way  off.  Notwithstanding  this,  Caius  settled 
and  arranged  everything  in  seventy  days  all  told, 
and  then  returned  to  Rome,  because  he  learned  that 
Fulvius  was  being  hard  pressed  by  Drusus,  and  be- 
cause matters  there  required  his  presence.  For 

1  See  the  Tiberius  Gracchus,  ad  Jin.,  and  cf.  the  Romulus, 
xxvii.  4  f. 

2  In  129  B.C.,  six  years  before  Caius  became  tribune. 

221 


PLUTARCH'S   LIVES 


Aeu/ao9  yap  'OTTt/^fo?,  dvrjp 
Svvaros  ev  rfj  ffov~\,fj,  rrporepov 
virarelav  TrapayyeXXwv,  rov  Taiov  TOP  Qdvviov 
Trpoayayovros,  eiceivov  oe  Karap^aipeaidaravro^' 
3  rore  £e  TroXXw^  (Boridovvrwv  eVtSo^o?  rjv  virarev- 
aeiv,  vjrarevwv  Se  KaTa\vd€iv  TOV  Taiov, 


TLVO,   rfjs  &vvd/ji€(D<>   avrov    fjLapaivo[Jievr)s 
teal   rov   SIJ/AOV    /jbeaTov    yeyovoTos  TCOV  roiovrcov 


7TO\l,TeV/jLdTWV    SlO,     TO    TToA-XOL'?    TOL/?    TTyOO? 

elvai    /cal    rrjv    j3ov\rjv  vrreifceiv 


etcovcrav. 


XII.  'Ei7rave\0(ov  Be  Trpwrov  /JLCV  UK  rov  Tla\a- 
riov  /jL€ru>/cr]o~€V   e/5   rov   VTTO   ryv    dyopav  roirov 


KOI  Trevijrayv  (Twe/Baivev  olicelv  eVeira  rwv 
e^eOt^Ke    roL/9    Xot7rou9    009     cird^ayv 
avrois.     o^Xov   Se   Travra^odeif    avrq> 


rov  virarov 


2  rovs  aXXof9  7r\rjv  'Pai/jLaicov  aTravras.    yevo/Jievov    840 
Se    Kijpvy/jiaros    drflovs    KCLI    d\\OKorov, 


rwv  o-i>j,j,(t)V  jLr6  rwv  (>ia)V  ev 


Trepl    r«9    rj/J-epas    efceivas,    dvregeQ^Kev    6 

Karrfyopwv  rov  VTrdrov,  /cal  ro?9 
av 

ov    IJL^V    e{3oijQr](T€v,    aXXa    opwv    eva    rcov 
avrov  Kal  crvvi]6cov  €\KOfj,€vov  VTTO  ra>v  v 
rwv   rov  Qavviov,  iraprfkOe  Kal   ov 
elre  rrjv 

222 


CAIUS  GRACCHUS,  xi.  2-xn.  2 

Lucius  Opimius,  a  man  of  oligarchical  principles 
and  influential  in  the  senate,  who  had  previously 
failed  in  a  candidacy  for  the  consulship  (when  Caius 
had  brought  forward  Fannius  and  supported  his  can- 
vas for  the  office),1  now  had  the  aid  and  assistance 
of  many,  and  it  was  expected  that  he  would  be  con- 
sul, and  that  as  consul  he  would  try  to  put  down 
Caius,  whose  influence  was  already  somewhat  on  the 
wane,  and  with  whose  peculiar  measures  the  people 
had  become  sated,  because  the  leaders  who  courted 
their  favour  were  many  and  the  senate  readily 
yielded  to  them. 

XII.  On  returning  to  Rome,  in  the  first  place 
Caius  changed  his  residence  from  the  Palatine  hill 
to  the  region  adjoining  the  forum,  which  he  thought 
more  democratic,  since  most  of  the  poor  and  lowly 
had  come  to  live  there  ;  in  the  next  place,  he  pro- 
mulgated the  rest  of  his  laws,  intending  to  get  the 
people's  vote  upon  them.  But  when  a  throng  came 
together  from  all  parts  of  Italy  for  his  support,  the 
senate  prevailed  upon  the  consul  Fannius  to  drive  out 
of  the  city  all  who  were  not  Romans.  Accordingly, 
a  strange  and  unusual  proclamation  was  made,  to  the 
effect  that  none  of  the  allies  and  friends  of  Rome 
should  appear  in  the  city  during  those  days  ;  where- 
upon Caius  published  a  counter  edict  in  which  he  de- 
nounced the  consul,  and  promised  the  allies  his  sup- 
port, in  case  they  should  remain  there.  He  did  not, 
however,  give  them  his  support,  but  when  he  saw  one 
of  his  comrades  and  guest-friends  dragged  off  by  the 
lictors  of  Fannius,  he  passed  by  without  giving  him 
any  help,  either  because  he  feared  to  give  a  proof 
that  his  power  was  already  on  the  decline,  or  because 

1  See  chapter  viii.  2. 

223 


PLUTARCH'S    LIVES 


eire  /u?)  3oi'A6//-cZ'09,  co?  e\eyei>,  d\!fi/j.a%ia<>  auro? 
cazi     crv/j.7T\OKrj<;      dp%d?      ZIJ 


3  Ei'Z'eTi^e  Se  avra)  cai  TT/SO?  roi/9 

ev  0/577;  762't'cr^at  om  TOiavnji1  ai-iav.  e 
o  5/}//o?  6eacrOaL  fj.ovofjid'^ov^  ev  dyopa,  Kal  TWV 
O'L  TrXeTcTTOi  Oewprj-^pia  KVK\W  Kara- 
€J;€fj.icr8ovi'.  Tavra  6  Faio?  €K€\£V€i' 
avrovs  Kadaipelv,  OTTCO^  ot  vrei'J/re?  e«  TCOI^  TOTTUIV 

4  €K6Li'Ct)r  d/j-tcrdi   OedcracrdaL  ^vvwvrai.      fj-tfievos  Be 

ava/*€iva<i  Ti]i>  irpo  T?}?  ^ea?  i^u/cra, 
i>LTWv  ocroi>?    el^ez^    €pyo\dj3ov$    v$' 
eavrw   TrapaXafiaiv,    rd    decopijrjjoia   KaOel\e   KOI 


TOTTOV  e>    co 


7ri]<Tev.  €K  TOV-TOV  Kal  TTJV  Tp'iTrjv  e&o^e 
d(f)T}pjja0ai,  •^•>;($(L>V  fj.ev  avru)  7r\eia"Ttov  yevo- 
/j,€i'0di>,  dCLKco?  8e  Kal  KaKovpyws  TWV 
TWV  rroLrjTafjL^i'wv  7i]v  dvayopevcriv  Kal 
5  d\\d  ravra  fj,ev  d^(^tcrf3}JTJ](Tii'  el^ev. 
ov  p.erpiu>^  UTTOTV^WI',  Kal  77/30?  ye  TOL><? 
e7reyye\Mi>-ras  avTw  \eyerai  Opacrvrepov  TOV  Se- 
tLTrelv  co?  ^Lap^oviov  yeXmra  yeXaxrti',  ov 
oaov  avrols  CJ/COTO?  e/c  TCOV  avrov 


224 


CAIUS  GRACCHUS,  xn.  2-5 

he  was  unwilling,  as  he  said,  by  his  own  acts  to 
afford  his  enemies  the  occasions  which  they  sought 
fora  conflict  at  close  quarters. 

Moreover,  it  chanced  that  he  had  incurred  the 
anger  of  his  colleagues  in  office,  and  for  the  follow- 
ing reason.  The  people  were  going  to  enjoy  an 
exhibition  of  gladiators  in  the  forum,  and  most  of 
the  magistrates  had  constructed  seats  for  the  show 
round  about,  and  were  offering  them  for  hire.  Caius 
ordered  them  to  take  down  these  seats,  in  order 
that  the  poor  might  be  able  to  enjoy  the  spectacle 
from  those  places  without  paying  hire.  But  since 
no  one  paid  any  attention  to  his  command,  he  waited 
till  the  night  before  the  spectacle,  and  then,  taking 
all  the  workmen  whom  he  had  under  his  orders  in 
public  contracts,  he  pulled  down  the  seats,  and  when 
day  came  he  had  the  place  all  clear  for  the  people. 
For  this  proceeding  the  populace  thought  him  a 
man,  but  his  colleagues  were  annoyed  and  thought 
him  reckless  and  violent.  It  was  believed  also  that 
this  conduct  cost  him  his  election  to  the  tribunate 
for  the  third  time,  since,  although  he  got  a  majority 
of  the  votes,  his  colleagues  were  unjust  and  fraudu- 
lent in  their  proclamation  and  returns.  This,  how- 
ever, was  disputed.  But  he  took  his  failure  overmuch 
to  heart,  and  what  is  more,  when  his  enemies  were 
exulting  over  him,  he  told  them,  it  is  said,  with  more 
boldness  than  was  fitting,  that  they  were  laughing 
with  sardonic  laughter,  and  were  not  aware  of  the 
great  darkness  that  enveloped  them  in  consequence 
of  his  public  measures.1 

1  Blass  compares  the  laughter  of  the  doomed  suitors  in 
Odyssey,  xx.  346  ff. — the  fatuous  smile  of  men  whose  fate  is 
sealed,  though  they  are  unaware  of  it. 

225 


PLUTARCH'S   LIVES 

XIII.  'E-Trel  Be  KCLI  TOV  ^OTTL/JLIOV 
cravTes  virarov  TMV  VO/JL^V  TroXXoi/?  Bieypa^ov  teal 
TTJV  Kap%r)B6vo<;  GKIVOW  Sidra^iv,  epeOi^ovres  TOV 
Tdlov,  a)?  av  aiTiav  0/07?}?  Trapaa^cav  dvaipeOelr), 
TOV  fjbev  Trp&TOv  %povov  e/caprepeL,  TWV  $e  <f>i\a)v 
teal  /j,d\HTTa  TOV  <&ov\(3iov  Trapo%vvovTo<s  wp/jLrjcre 
rrd\iv  wvdryeiv  TOU?  dvTiTa^ofjievovs  7T/)O9  TOV 
2  vTrarov.  evravda  teal  TTJV  /j,r)Tepa  \eyovaiv  avTw 
crvaTacridcrai,  /JLKrOovfjLevrjv  CLTTO  rr}?  £evr)<t  Kpv(f>a 
teal  7r€/A7rovcrav  et?  'Pco/zryi/  avbpas,  o>5  Brj  6epi- 
Tavra  yap  ev  rot?  eTTKrroXiois  avT^  yvvy- 
<ye>ypd<j)0ai  ?rpo?  TOV  vlov.  eTepoi  Be  xal 
rrdvv  TT}?  Ko/3^r/Xta?  Sva")£epaivova-r)s  raOra  TrpaT- 

\6yovcriv. 
Ht  S'  ovv  e/J,e\\ov  rj/Aepa  TOUS  VO/JLOVS  \ixreiv  ol 

TOV   'OTTlfjilOV,  KaT€L\rj7TTO    fJLZV    V7TO    d/uL(j)OTe- 

pwv  ewOev  evOvs  TO  KaTrercoXtoi',  QVGCLVTQS  Be  TOV 
TWV  vTrrjpeTwv  rt?  avTOv  Koii'TO?  'AvruX- 
Bia<pepa)v  eTepwcre  TO,  o-tjr\dfy'%va  TT/JO?  TOL>? 

7T€pl    TOV    <&OV\(BiOV    et7T6*    "  AoT6    TOTTOV    djadoiS, 

tcatcol   TroXtrat."     Tives   Be  <j)acnv  d^a   TTJ    <J>a)vfj 
teal   TOV  ftpa^iova   ^vfjivov   olov  e^>'  vftpei 
ovTa    Trapeveyrceiv.       aTfoQvr]<JK£i    <yovv 
evdit?     o     'AvruXXfo?     e/cei    [AeydXois     ypa<f>eiois 
tcevTOV/jLevos,  eV   avT&  TOVTM    TreTroirjaOai    \eyo- 
fj,evois.     teal  TO  fjiev  7r\f)0o<?  Bi€Tapd%@r)  TTyoo?  TOV 
<f>6vov,   evavTia    Be  TOV<?  rjye/jLovas  ea^e  BidOecris. 
6  juiev  ydp    Fai'o?  r/^^ero    teal   teatetos   e\eye  TOV<; 

226 


CAIUS  GRACCHUS,  xm.  1-4 

XIII.  The  enemies  of  Caius  also  effected  the 
election  of  Opimius  as  consul,  and  then  proceeded  to 
revoke  many  of  the  laws  which  Caius  had  secured  and 
to  meddle  with  the  organization  of  the  colony  at 
Carthage.  This  was  by  way  of  irritating  Caius,  that 
he  might  furnish  ground  for  resentment,  and  so  be 
got  rid  of.  At  first  he  endured  all  this  patiently,  but 
at  last,  under  the  instigations  of  his  friends,  and 
especially  of  Fulvius,  he  set  out  to  gather  a  fresh  body 
of  partisans  for  opposition  to  the  consul.  Here,  we 
are  told,  his  mother  also  took  active  part  in  his 
seditious  measures,  by  secretly  hiring  from  foreign 
parts  and  sending  to  Rome  men  who  were  ostensibly 
reapers  ;  for  to  this  matter  there  are  said  to  have 
been  obscure  allusions  in  her  letters  l  to  her  son. 
Others,  however,  say  that  Cornelia  was  very  much 
displeased  with  these  activities  of  her  son. 

Be  that  as  it  may,  on  the  day  when  Opimius  and 
his  supporters  were  going  to  annul  the  laws,  the 
Capitol  had  been  occupied  by  both  factions  since 
earliest  morning,  and  after  the  consul  had  offered 
sacrifice,  one  of  his  servants,  Quintus  Antyllius,  as  he 
was  carrying  from  one  place  to  another  the  entrails 
of  the  victims,  said  to  the  partisans  of  Fulvius : 
"  Make  way  for  honest  citizens,  ye  rascals  !  "  Some 
say,  too,  that  along  with  this  speech  Antyllius  bared 
his  arm  and  waved  it  with  an  insulting  gesture.  At 
any  rate  he  was  killed  at  once  and  on  the  spot,  stabbed 
with  large  writing  styles  said  to  have  been  made  for 
just  such  a  purpose.  The  multitude  were  completely 
confused  by  the  murder,  but  it  produced  an  opposite 
state  of  mind  in  the  leaders  of  the  two  factions. 
Caius  was  distressed,  and  upbraided  his  followers  for 

1  Cf.  Cicero,  Brutus,  58,  211. 

227 


PLUTARCH'S    LIVES 

rrepl  avTov  co?  alriav  BeofMevois  Trdkai  Kaff1  eavrwv 
Tot9  €X@poLS  BeBwKoTas,  6  Be  'O-Tri/^09  wcnrep 
evB6(TL/j.ov  \a,3(i)V  €7rrjpro  KOI  Trapw^vve  TOV  Brj/jiov 
€7rl  TTJV  a/j,uvav. 

XIV.     Kttl     TOT6    fJLeV    6fJ,/3pOV     ^GVO^kvOV     Sl6\l>- 

a/j,a  Be  rj/jiepa  TTJV  fjiev  /BovXijv  6  inraros 
evBov  e^pr)  /jidr  L^ev  ],  erepoi  Be  TO  TOV 
crcu/Lta  yv/Jivov  eVt  tc\ivris  TrpoOe/jLevoi 
BS  dyopas  Trapa  TO  @ov\evTtjpiov  errLTtjBe^  Trape- 
KOfJLi^ov,  ol/jicayfj  ^paijjievoL  KOI  Opqvw,  yiyvwcrKOV- 
TO?  p,ev  TOV  'OTTI/JLLOV  TO,  rrpaTTo/Aeva,  TrpocrTroiov-  841 
pevov  Be  Oavfjid^eLV,  wcrre  Kal  rou?  {3ov\evTas 

2  7rpoe\@eiv.     KaTaTeBelar]^  Be  T^?  K\lvr}<i  et?  fj^eaov 
ol    /JLev    ea")£eT\La%ov    a>?    eVt    Beivw    real    /j,eyd\(p 
rrdBei,  rot?  Be  TroXXo??  eTrrjei  fJLio~elv  KOI  7rpo/3d\- 
\eo-0ai     TOI/?     oXiyapxitcovs,     co?     Tiftepiov    /j,ev 

ev   KaTrercoXtco    (fioveiKTavTes  avTol   Brj- 
v  oma  KOI  TOV  veitpov  Trpocre^eftaXov,  6  B* 

3  vTTijpeT'ijs  'AvTii\\ios,  ov  BiKaia  fjiev  laws 

0$,  Trjv  Be  7r\€i(TTrjv  OLTIOV  et9  TO  TraOelv 
ev  djopa  7rpoK€iTai,  Kal 
/^OL/XT)  dprfvovcra  Kal  av 
ov   dvOpwTrov,  eVl   TW   TOV  eVi  \eLTrofJievov 
dve\elv    TMV    TOV    Bijpov    Kr)Bo/jLeva)v.      €K   TOVTOV 
7rd\iv   et9    TO   /3ov\evT^piov    a 
cravTO  Kal  TrpocreTajfav  'OTriyutw  TW 

Tro\iv    6V&)9    BvvaiTO,    Kal    KaTaXveiv    TOVS 


Tvpvvovs. 
4        'E/cetVou    Be   TrpoeLTrbvTos  eirl  TO,  6VXa 

228 


CAIUS  GRACCHUS,  xm.  4-xiv.  4 

having  given  their  enemies  ground  for  accusing  them 
which  had  long  been  desired  ;  but  Opimius,  as  though 
lie  had  got  something  for  which  he  was  waiting,  was 
elated,  and  urged  the  people  on  to  vengeance. 

XIV.  A  shower  of  rain  fell  just  then,  and  the 
assembly  was  dissolved  ;  but  early  next  morning  the 
consul  called  the  senate  together  indoors  and  pro- 
ceeded to  transact  business,  while  others  placed  the 
body  of  Antyllius  without  covering  upon  a  bier,  and 
carried  it,  as  they  had  agreed  to  do,  through  the  forum 
and  past  the  senate-house,  with  wailings  and  lament- 
ations. Opimius  knew  what  was  going  on,  but  pre- 
tended to  be  surprised,  so  that  even  the  senators  went 
out  into  the  forum.  After  the  bier  had  been  set  down 
in  the  midst  of  the  throng,  the  senators  began  to  in- 
veigh against  what  they  called  a  heinous  and  mons- 
trous crime,  but  the  people  were  moved  to  hatred  and 
abuse  of  the  oligarchs,  who,  they  said,  after  murder- 
ing Tiberius  Gracchus  on  the  Capitol  with  their  own 
hands,  tribune  that  he  was,  had  actually  flung  away 
his  dead  body  besides ;  whereas  Antyllius,  a  mere 
servant,  who  perhaps  had  suffered  more  than  he 
deserved,  but  was  himself  chiefly  to  blame  for  it,  had 
been  laid  out  in  the  forum,  and  \vas  surrounded  bv  the 

• 

Roman  senate,  which  shed  tears  and  shared  in  the 
obsequies  of  a  hireling  fellow,  to  the  end  that  the  sole 
remaining  champion  of  the  people  might  be  done 
away  with.  Then  the  senators  went  back  into  the 
senate-house,  where  they  formally  enjoined  upon  the 
consul  Opimius  to  save  the  city  as  best  he  could,1 
and  to  put  down  the  tyrants. 
The  consul  therefore  ordered  the  senators  to  take 

1  The  formal  decree  of  martial  law  :  consul  videret  ne  quid 
respublica  detriment,!  caperet  (Cicero,  In  Cat.  i.  2,  4). 

229 


PLUTARCH'S   LIVES 


crvyK\r)TiKov$,    KOI    TWV 

BOVTOS     dyeiv    ewOev     ot/cera?     Bvo 
o  fjiev  <&ov\f3io<s  dvTLirapecTKevd- 
£ero  KOL  crvvrjyev  o^Xov,  6  Be  Fai'o?  e/c  TT}?  dyopas 
direp^ofjievo^  €<TTTJ  KCLTO,  TOV  rov  7rarp09  di'Spidvra, 

KOI    7TO\VV   ^pOVOV    €/jL/3\€^aS    6t9   CLVTQV   OV$eV   €<f)- 

,  Sa/cpvaas  $e  KCU  (nevd^as  dirgei.    rovro 

TWV  i&OVTWV  OlKTelpat,  TOV    YdlOV  €7Trj\Oe' 

KOI  Katciaavres  avrovs   a>?   e^/faraXetTro^re?   TOV 
civBpa  teal  TrpoSiSovTes  rjKov  eVI    TTJV  olfciav  Kal 
TrapevvKTepevov  errl   TWV  Ovpwv,  ov%  o/^otco?  rot? 
QovXftiov  (f)v\aTTov(Tiv.     e/ceivot,  fiev  <ydp  ev 
Kal    aXaXay/^ot?   TrivovTes   Kal   dpauvvo- 

aVTOV     TOV     <&OV\(3iOV    7Tpd)TOV 

Kal  TroAAa  (fropTiKws  irap   ffkiKiav 
6  (frOeyyo/jievov    Kal    TrpaTrovTOS*    oi     Be    rrepl    TOV 
Ydiov,  ft)?  eVt  (TVfL(£>opa  Koivfi  TT}?  Trar/otSo?  fjcrv- 
yiav  ayovTes  Kal  TrepLcrKOTrovfjievoL  TO  fjie\\ov,  eV 
fjiepei  (^uXaTTO^re?  Kal  dvaTravo/nevoi  Sirjyov. 

XV.  f/Ayua  Be  rfftepa  TOV  [lev  Qov\(3iov  €K  TOV 
TTOTOV  KaOevBovTa  fio\i<;  eireyeipavTe^  a)Tr\t,£ovTO 
Tcepl  Trjv  oiKiav  avTov  \a(f)vpois,  a  FaXara? 
ore  viraTevev  el\7)<j)ei,  Kal  //-era-  TroXXr}? 
cnret\r)<;  Kal  Kpavyfjs  c^copovv  /caTaXryv|ro/xe^ot  TOV 
'AftevTLVov  \6(f>ov.      o   Be   Fato?  QTC\i<iaaQai 
OVK  r)0e\r}cr€v,  aXX*  wo-irep  et?  dyopdv  ev 
2  Trpoyei,  fJiiKpov   VTre^ayo-fjLevos   ey\eipi^>tov, 

Be  avTO)  trepl  ra?  Ovpas  ri  yvvr)  irpoaTreuovaa  Kal 
TrepiTTTv^acra  TWV  ^eipwv  TTJ  /u.ev  avTov  eKelvov,  Trj 
Be  TO  TraiBiov,  "  OVK  eirl  TO  flr/pd  ere,"  eiirev,  "w 
Fate,  TrpoTre/jiTra)  B^ap^ov,  a>?  TrpoTepov,  Kal 


230 


CAIUS  GRACCHUS,  xiv.  4-xv.  2 

up  arms,  and  every  member  of  the  equestrian  order 
was  notified  to  bring  next  morning  two  servants  fully 
armed ;  Fulvius,  on  the  other  hand,  made  counter 
preparations  and  got  together  a  rabble,  but  Caius,  as 
he  left  the  forum,  stopped  in  front  of  his  father's 
statue,  gazed  at  it  for  a  long  time  without  uttering  a 
word,  then  burst  into  tears,  and  with  a  groan  departed. 
Many  of  those  who  saw  this  were  moved  to  pity 
Caius ;  they  reproached  themselves  for  abandoning 
and  betraying  him,  and  went  to  his  house,  and  spent 
the  night  at  his  door,  though  not  in  the  same  manner 
as  those  who  were  guarding  Fulvius.  For  these 
passed  the  whole  time  in  noise  and  shouting,  drink- 
ing, and  boasting  of  what  they  would  do,  Fulvius  him- 
self being  the  first  to  get  drunk,  and  saying  and 
doing  much  that  was  unseemly  for  a  man  of  his  years  ; 
but  the  followers  of  Caius,  feeling  that  they  faced  a 
public  calamity,  kept  quiet  and  were  full  of  concern 
for  the  future,  and  passed  the  night  sleeping  and 
keeping  watch  by  turns. 

XV.  When  day  came,  Fulvius  was  with  difficulty 
roused  from  his  drunken  sleep  by  his  partisans,  who 
armed  themselves  with  the  spoils  of  war  about  his 
house,  which  he  had  taken  after  a  victory  over  the 
Gauls  during  his  consulship,  and  with  much  threaten- 
ing and  shouting  went  to  seize  the  Aventine  hill. 
Caius,  on  the  other  hand,  was  unwilling  to  arm  him- 
self, but  went  forth  in  his  toga,  as  though  on  his  way 
to  the  forum,  with  only  a  short  dagger  on  his  person. 
As  he  was  going  out  at  the  door,  his  wife  threw  her- 
self in  his  way,  and  with  one  arm  round  her  husband 
and  the  other  round  their  little  son,  said  :  "  Not  to 
the  rostra,  O  Caius,  do  I  now  send  thee  forth,  as 
formerly,  to  serve  as  tribune  and  law-giver,  nor  yet  to 

231 


PLUTARCH'S    LIVES 

fv,  ov<?  errl  TTO^C/JLOV  evBo^ov,  'Lva  JJLOL  /cal  rra- 

9  (OV  TL  TWV  KOLVWV  aTT  O\iTrr)S  Tl/AO)/A€VOV  yOVV  7T€V- 

#09,    r/XXa    rot9    liijBepLov    (frovevcriv    v7ro/3d\\€L<; 


'iva 


?}  Spdcrys,  777209  ov£)€V  Se  rot?  KOIVOIS  6'(£eAo?  a 

3  KGKpdrrjKev   rj&i]   rd   ^eipw    (3ia   KOI   cn^pw   ra? 

TrpdrrovcTiv.      el    Trepl    Nofiavriav    6    cro9 
9    eTre&ev,    vTroaTrovSos    av    JUJLLV    direSoOr) 
vvv  8e  tcra)?  Kaju>  TToraf^ou  TIVOS  f)   Oa- 
[teens   eaofiau  (frfjvaL  Trore   TO  CTOJ^  cr<wyu,a 

(f)pOVpOVfl€VOV.        TL     jap     r)     VOfJLOLS     €TL     7TK7TOV     Tf 

4  $eo?9    /xera    TOV   Tiftepiov  cfrovov;  '      ToiavTa  r?}9 

aTpe/Jia     ra9     7repi{3o\d<; 
o  Fai'09  e 


dvav&os,  lAe^pi  ov  \iTroO  vpriaaaav  avTrjv 
ol  OepaTTOVTes   dpdfjievoi   77/009    Kpd<rcrov    (D 

TOV  d$6\(f)OV  KO/jli^OVTeS. 

XVI.  'O    ^e     4)ouX^O9,     ft)9    eyevovTO 
dOpooi,  TreicrOels  vrro  TOV  Tatov  Tre/jLTrei  TWV  vlwv 
TOV  vecoTepov  €%ovTa  KTjpvfceiov  et9  dyopdv.     rjv  Be    842 
/eaXXt<7T09  o  veaviaKOS  0(f)@f)vai'    KOL  Tore  /caTa- 
<rra9  Kocr/j,ia)<;  real  /uer'  albovs  SebaKpu/jLevos  erroir)- 


(TdTO    (TV/jiaTlKOVS        OyOV$    7T/J09    TO!'    VTTCLTOV    K(U 
2    TYfV  <TVyK\rjTOV.      OL  /A€V  OVV  TTOXXO/    TWV  TTCLpOVTCOV 

OVK  ar;8co9  rrpos  ra9  SiaXvcreis  el^ov   6  Be  'O?rt- 
ov    SL     dyye\.a)V    e^rf     ^ptjvaL     TrelOeiv    rrjv 
aXXa     KCiTaftdvTas    0)9     vrrevOvvovs 
7roXtra9  eVi  fcpiffiv  KOI  TrapaSovTas  avTOvs  OVTWS 
7rapaiT€Lcr0ai    rrjv    opyijv     TW    Be    /aeipaKLa)    real 
Birjyopevcrev    errl    TOVTOIS    KaTikrai    7rd\iv    rj    fj,rj 

232 


CAIUS  GRACCHUS,  xv.  2-xvi.  2 

a  glorious  war,  where,  shouldst  thou  die  (and  all  men 
must  die),  thou  wouldst  at  all  events  leave  me  an 
honoured  sorrow  ;  but  thou  art  exposing  thyself  to 
the  murderers  of  Tiberius,  and  thou  doest  well  to  go 
unarmed,  that  thou  mayest  suffer  rather  than  inflict 
wrong  ;  but  thy  death  will  do  the  state  no  good. 
The  worst  has  at  last  prevailed  ;  by  violence  and  the 
sword  men's  controversies  are  now  decided.  If  thy 
brother  had  only  fallen  at  Numantia,  his  dead  body 
would  have  been  given  back  to  us  by  terms  of  truce  ; 
but  as  it  is,  perhaps  I  too  shall  have  to  supplicate 
some  river  or  sea  to  reveal  to  me  at  last  thy  body  in 
its  keeping.  Why,  pray,  should  men  longer  put  faith 
in  laws  or  gods,  after  the  murder  of  Tiberius?" 
While  Licinia  was  thus  lamenting,  Caius  gently  freed 
himself  from  her  embrace  and  went  away  without  a 
word,  accompanied  by  his  friends.  Licinia  eagerly 
sought  to  clutch  his  robe,  but  sank  to  the  ground  and 
lay  there  a  long  time  speechless,  until  her  servants 
lifted  her  up  unconscious  and  carried  her  away  to  the 
house  of  her  brother  Crassus. 

XVI.  When  all  were  assembled  together,  Fulvius. 
yielding  to  the  advice  of  Caius,  sent  the  younger  of 
his  sons  with  a  herald's  wand  into  the  forum.  The 
young  man  was  very  fair  to  look  upon  ;  and  now,  in  a 
decorous  attitude,  modestly,  and  with  tears  in  his  eyes, 
he  addressed  conciliatory  words  to  the  consul  and  the 
senate.  Most  of  his  audience,  then,  were  not  disin- 
clined to  accept  his  terms  of  peace ;  but  Opimius 
declared  that  the  petitioners  ought  not  to  try  to  per- 
suade the  senate  by  word  of  messenger  ;  they  should 
rather  come  down  and  surrender  themselves  for  trial, 
like  citizens  amenable  to  the  laws,  and  then  beg  for 
mercy  ;  he  also  told  the  young  man  plainly  to  come 

233 


PLUTARCH'S   LIVES 

3  Karievai.     Fai'o?    pev    ovv,    0*9    fyacnv,   e/3ov\eTo 

Kal  TreiOeiv  ryv  o-vyK\rjrov'  ovBevbs  Be 
\\wv  (TvyxwpovvTOs,  av0i$  eTre/jbtyev  6  $>ov\- 
rov  TralBa  Bia\e^6/jLevov  VTrep  avrwv  O/JLOICL 
rot?  Trporepois.  6  Se  'O-Trt/uo?  cnrevSwv 
avva'fyai  TO  f^ev  /AeipaKiov  evQvs  crvveXa/Be 
Trape&wrcev  et?  fyvXaKijv,  rot?  8e  irepl  rbv 
eiryei  /zera  TTO\\WV  OTrXtrw^  Kal  ro^orwv 

4  O'L  /jid\LcrTa  /3aXXo^re?  aurou?  Kal  KararpavfjiarL- 

crvveTapa^av.      yevo/jievr)?  Be  TT}?  rpOTrfjs  o 
to?  el'?  ri  (3a\avelov  1}  /zeA,>;  /Jievov  Kara- 
KOL    fj,€ra    fJLLKpbv    dvevpeOels    KaT€ 
a  rov  irpevftvrepov  Tra^So?,  6  8e  Fato? 

VTT  ovSevbs  /za^o/zei/o?,  aXXa  Sv<ravacr%6Ttov 
rot?  yivofJievoL^  dve^coprjcrev  6t?  TO  TT)?  'A^Teyu-tSo? 
iepov  €Kei  Be  ^ov\6^evo<^  eavrov  dve\elv  VTTO  rwv 
TTKnordrcov  eraipwv  €Ka)\vdrj,  IIo^Trwiaou  Kal 
\iKivvlov  Trapovres  <ydp  ouroi  TO  re 

5  \ovro  Kal  7rd\iv  (frevyeiv  CTrfjpav  avTov.      evOa 
\eyerai  Ka9ecr0e\s  et?  70^1^  Kal  Ta? 

TT/QO?   TT)I>  ^eoi^   errev^acrOai,  rbv 
dvrl  TT}?  d^apKTTia^  e/celvr)?  Kal 

TravaacrOai  Bov\evovra'     fyavepws  yap 

OL      7T\€L(7TOi     /JL€T€{3d\\OVTO 


XVII.  QevyovTi  B*  ovv  rw  Yatw  TCOV 
€7TL(j)€po/jLevci)v  Kal  Kara\a/ui/3av6vT(0v  irepl  rrjv 
%v\ivrjv  ye(j)vpav,  ol  /jiev  Bvo  <f>i\oi  TT  po%a)  pelv 
eKeivov  K€\€vcravT€S  avrol  TOU?  BiwKovras  vjre- 
(TTijcrav  Kal  ^a\o^voi  Trpb  rr/s  ye(f>vpa<;  ovBeva 
2  TraprJKav  ea>?  cnreBavov.  TW  Be  Yatw  crvvefyevyev 


234 


CAIUS  GRACCHUS,  xvi.  3-xvn.  2 

back  again  on  these  terms  or  not  come  back  at  all. 
Caius,  accordingly,  as  we  are  told,  was  willing  to  come 
and  try  to  persuade  the  senate  ;  but  no  one  else 
agreed  with  him,  and  so  Fulvius  sent  his  son  again  to 
plead  in  their  behalf  as  before.  But  Opimius,  who 
was  eager  to  join  battle,  at  once  seized  the  youth  and 
put  him  under  guard,  and  then  advanced  on  the  party 
of  Fulvius  with  numerous  men-at-arms  and  Cretan 
archers.  And  it  was  the  archers  who,  by  discharging 
their  arrows  and  wounding  their  opponents,  were  most 
instrumental  in  throwing  them  into  confusion.  After 
the  rout  had  taken  place,  Fulvius  fled  for  refuge  into 
an  unused  bath,  where  he  was  shortly  discovered  and 
slain,  together  with  his  elder  son.  Caius,  however, 
was  not  seen  to  take  any  part  in  the  battle,  but  in 
great  displeasure  at  what  was  happening  he  withdrew 
into  the  temple  of  Diana.  There  he  was  minded  to 
make  away  with  himself,  but  was  prevented  by  his 
most  trusty  companions,  Pomponius  and  Licinius  ;  for 
they  were  at  hand,  and  took  away  his  sword,  and 
urged  him  to  flight  again.  Then,  indeed,  as  we  are 
told,  he  sank  upon  his  knees,  and  with  hands 
outstretched  towards  the  goddess  prayed  that  the 
Roman  people,  in  requital  for  their  great  ingratitude 
and  treachery,  might  never  cease  to  be  in  servitude  ; 
for  most  of  them  were  manifestly  changing  sides,  now 
that  proclamation  of  immunity  had  been  made. 

XVII.  So  then,  as  Caius  fled,  his  foes  pressed  hard 
upon  him  and  were  overtaking  him  at  the  wooden 
bridge  over  the  Tiber,  but  his  two  friends  bade  him 
go  on,  while  they  themselves  withstood  his  pursuers, 
and,  fighting  there  at  the  head  of  the  bridge,  would 
suffer  no  man  to  pass,  until  they  were  killed.  Caius 
had  with  him  in  his  flight  a  single  servant,  by  name 

• 

235 


PLUTARCH'S    LIVES 


ofC€Tl]S  OVOfjia        loKpaTIIS,  7rvTO)V  fl€V, 

cv  dfjii\\r),  7rapa><e\€vo/j,€V(0v,  ovBevo?  Be  ftorj- 
OOVVTOS,  oi'Be  'tinrov  aiTov/jievy  Trapacr^eiv  e0e\ij- 
cravTOS'  €7reK€ivTO  yap  eyyvs  01  BicoKOVTes.  o  Be 
(f)OdveL  fJLLKpov  e/9  iepov  aXcro?  'ILpLvvvwv  Kara- 
<fivyu)v,  Kafcei  Bia^Oeiperai,,  rov  QiXoKparovs  ave- 
3  XOZ^TO?  exelvov,  elra  kawrov  eTricr^dPavTOs.  co?  Be 


eviol      aaiv,    ajioreoi     .ev    VTTO 


/re?,  TOV  Be  OepdnovTos  TOV 
7repi/3a\6i>TOS  ovBels  exeivov  TjBvvr/Ojj 
TrpoTepov  rj  TOVTOV  VTTO  TroXXon'  TTCUO- 
/jLevov  dvaip€0y)i'ai.  TTJV  Be  K€(£>a\r)V  TOV  Ta'iov 
\eyovaiv  d\\ov  /Aev  aTCOKo^fai  Kai  KO/JLL^CIV, 
d<pe\eo~0ai  Be  TOVTOV  <j)i\ov  'OTTL/J-LOV  TIVCL,  S€TT- 
TOV/jLOV\i]iov  rjv  yap  irpoK€Kripvyp.ei  ov  ev  dp^rj 
r/}?  /^a^>7?  laoaTacnov  ^pvai'ov  TOLS  dveveyKovcrt 

4  TTJV  Ta'iov  Kal  <&ov\{3iov  K€(f)a\t)v.      avr}V€^0r}  Be 
VTTO   TOV  ^,e7TTOv/j.ov\r/iov  7repL7T€7rap/j,evrj  BopaTi 

7T/30?    TOV    'OTTLfjllOV,    KOI     %VyOV    KO/J.I vOeVTOS    €VT€- 

Oelcra  Xir^oa?  eTTTaKaiBeKa  Kal  oijjtaipov  e'tXtcvcre, 
TOV  %€7rTOv/u.ov\r)iov  Kal  rrepl  TOVTO  /jtiapov  yevo- 
/jievov  Kal  KaKovpy)jo~avTos'  e^eX&jy  yap  TOV  eyKe- 
(£>a\ov  €veT))^e  /^oXv/BBov.  01  Be  TOV  <&OV\$LOV 
Tt/v  K€(j)a\^v  KO/j.icravT€S  (//crai^  yap  TWV  dcrrj/jLO- 

5  Tepa)v^)  ovBev  eXaftov,      TCL  Be  &a)/jiaTa  Kal  TOVTWV 

a\\o)v   et?    TOV    TTOTa/abv  eppifyrj,    Tpia- 
L0)v    dvaipedevT(t)v     Kal     Ta?     overlap     avTwv 
aTreBoi'TO  7T/009  TO  Brijj.6o-iov.      aTreiTrav  Be  TrevOeiv 
Tat?    yvvai£i,    TJJV    Be    Ta'iov   Ajticivviav    Kal   TT)? 

dTreo-Tep^crav.      u>/j.oTaTOv  Be  Trpoaetpyd-    343 
ToO    <&ov\/3iov    TOV    vearrepov    viov,    OVTC 


236 


CAIUS  GRACCHUS,  xvn.  2-5 

Philocrates;  and  though  all  the  spectators,  as  at  a  race, 
urged  Caius  on  to  greater  speed,  not  a  man  came  to 
his  aid,  or  even  consented  to  furnish  him  with  a  horse 
when  he  asked  for  one,  for  his  pursuers  were  pressing 
close  upon  him.  He  barely  succeeded  in  escaping 
into  a  sacred  grove  of  the  Furies,  and  there  fell  by 
the  hand  of  Philocrates,  who  then  slew  himself  upon 
his  master.  According  to  some  writers,  however, 
both  were  taken  alive  by  the  enemy,  and  because  the 
servant  had  thrown  his  arms  about  his  master,  no  one 
was  able  to  strike  the  master  until  the  slave  had  first 
been  dispatched  by  the  blows  of  many.  Someone 
cut  off  the  head  of  Caius,  we  are  told,  and  was  carry- 
ing it  along,  but  was  robbed  of  it  by  a  certain  friend 
of  Opimius,  Septimuleius  ;  for  proclamation  had  been 
made  at  the  beginning  of  the  battle  that  an  equal 
weight  of  gold  would  be  paid  the  men  who  brought 
the  head  of  Caius  or  Fulvius.  So  Septimuleius  stuck 
the  head  of  Caius  on  a  spear  and  brought  it  to  Opim- 
ius, and  when  it  was  placed  in  a  balance  it  weighed 
seventeen  pounds  and  two  thirds,  since  Septimuleius, 
besides  showing  himself  to  be  a  scoundrel,  had  also 
perpetrated  a  fraud ;  for  he  had  taken  out  the  brain 
and  poured  melted  lead  in  its  place.  But  those  who 
brought  the  head  of  Fulvius  were  of  the  obscurer  sort, 
and  therefore  got  nothing.  The  bodies  of  Caius  and 
Fulvius  and  of  the  other  slain  were  thrown  into  the 
Tiber,  and  they  numbered  three  thousand  ;  their 
property  was  sold  and  the  proceeds  paid  into  the 
public  treasury.  Moreover,  their  wives  were  for- 
bidden to  go  into  mourning,  and  Licinia,  the  wife  of 
Caius,  was  also  deprived  of  her  marriage  portion. 
Most  cruel  of  all,  however,  was  the  treatment  of  the 
younger  son  of  Fulvius,  who  had  neither  lifted  a  hand 

237 


PLUTARCH'S    LIVES 


vrap/jievov  ovr  ev  rot?  pa^o/nevcus  yev- 
/ji€vov,  a\\a  €7rl  cnrovBds  e.\6bvra  rrpb  TT}?  /j,d%r)<> 
6  (rv\\a{36vre<;  /col  /jLerd  rrjv  fid^v  dve\6vr€S.  ov 
fjLrjv  a\\a  real  rourov  KOI  rwv  a\\wv  aTrdvrcov 
fjid\\ov  r)viacre  TOJ)?  TroXXoi/?  TO 
'Ofiovoias  lepov  VTTO  rov  'OTTifii 
yap  €86fcei  teal  fjieya  fypovelv  KCU  rponov  TIVCL 

€7TL    (iOVOlS    TOaOVTOlS    7TO\ITWV. 


KOi    VVKTOS  VTTO    TrV    €7TLa()rV    TOV     V€GD 


rives  rov  crrl'xpv  rovrov      ""Epyov  d 
vabv  b/jiovoias  rroielS 
XVIII.  Ouro?  aevroi  TTOWTO?   eEovcria 

.  * 


ropo?    ev    VTrareia   ^prfcrdfjievo^   KCU 

€7rl  Tio"i\LOi<>  TroXtrai?  Fdiov 


KOI  <&ov\!3iov  QXaKKOV,  wv  o  IJLCV  TJV  VTrarifcbs  /col 
b   Be   r^?  KaO*  avrbv  r)\iKias  dpeTrj 

7rp(i)T€VK(t)<i,     OUK     a7T6<7^€TO     K\OTTr)S, 

d\\d  TrefjifyOeis  a>?  'lovyovpflav  rbv  No/xa8a  IT  pea  - 
j3evrr)S  Sie(f)0dp?]  %prnj,axnv  VTT*  avrov'  KOI  Bi/cfjv 
6<})\(i)i>  ala^iaTrjv  S(apoBofcias  ev  art/ua  Kareyrj- 
pacre  fjuaovfjievos  KOI  7rp07ni\aKi£6[ji€vo<;  VTTO  rov 
2  Brjfjiov,  Trap1    avrd    /j,ev   rd   Trpa^Oevra   raTreivov 
yevopevov    /cal    a-varaX-evTOS,    b\iya)    Se    varepov 
avTOS    ocrov    el-^ev    i/jiepov    /cal    irbOov    rwv 
-wv.     clicbvas  re  yap  avrwv  dvabei^avre.?  ev 
q)  rrpovriOevro,  /cal  TOU?  TOTTOU?  ev  ol?  e^>o- 
vevOrjaav  d<f>iepa)(Tavr€<;  drrrjp^ovro  JJLCV  wv  wpai 
(frepovai  irdvrwv,  e'Ovov  Be  /cal  /cad'  rjfjiepav  TTO\- 
\ol  /cal  TTpoaemrrrov,  wcrrrep  0ea)v  iepols  e7ri<f>oi- 


XIX.   Kal  fievroi  /cal  rj  ¥iopvi]\La  \eyerai  rd 
238 


CAIUS  GRACCHUS,  xvn.  5~xix.  i 

against  the  nobles  nor  been  present  at  the  fighting, 
but  had  come  to  effect  a  truce  before  the  battle  and 
had  been  arrested ;  after  the  battle  he  was  slain. 
However,  what  vexed  the  people  more  than  this  or 
anything  else  was  the  erection  of  a  temple  of  Concord 
by  Opimius  1 ;  for  it  was  felt  that  he  was  priding  him- 
self and  exulting  and  in  a  manner  celebrating  a 
triumph  in  view  of  all  this  slaughter  of  citizens. 
Therefore  at  night,  beneath  the  inscription  on  the 
temple,  somebody  carved  this  verse  : — "  A  work  of 
mad  discord  produces  a  temple  of  Concord." 

XVIII.  And  yet  this  Opimius,  who  was  the  first 
consul  to  exercise  the  power  of  a  dictator,  and  put  to 
death    without  trial,  besides  three  thousand    other 
citizens,  Caius  Gracchus  and  Fulvius  Flaccus,  of  whom 
one    had  been  consul  and  had  celebrated  a  triumph, 
while  the  other  was  the  foremost  man  of  his  genera- 
tion in   virtue  and  reputation — this  Opimius  could 
not  keep  his  hands  from  fraud,  but  when  he  was  sent 
as  ambassador  to  Jugurtha  the  Numidian  was  bribed 
by  him,  and  after  being  convicted  most  shamefully 
of  corruption,  he  spent  his  old  age  in  infamy,  hated 
and  abused  by  the  people,  a  people  which  was  humble 
and   cowed  at  the  time  when   the   Gracchi  fell,   but 
soon  afterwards  showed  how  much  it  missed  them 
and   longed   for   them.     For  it  had  statues  of  the 
brothers  made  and   set  up  in  a  conspicuous   place, 
consecrated  the  places  where  they  were  slain,  and 
brought  thither  offerings  of  all  the  first-fruits  of  the 
seasons,  nay,  more,  many  sacrificed  and   fell  down 
before  their  statues  every  day,  as  though  they  were 
visiting  the  shrines  of  gods. 

XIX.  And  further,  Cornelia   is   reported  to  have 

1  Opimius  restored  the  temple  of  Concord  which  had  been 

built  by  Camillas  (see  the  Camillus,  xlii.  4). 

239 


PLUTARCH'S    LIVES 


T€  aXXa  TT}?  avfjityopas  evyevws  KOI 
evejfcelv,    /cal  Trepl  Twv  lepwv  ev  o£9 
eiTTeiv  a>9  a^/ou?  ot  ve/cpol  ra<£ou?  e^ovaiv.     avrr) 
Be    Trepl  TOU?    Ka\ov[i,evov<$    M.ia"r)vov<i 
2  ovBev    yiteraXXa^aaa    T/}?   crvuijOous 


del 


cEXXr;i/ft)f  «ai  (friXoXoycov  Trepl  avrrjv  ovrwv, 
wr  /3a<rtXea)i>  «ai  ^e^ofjievwv  irap 
avrf)?  Swpa  real  TTefiirovTWV.  rjSiarrj  /j,ev  ovv  f)i> 
avTt]  rot?  d(f)iKvoviJ,6VOi,<;  Kol  crvvovai 
TOV  TOV  Trarpo?  'A<ppifcavov  fiiov  /cal 
Oav/jLaaKOTarr]  Be  TMV  Trai&wv  aTrevdrjS  /cal  dSd- 
Kpvros  iwrifjiovevovcra,  fcal  TrdOrf  KOI  irpd^eis 
avrwv,  wcnrep  apvaicov  nvwv,  e^rjyov  fjiivr]  rot? 
3  TrvvOavofJLevois.  o9ev  eSo^ev  eviois  eicvovs  VTTO 
rj  /j,6y€0ov$  fca/c&v  yeyovevai  /cal  rwv 

dvaicrOijTOs,     at»Tot?      eo? 
avai<iQr)Toi<$  ovariv  ocrov  e£  evfyv'ias  KOI  TOV 


vkvai    /cal    T€Td()dai    /faXw9    o<>eXo9    e'crrt 


vpwTTots,  /ca     OTI  r)S     pers  rj 
/mev  TO,  /ca/cd 


ev    8e     TO)    TTTalaaL    TO     fyepew     6u\oyi(TTO)^     ov 
TrapaipeiTai. 


KAI    KAEOMENOY2    KAT 


I.    'HjLiv    Be    teal 


irepas  clover  rjs  T7?9 
lv  e/c  7rapa\\rf\ov 
TWV  ftiwv  Trfv  diToOea)pr]a'iv.  TOU9  fjiev  ovv  Ypd<y- 
240 


CAIUS  GRACCHUS,  xix.  1-3 

borne  all  her  misfortunes  in  a  noble  and  mag- 
nanimous spirit,  and  to  have  said  of  the  sacred  places 
where  her  sons  had  been  slain  that  they  were  tombs 
worthy  of  the  dead  which  occupied  them.  She  re- 
sided on  the  promontory  called  Misenum,  and  made 
no  change  in  her  customary  way  of  living.  She  had 
many  friends,  and  kept  a  good  table  that  she  might 
show  hospitality,  for  she  always  had  Greeks  and 
other  literary  men  about  her,  and  all  the  reigning 
kings  interchanged  gifts  with  her.  She  was  indeed 
very  agreeable  to  her  visitors  and  associates  when 
she  discoursed  to  them  about  the  life  and  habits  of 
her  father  Africanus,  but  most  admirable  when  she 
spoke  of  her  sons  without  grief  or  tears,  and  nar- 
rated their  achievements  and  their  fate  to  all  en- 
quirers as  if  she  were  speaking  of  men  of  the  early 
days  of  Rome.  Some  were  therefore  led  to  think 
that  old  age  or  the  greatness  of  her  sorrows  had 
impaired  her  mind  and  made  her  insensible  to  her 
misfortunes,  whereas,  really,  such  persons  themselves 
were  insensible  how  much  help  in  the  banishment  of 
grief  mankind  derives  from  a  noble  nature  and  from 
honourable  birth  and  rearing,  as  well  as  of  the  fact 
that  while  Fortune  often  prevails  over  virtue  when 
it  endeavours  to  ward  off  evils,  she  cannot  rob 
virtue  of  the  power  to  endure  those  evils  with  calm 
assurance. 


AGIS    AND    CLEOMENES    AND    THE 
GRACCHI    COMPARED 

I.  Now  that  I  have  brought  this  story  of  the 
Gracchi  also  to  an  end,  it  renrains  for  me  to  take  a 
survey  of  all  four  lives  in  parallel.  As  for  the  Gracchi, 

241 


PLUTARCH'S   LIVES 

vou?  ot»8'  ot  rrdvv  ra\\a  /ca/ca><;  \eyovres  real 
{jLKTOVVTes  ero\/jirjo-ar  elrrelv  009  ov/c  evtyvecrraroi 
7T009  dperrjv  eyevovro  'Pw/j-aicov  drrdvrwv,  KOI 

2  rpo<f)i]<;  re  real  rraiBevcrea)?  eKTrperrovs  e 
Be  "AyLBos  real   KXeo/xei^ou?  $vcri$  e 

TT}?   eiceivwv  yevofjLevrj,    Trap1  ocrov   ovre 
/jieTd\.a(36vT€s  op6f)s,  eOecri  re  /cal 
re?  v<^  MV  ol  Trpeaftvrepoi  rrd\ai 
peicrav,   auTOi'9    r;iyeyLtoz/a9    evre\eia<;    tcai    cra)(f)po- 

3  avvri<$  Trapea^ov.     eri  Be  ol  fiev,  ore  \afJLrrporarov 
elyev   rj  'P^yUT;    /cal  /jLeyiarov  d^iay/JLa  teal  /caXuv 
epywv    ^r]\ov,   Mcnrep    BiaBo^v    aperf}?    irarpwas 
KalTrpoyovifcris  irjcr%vv07)crav  eyicara'Knrelv    ol  Be 
ical  rrarepwv  rdvavrla  rrpoypr]iJLevwv  yeyovores,  /cal 
rrjv  TrarpiBa  fjLO^drjpa  rrpdrrovcrav  real  voaovffav 
TTapa\aftovres,  ovoev  ri  Bia  ravra   rrjv  Trpo?  TO 

4  ica\ov     d-JTiip,jB\vvav     op^v.      /cal     yJr]V     rrjs    ye 
Ypdy%a)v    d(f)i\oxpr)/uLarias     /cal     77/009     dpyvpiov 
ey/cpareias  fjieyicrrov  ecrriv  on  \rj^fjidr(ji)V  dBi/cwv 
Kadapovs    ev   dp^als   /cal    rro\i,reiat<s   Bie<f)v\a£av 
eavrovs'   *A.yi$    Be    KCLV    Birjyavd/crrjcrev    errl     rq> 
fjur/Bev    d\\orpiov    \aftelv     erraivoviJLevos,    09    rrjv 
ovaiav  rrjv   eavrov  rot9  rro\lrat<;  erreowicev,  dvev 
rwv  a\\wv  /cr^/jidrfov  e^aKocna  rdXavra  vofiia- 
/xaT09  eyovaav.     7rr)\i/cov  ovv  evo/j,i%e  KCLKOV  eivai 
TO  /cepBaiveiv  aSt/c&)9  o   /cal  Bi/caia)<$  rc\eov  e\eiv 
erepov  rf\eove%iav  rjyovfJLevo^; 

1.1.  r/M  76  fJir]V  eiri(3ov\r)  fcal  roX/xa  rwv 

242 


AGIS,  CLEOMENES  AND  GRACCHI,  i.  i-n.  i 

then,  not  even  those  who  utterly  revile  and  hate  them 
on  other  grounds  have  ventured  to  deny  that  of  all 
Romans  they  were  best  equipped  by  nature  for  the 
practice  of  virtue,  and  enjoyed  a  rearing  and  training 
which  were  preeminent ;  but  Agis  and  Cleomenes 
would  appear  to  have  had  even  sturdier  natural  gifts 
than  theirs,  in  so  far  as,  though  they  did  not  receive 
a  correct  training,  and  were  reared  in  those  customs 
and  ways  of  living  by  which  their  elders  had  long  ago 
been  corrupted,  they  nevertheless  made  themselves 
leaders  in  simplicity  and  self-restraint.  And  further, 
the  Gracchi,  at  a  time  when  Rome  had  her  greatest 
and  most  splendid  repute  and  an  ardour  for  noble 
deeds,  were  prevented  by  a  sense  of  shame  from 
abandoning  what  was  like  an  inheritance  of  virtue 
from  ancestors  near  and  remote  ;  Agis  and  Cleomenes, 
on  the  other  hand,  though  they  were  sons  of  fathers 
who  had  adopted  opposite  principles  to  theirs,  and 
found  their  country  in  a  wretched  plight  and  full  of 
distempers,  did  not  suffer  these  things  to  blunt  the 
edge  of  their  zeal  for  what  was  noble.  Moreover,  the 
chief  proof  that  the  Gracchi  scorned  wealth  and  were 
superior  to  money  lies  in  the  fact  that  they  kept 
themselves  clear  from  unrighteous  gains  during  their 
official  and  political  life  ;  whereas  Agis  would  have 
been  incensed  to  receive  praise  for  not  taking  any- 
thing that  was  another's,  since  he  freely  gave  to  his 
fellow  citizens  his  own  property,  which  amounted  to 
six  hundred  talents  in  ready  money  alone,  to  say 
nothing  of  other  valuables.  How  great  a  baseness, 
then,  would  unlawful  gain  have  been  held  to  be  by 
one  in  whose  eyes  even  the  lawful  possession  of  more 
than  another  was  rapacity  ? 

II.   Again,   the   enterprise  and  boldness    of  their 

243 


PLUTARCH'S   LIVES 

7TO\V   TO)  /JL€y€0€i   7Taprj\XaTT€V.       67TO- 

\LT€i>ovTO  jap  6  [lev  68wv  KaTacrKevds  Kal  Tro\ewv 


,  Kal  TO  TfdvTMV  veaviKwraTOV  rjv 


€V  dvaa-wcrai.  Srj/^ocriou^  dypov?,   Tata*  Be 
TO,  BiKaartjpia  Trpoae/jifiaXovTi,  TWV  iTrTri/cwv  rpta- 
2  Koaiovs'  6  Be^AyiBos  KU\  KXeoyueVou? 


TO  fiLKpa  Kal  KaTa  jjiepos  Toyv  r)/j,apTri/j,evQ)v 


l   iiTroKOTTTeiv  v$pav  TLVCL  TeyLt^o^ro?,  w? 
6    Yl\dT(t)V,    r)yrjcrdiJ,6vos    elvai,    TTJV    a/za    TrdvTa 


Kal    /jL€Ta(TKevdo~ai 


3   uejaftoXrjv  eTrrjye  rot?  Trpdy/JLaaiv.     d\r)0e<TT€pov 
8'   tcroD?  €i7T€iv  e&Tiv   OTL    Tr)V    TcdvTO,    d'TTepyaa'a- 
KaKa   fi€Ta{3o\r)v    e^ijX.avvev,   aTrdywv  Kal 


TO  oiKeiov 


KOI   TOVTO    CLV   Ti?    CL7TOL,   TTj  yU6f    Ppdj^COV   TTO\LTeiCL 

iviGTaaQai  'Pay/jLaicoi',  ol?  Se  'A^f? 
Se  TO  epyov  eTreOrjxe,  TWV 


TO  xdXkLaTOv  vjreKeiTO  Kal 

irepl 


,  wv  TOVTOIS  fiev  6  AvKovpyos,  e/eeivq)  ] 
4  Be  6  TIvQio?  fteftaiwTrjs.      o  &e  fJiiyicrTOV,  OTL 
/AW  eK€iva)V7ro\iT€v/jiacriv  et?  ov&ev  rj  'Pa)/jirj 

67T€OWK€    TO)V    VTCap^OVTWV,   €K    $6    WV    0 

,  o\iyov  %povov  Trjv  ^7rdpTt"iv  TT}?  IleXo- 

«  t      'T?-\  -v    V  '          ~£  N 

KpaTovcrav   rj    Ej\,\.as   evretoe    icai 


/neyiaTov  ^vva^evoi^  Siaywi'i^o/jLevrjv  dywva 


Blass,  Fuhr,  and  Ziegler,  after  Madvig  : 
244 


AGIS,    CLEOMENES    AND    GRACCHI,    n.    1-4 

attempted  reforms  were  certainly  very  different  in 
magnitude.  For  in  their  political  activities  Caius  had 
in  view  the  construction  of  roads  and  the  founding  of 
cities,  and  the  boldest  of  all  the  projects  of  the 
Romans  were,  in  the  case  of  Tiberius  the  recovery  of 
the  public  lands,  and  in  that  of  Caius  the  reconstitu- 
tion  of  the  courts  of  justice  by  the  addition  of  three 
hundred  men  from  the  equestrian  order;  whereas 
Agis  and  Cleomenes  in  their  reforms,  considering  that 
the  application  of  trifling  and  partial  remedies  and 
excisions  to  the  disorders  of  the  state  was  nothing 


more  than  cutting  off*  a  Hydra's  heads  (as  Plato  says 
tried  to  introduce  into  the  constitution  a  change  which 
was  able  to  transform  and  get  rid  of  all  evils  at  once ; 
though  perhaps  it  is  more  in  accordance  with  the 
truth  to  say  that  they  banished  the  change  which 
had  wrought  all  sorts  of  evils,  by  bringing  back  the 
state  to  its  proper  form  and  establishing  it  therein. 
Besides,  this  also  can  be  said,  that  the  policies  of  the 
Gracchi  were  opposed  by  the  greatest  Romans, 
whereas  those  which  Agis  instituted  and  Cleomenes 
consummated  were  based  upon  the  fairest  and  most 
imposing  precedents,  namely,  the  ancient  rhetras  or 
unwritten  laws  concerning  simplicity  of  life  and 
equality  of  property,  for  which  Lycurgus  was  voucher 
to  them,  and  the  Pythian  Apollo  to  Lycurgus.2  But 
the  most  important  consideration  is  that  through  the 
political  activity  of  the  Gracchi  Rome  made  no 
advance  in  greatness,  whereas,  in  consequence  of  the 
achievements  of  Cleomenes,  within  a  short  time 
Greece  beheld  Sparta  mistress  of  the  Peloponnesus 
and  carrying  on  a  struggle  for  the  supremacy  with 
those  who  then  had  the  greatest  power,  the  object  of 

1  Republic,  p.  426  e.  2  See  the  Lycurgus,  xiii. 

VOL.  x.  *45 


PLUTARCH'S    LIVES 

TOP  irepl  r/7?  rjye/AOVias,  ov  reXo?  TJV  aTra\\ayelaav 
'I\\vpitca)v   orjr\o)v    teal    Ta\aTifcwv  rr/v  'EXXaSa 


III.   Ol/Jiai    Be    teal    ra?  reXefra?   raw  dvSpwv 

lveiv  riva  T?}?  aperijs  Biacfropdv.     etceivot, 
yap  /jLa%6/jL6voi  irpos  rou?  TroXtra?,  etra 


TOVTCOV 


T0)v  iroKtTwv  o\iyov  Belv   CKMV  a 

$6  TTpoirrjKaKLa-Oels  KOI  dSifcrjOels  a>p- 
/utfj(T€  {lev  dfJivvaa'Oai,  rov  8e  Kaipov  /LLTJ  irapaa^ovro^ 
2  avTov  euroX/zo)?  avel\e.      7rd\iv  Be  rdvavria  crtco- 
TTOVCTIV  *Ayis   ^ev   ovbev    aTreSe^aro 
epyov,    aXXa    7rpoavype0>j,    rat?    &e 

TroXXat?  «at  AraXat?  yevo^evai^  7rapa/3a\€iv 
i/Bepiov    rrjv    ev    Kap^T/Soz^    TOI) 

ov  fJUKpov  epyov,  real  ra? 
,    al?    Sicr/jivpiovs    'Pwfjiaiwv 

OVK  e^o^ra?  a\\7]V  e\7rL8a  vwrripias  irepieiroirjcre' 
teal  Fafc'o?  8e  7ro\\r)v  /jiev  avrodi,  TTO\\TJV  be  ev 
^.apSovi  (TrpaTevo/jievos  dvbpayaOiav  efyrjvev,  ware 
rot?  TTyocoTOi?  ay  evajjii\\ov^  'Pco/jialwv  yevecrdat, 
(TTpar'rjyoL^,  el  yu-r)  TrpoavypeOrjcrav. 

IV.  T^?  8e  vroXtreta?  o  /i-e^  'Ayt?  eoticev  a^avQai 
p,a\aK(t)repov,   eKKpovcrOeis    VTTO  yAyrjcri\,dov    teal 
•v/reucrayuei>o5    TOI^    dva^acr/jiov    rot?    TroXtrai?,  /cat   84E 
6'Xco?  eXXtTr^?  /cat  areX?)?  cor  7rpoei\ero  teal  Kartjy- 
yei\ev  vTTo  ttroXyLtta?  5ta  T^  ijXitciav 
o  Be  KXeofjiewr)?  rovvavrLov  Opacrvrepov  teal 

346 


AGIS,  CLEOMENES  AND  GRACCHI,  n.  4-iv.  i 

which  struggle  was  to  set  Greece  free  from  Illyrian 
and  Gaulish  troops  and  array  her  once  more  under 
descendants  of  Heracles. 

III.  I  think,  too,  that  the  way  in  which  the  men 
died  makes  manifest  a  difference  in  their  high  ex- 
cellence.   For  the  Gracchi  fought  against  their  fellow 
citizens,  and  then  died  as  they  sought  to  make  their 
escape ;  but  in  the  case  of  the  Greeks,  Agis  would 
not  kill  a  single  citizen,  and  therefore  died  what  one 
might  almost  call  a  voluntary  death,  and  Cleomenes, 
after  setting  out  to  avenge  himself  for  insults  and 
wrongs,  found  the  occasion  unfavourable  and  with  a 
good  courage  slew  himself.     But  again,  when  we  take 
the    opposite    view    of  their  relative    merits,    Agis 
displayed  no  deed  worthy  of  a  great  commander,  but 
was  cut  off  untimely,  and  with  the  many  honourable 
victories   won    by  Cleomenes    we  can  compare    the 
capture  of  the  wall  at  Carthage  by  Tiberius,  which 
was  no  trifling  deed,  and  his  truce  at  Numantia,  by 
which  twenty  thousand  Roman  soldiers  who  had  no 
other  hope  of  salvation  were  spared  ;  and  Caius,  too, 
manifested  great  bravery  in  military  service  at  home, 
and  great  bravery  in  Sardinia,  so  that  the  brothers 
might  have  vied  successfully  with  the  foremost  Roman 
generals,  had  they  not  been  cut  off  untimely. 

IV.  In  their  civic  activities,  however,  Agis  would 
seem  to  have  taken  hold  of  things  with  too  little 
spirit ;    he  was  baffled  by  Agesilaus,  and   broke  his 
promise    to    the    citizens   about   the    re-distribution 
of  lands,  and  in   a    word  abandoned    and  left    un- 
finished   the    designs    which    he    had    deliberately 
formed  and  announced,  owing  to  a  lack  of  courage 
due    to    his    youth.       Cleomenes,    on    the  contrary, 
undertook  his  change  of  the  constitution  with  too 

247 


PLUTARCH'S   LIVES 

repov    eVt    T^V    /JLera/3o\r)v    >}\de  r?}? 
aTTO/cTaVa?    rot"?     €(f)6pov<$     Trapavo/Jitos,    ou? 
Trpocrayayecrdai  Tot9  oVXot?  Kparovvra  KOL  yuera- 
aTrjcrai    paBiov    r)V,    wcrTrep    OVK    0X1701;?    a 

2  jneTeaTtjaev    CK    TT}?    TroXew?.      TO    7^/0    aVef 
eo-^ar^?  ava^Kri^  eirnpepeiv  criSvjpov  oure  l 
ovre    iroXiTiKOV,    a\V    are^ 

TOVTW  Se  «al  TO  aSf/ceit'  yw-eT'  a)/aoT?;TO?  TrpoaecrTt, 
TWV   B€    Tpdy^cov   oitSerepos  fjiev   ijp^aro 
€/JUJ)vXiov,    Faio?    8e    \eyerai 

O/3yU,/}crat    7T/90?    CLfJLVVCLV,   a\\a    Xa/ATT/OOTaTO?    W 

ToZ?  TroXe/it/tot?  dpyoraros  ev  rfj  a-rdaei 

3  /eat  fya/3  7rpofj\0€v  aovrXo?  /cal  fjia^ofjiev 

prjcre,  /cal  oXa>?  TrXetoi^a  TOU  yu-?^  T^  Spaaai  jrpovoiav 
r)  rou  firj  iraOelv  e%a)V  ewparo.  Sib  /cat  T^  (frvyrjv 
CLVTWV  OVK  aToX/ita?  ari^lov,  aXX'  ev\aj3eia<$ 
TTOL^reov.  eBei  yap  vTrel^ai  Tot? 

T)  fJLGVOVTdS  V7T€p  TOV  fJLT)  TTdOelv  TCO 

Y.  Twi^  Toivvv  ey/cXrj/jidTcov  TWV  /card  Tifiepiov 
/jLeyicTTOV  eaTLV  OTL  TOV  crvvdp-^ovra  TT}? 
e$;e/3a\6   real    Sevrepav   auTO? 
Fata  Se  TOV  'Av.TV\\iov   fyovov  ov 

9    Trpoo-erpt/BovTO'     Sie(f)0dpij    yap    d 


avrou  /cal  dyavaKrovvros.     KXeo/^e^?  ^6,  tVa 
cr^a-ya?    TWI^    efyopwv    edcrw/jiev,    r]\ev6epwcre 
2  aTTavras  rov<t  ot/ceTa?,  efiaaiXevae  &€  TW 
TO)    5e 


248 


AGIS,  CLEOMENES  AND  GRACCHI,  iv.  i-v.  2 

much  rashness  and  violence,  killing  the  ephors  in 
unlawful  fashion,  when  it  would  have  been  easier  to 
win  them  over  to  his  views  or  remove  them  by 
superiority  in  arms,  just  as  he  removed  many  others 
from  the  city.  For  a  resort  to  the  knife,  except  under 
extremest  necessity,  is  not  the  mark  either  of  a  good 
physician  or  statesman,  but  in  both  cases  shows  a 
lack  of  skill,  and  in  the  case  of  the  statesman  there 
is  added  both  injustice  and  cruelty.  Neither  of 
the  Gracchi,  however,  initiated  civil  slaughter,  and 
Caius,  we  are  told,  would  not  resort  to  self-defence 
even  when  his  life  was  threatened,  but  though  he 
was  a  most  brilliant  soldier  in  the  field,  he  showed 
himself  most  inactive  in  civil  strife.  For  he  went 
forth  from  his  house  unarmed  and  withdrew  when  the 
battle  began,  and  in  a  word  was  seen  to  be  more 
intent  upon  not  doing  any  harm  to  others  than 
upon  not  suffering  harm  himself.  Therefore  we  must 
hold  that  the  flight  of  the  brothers  was  not  a  mark  of 
cowardice,  but  of  caution.  For  they  were  obliged 
either  to  yield  to  their  assailants,  or,  in  case  they  held 
their  ground,  to  defend  themselves  actively  against 
harm. 

V.  Again,  the  greatest  of  the  accusations  against 
Tiberius  is  that  he  deposed  his  colleague  from  the 
tribuneship  and  canvassed  for  a  second  tribuneship 
himself;  and  as  for  Caius,  the  murder  of  Antyllius 
was  unjustly  and  falsely  attributed  to  him,  for  it 
happened  contrary  to  his  wishes  and  much  to  his  dis- 
pleasure. But  Cleomenes,  not  to  mention  again  his 
slaughter  of  the  ephors,  set  free  all  the  slaves,  and 
was  king  by  himself  in  point  of  fact,  though  nomin- 
ally with  another,  after  he  had  chosen  his  brother 
Eucleidas,  a  man  from  the  same  house,  as  his  col- 

249 


PLUTARCH'S   LIVES 


v  CK  yum?  otcas  avrw 
Be,  w  7rpocrr]Kov  r^v  d'jro   TT}?  ereyoa? 
ovri     avpfiacriXeueii',    eTreiae    [Jiev    etc 

Kare\.0elv,    artoQaVOVTOS    Be     TOV    <f)OVOV    OVfC 


e/5e/8atft)<T6     rrjv    alriav    icaO^    avrov 

3  avaipecrews.     fcairoi  Avtcovpyos,  bv  Trpoareiroielro 

rrjv  /te^  fia&iKeiav  e/ccov  cnrebcoKe  rw 
TOV  aBe\(f)ov  Xap/XX,a>,  <£o/3ou/zei;o?  Be  /J,tj, 
Kav  aXXa>9  cnroOdvr)  TO  /uieipd/ciov,  atria  rt?  eV 
avTOV  6\0rj,  TTO\VV  xpovov  e£a>  7T\av^6el<;  ov  irpo- 
repov  €7ravf)\0ev  rj  rrralBa  ro3  \api\\y  ryeveaOai 
BidBo^op  T^?  ap*xf)S.  d\\a  Avfcovpyto  [lev  ovBe 
aXXo?  T£?  'EXX^w^  Trayoa/SX^ro?  ovBefa-  OTI  Be 
rot?  KXeo/xtVou?  iro^iTevfiacri  KCUV  motion  teal 

4  Trapavo^iai  /xet^o^e?  eveiai,  BeBj]\corai.     /cal 
OL  76  ro^  rpoTTOV  avT&v  tyeyovTes  TOVTOL^ 

TVpaWLKOV      KOL      TToXefJLOTTOlOV      aiTt&VTai 

,  rfj  Be  GKelvwv  (pvcrei  <^tXoTi/zta?  a/Lter- 
plav,  aXXo  Be  ovBev  oi  (frOovovvres  e 
eKpLTnaOevTas     Be    rw    TT/JO?     TOU? 
d<ya)vi  teal  Ovfiw   irapa  rrjv  CIVTWV  fyvcnv 
TTVoals,   e(f)€ivat  rrepl   ra   etr^ara   TJJV    rjro\ireLav 

5  a)/j,o\6yovv.      €7rel   TT}?   76   Trpwrr;?   uTrodecreco^   TI 
icd\\iov  r)  Bi/caLorepov  rjv,  el   /xr)    Kara  (3iav  teal 
Bvvacrreiav  em*)(eipr)aavTes  e^Maai    rov  vo^ov  oi 
7T\ovcrioi  TrepiecrrTjcrav  d^orepOLS  dywvas,  rq>  /JLCV 

vTrep    avrov,    T£>    Be    ercBiKovvri    rov 


250 


AGIS,  CLEOMENES  AND  GRACCHI,  v.  2-5 

league  ;  and  he  persuaded  Archidamus,  who  belonged 
to  the  other  house  and  should  have  been  his  colleague 
on  the  throne,  to  come  back  to  Sparta  from  Messene, 
and  upon  his  death,  by  not  following  up  the  murder, 
he  fixed  upon  himself  the  blame  for  his  taking  off'. 
And  yet  Lycurgus,  whom  he  professed  to  imitate, 
voluntarily  surrendered  the  royal  power  to  Charillus 
his  brother's  son,  and  because  he  feared  lest,  if  the 
young  man  should  die  by  another's  hand,  some  blame 
might  attach  to  himself,  he  wandered  a  long  time  in 
foreign  parts,  and  would  not  come  back  until  a  son 
had  been  born  to  Charillus  who  should  succeed  to  his 
office.1  However,  with  Lycurgus  no  other  Greek  is 
worthy  to  be  compared ;  but  that  the  political 
measures  of  Cleomenes  were  marked  by  greater  in- 
novations and  illegalities  than  those  of  the  Gracchi,  is 
evident.  And  indeed  those  who  are  inclined  to  crit- 
icize their  characters  accuse  the  two  Greeks  of  having 
been  from  the  outset  over  fond  of  power  and  strife, 
and  the  two  Romans  of  having  been  by  nature  im- 
moderately ambitious,  though  their  detractors  could 
bring  no  other  charge  against  them ;  nay,  it  was 
agreed  that  they  were  caught  up  by  the  fury  of  the 
contest  with  their  opponents  and  by  a  passion  contrary 
to  their  own  natural  bent,  as  by  blasts  of  wind,  and  so 
let  the  state  drive  into  extremest  danger.  For  what 
could  be  more  just  and  honourable  than  their  original 
design  ?  And  they  would  have  succeeded  in  it,  had 
not  the  party  of  the  rich,  by  their  violent  and  partisan 
attempts  to  abrogate  the  agrarian  law,  involved  both 
of  them  in  fierce  struggles,  Tiberius  through  fear  for 
his  own  life,  and  Caius  in  an  effort  to  avenge  his 
brother,  who  had  been  slain  without  justice  or 

1  See  the  Lycurgus,  iii.  5. 

251 


PLUTARCH'S   LIVES 

dBe\<f)OV  avev  BiKr)<$  real  Boy/iaras  ovBe  vif  a 
dvaipeOevra; 
6        ^vvos    jiev  ovv  KOL  ai/ro?   e/c  rwv 


Trjv  Siacfropdv    el  ^e  Bel  /cal  Kaff1  GKCHTTOV 
vacrOai,  Tiftepiov  fjiev  aperfj  TreTrpwrevKevai  Ti 

Be   r)fj,apTr)Kevcu  TO 
Be    /cal    ro\/jirj    Ydiov    ovrc    o\iyu> 
varepov  yeyovevai. 


252 


AGIS,  CLEOMENES  AND  GRACCHI,  v.  5-6 

senatorial  decree  and  without  the  concurrence  even 
of  a  magistrate. 

From  what  has  been  said,  then,  my  reader  will 
perceive  for  himself  the  difference  between  these 
men  ;  but  if  I  am  to  express  my  opinion  of  them 
individually,  I  should  say  that  Tiberius  led  them  all 
in  exemplary  virtues,  that  the  youthful  Agis  com- 
mitted the  fewest  errors,  and  that  in  achievement 
and  courage  Caius  fell  far  short  of  Cleomenes. 


253 


PHILOPOEMEN 


OIAOIIOIMHN 


KCU 


I.   KXea^S/30?  r)v  ev  ^lavTiveia  yevov  5  re  Trpcorou    356 

rj0ei<$  ev  rot?  yttaXtcrra  T&V  7ro\LTO)v,  Tv%y 
8e  xprjad/nevos  KCU  rrjv  eavrov  <pwyct)V  fjKev  et? 
M  ejaX.yji'  7ro\iv  ov%  ^Ktara  Sia  rbv  <&i\07roi[i€vo5 
Trarepa  Kpavyiv,  avBpa  irdvrwv  ei>€Ka  \a/jL7rpov, 
2  IBia  Se  TT^O?  eiceivov  otVetco?  e^ovra.  ^WVTOS  /u€v 
ovv  avrov  Trdvrwv  ervy^ai'e,  reX-evTijaavTos  Be 
TTJV  dfjLoi^rjV  T%  fyi\ol;€via<;  aTroSiBo 
avrov  TOV  viov  opfyavov  OVTCL,  KaOaTrep 
"Q/jLypos  VTTO  TOV  QOLVIKOS  TOV  'A^tXXea 
yevvaiav  Tiva  KCU  /3aai\.ifcr)v  TOV  i']8ov<; 
TT\d(jiv  KOI  avj;r](riv  \a/jL(3di>oi>Tos. 


€% 

Be 


TOV 


o 


xa 

TTJV 


ev 


KCU 


eavTov?  eVt  iro\iTeiav  /cal 
3  OVTOI  KCU  Trjv  eavTwv  TraTpiBa  Tvpavvi&os  d7rrj\- 


7rapao~K€vdo-avT€S,  KCLI   Nt/to^Xea 

Tvpavvov    'Aparro    a-vve%efta\ov,    Kal    Kvprjvaiois 


256 


PHILOPOEMEN 

I.  OLEANDER  was  a  man  of  the  highest  lineage  and 
greatest  influence  among  the  citizens  of  Mantineia, 
but  he  met  with  reverses  and  was  exiled  from  his 
native  city.  He  then  betook  himself  to  Megalopolis, 
chiefly  because  of  Craugis,  the  father  of  Philopoemen, 
a  man  in  every  way  illustrious,  and  attached  to  him  by 
ties  of  personal  friendship.  As  long  as  Craugis  lived, 
Oleander's  wants  were  all  supplied,  and  when  Craugis 
died,  Oleander,  wishing  to  requite  him  for  his 
hospitality,  undertook  the  rearing  of  his  orphan  son, 
just  as  Homer  says  that  Achilles  was  reared  by 
Phoenix,1  so  that  the  boy's  character  took  on  from 
the  very  outset  a  noble  and  kingly  mould  and  growth. 
But  as  soon  as  Philopoemen  had  ceased  to  be  a  boy, 
Ecdemus  and  Megalophanes,  of  Megalopolis,  were 
put  in  charge  of  him.2  They  had  been  comrades  of 
Arcesilaiis  at  the  Academy,  and  beyond  all  men  of 
their  day  had  brought  philosophy  to  bear  upon 
political  action  and  affairs  of  state.  They  freed  their 
own  native  city  from  tyranny,  by  secretly  procuring 
men  to  kill  Aristodemus  ;  they  joined  with  Aratus  in 
expelling  Nicocles  the  tyrant  of  Sicy on  ;3  and  at  the 
request  of  the  people  of  Gyrene,  whose  city  was  full 

1  Cf .  Iliad,  ix.  438  ff. 

2  A  brief  biography   of  Philopoemen    may   be   found    in 
Pausanias,  viii.  49-51.     It  agrees,  in  the  main,  with  that  of 
Plutarch.     Philopoemen  was  born  about  252  B.C. 

3  See  the  Aratus,  ii.-x. 


PLUTARCH'S    LIVES 

BerjQeicrt,  rerapay/JLevcov  TCOV  Kara  TIJV  TTO\IV  /cal 
VO&OVVTWV,  Tr\evGavT6<$  evvo/^iav  edevTO  tcai  BLGKO- 
4  cr/Ar/crav  apiara  rrjv  TTO\IV.  avroi  ye  fjLTjv  ev  rot? 
a'XXoi9  6/97049  /cal  rrjv  <&iX.oiroL[jLevos  CTTOIOVVTO 
TraiBevaiv,  a>?  KOIVOV  O(/>eXo9  rfj  '\L\\dSi  rov  avbpa 
TOVTOV  VTTO  (f)i\o(TO(f)ias  dTrepyaao/Aevoi,.  /cal  yap 
o-^riyovov  ev  ytfpa  rat?  r&v  TraXaiwv  i} 


vwv  €7riT€/covcra  TOVTOV  ayoerat?  rj 


/cal  avvtjv^Tjcre  TTJ  80^77  TTJV  Svva/j,iv. 


jrpocreLTrev,  &>9  ovoeva  /^eyav  fieTa  TOVTOV  CTI  TT}? 
'EXXaSo?  avSpa  yeivapevrjs  ovBe  ai/r^?  a£iov. 

ntf-r        £\         \          \  •?£>  >  5  r  f        >/ 

.    nv  oe  TO  /lev  etoo?  OVK  ator^po?,  009  evioi 

eltcova    yap    UVTOV    Sia/jievovcrav    ev 


ayvoiav  crv/jufirfvai,  \eyovai  Si   ev/co\iav  Tiva  /cal   357 
afyeXeiav  avTov.     TrvvQavo/^evrfyap  ep^eaBai  7Tyoo9 
at»Tou9   TOI^   crTpaTTjyov  TWV   'A^atwy 
Trapacr/cevd^ovaa  SCITTVOV,  ov  TrapovTOS  Kara 

2  TOV  dvopos.     ev  TOVTW  Be  TOV  ^>tXo7rot/xe^o9 

^\a/jivBiov  euTeXe9  e^oz^ro9,  olofiewrj 
v7rr)p€Twv  elvai  /cal  jrpoBpo/jiov  7rap€fcd\ei 

Sia/covias  avve(j)dilrao-0ai.  /cal  6  /zei;  €v0v<>  djrop- 
TTJV  ^XayauSa  TWI^  %v\wv  6a"%t%€V'  o  Be 
ireicrekOtov  /cal  Oeaadfjievo^,  "  Tt  TOUTO," 
w  (^>i\07roifjLrjv;>1  "  Ti  yap  aXXo, 

Bcopi^wv  €/celvos,  "  -^  /ca/cds  0^66)9  Bi/cas 

3  TOU  Se  aXXou  <ra)/xaro9  T^  (frixriv  e7ncr/ca>7rTCDV  o 


258 


PHILOPOEMEN,  i.  3-11.  3 

of  confusion  and  political  distemper,  they  sailed 
thither,  introduced  law  and  order,  and  arranged 
matters  in  the  city  most  happily.  They  themselves, 
however,  counted  the  education  of  Philopoemen  also 
among  their  many  achievements,  believing  that  their 
philosophical  teachings  had  made  him  a  common 
benefit  to  Greece.  For  since  he  was  the  child,  as  it 
were,  of  her  late  old  age  and  succeeded  to  the  virtues 
of  her  ancient  commanders,  Greece  loved  him  sur- 
passingly, and  as  his  reputation  grew,  increased  his 
power.  And  a  certain  Roman,  in  praising  him,  called 
him  the  last  of  the  Greeks,1  implying  that  Greece 
produced  no  great  man  after  him,  nor  one  worthy 
of  her. 

II.  In  looks  he  was  not,  as  some  suppose,  ill- 
favoured  ;  for  a  statue  of  him  is  still  to  be  seen  at 
Delphi ;  and  the  mistake  of  hisMegarian  hostess  was 
due,  as  we  are  told,  to  a  certain  indifference  and 
simplicity  on  his  part.  This  woman,  learning  that 
the  general  of  the  Achaeans  was  coming  to  her 
house,  in  great  confusion  set  about  preparing 
supper;  besides,  her  husband  chanced  to  be  away 
from  home.  Just  then  Philopoemen  came  in,  wear- 
ing a  simple  soldier's  cloak,  and  the  woman,  thinking 
him  to  be  one  of  his  servants  who  had  been  sent 
on  in  advance,  invited  him  to  help  her  in  her 
housework.  So  Philopoemen  at  once  threw  off  his 
cloak  and  fell  to  splitting  wood.  Then  his  host 
came  in,  and  seeing  him  thus  employed,  said : 
"What  does  this  mean,  Philopoemen?"  "What 
else,"  said  Philopoemen  in  broad  Doric,  "than  that  I 
am  paying  a  penalty  for  my  ill  looks  ?  "  And  once 
Titus  Flamininus,  making  fun  of  certain  parts  of  his 

1  See  the  Aratus,  xxiv.  2. 


PLUTARCH'S    LIVES 


Ttro?  elrrev,  "  'H 
e%6is  Kal  (JKekr)-  yacrrepa  o°  ov/c  e^et?-"  rjv  yap 
€K  ra)i>  fieawv  arevcarepos.  TO  fAevroL  <TKa)u/j,a 
7T/30?  rr)v  BvvafJiiv  avrov  fJLa\\ov  eXe^Oi].  KOL 
yap  OTrXtra?  e^wv  ayaOovs  Kal  /TTTret?  ^prifjid'Twv 
TroXXa/a?  OVK  evTropei.  -ravra  fjiev  ovv  ev  rat? 
cr^oXat?  irepl  TOV  4>tX,o7rotyuef09  \eyerai. 

III.  ToO  6'  7/$ou9  TO  (f)i\,OTi,jAOV  OVK  rjv  jravrd- 
TTCKTL  fyiKoveiKias  fcaOapov  ovS*  0/977)9  d7Tij\\ay- 
fjievov  aXXa  KaiTrep  JE*7ra/j.eivd)v$ov  /3ov\6fi6i>os 
elvai  fjiaXiara  ^7/XwT?;?,  TO  Spaa-rrfpiov  Kal  CTVVZTOV 


avrov  Kal  VTTO 


TW  &e  Trpdo)  Kal  jSadel  Kal  fyiXavOpanru)  Trapd  Ta 

ou 


2  Tt/c/)?  r)  7ro\LTtKrj^  dperrjs  oiKelos  elvai.  Kal  ydp 
€K  Trat&wv  evOvs  TJV  (friX-ocrTpaTicoTrjs,  Kal  TOi? 
Trpo?  rovro  ^piiai^OL^  fJiadt'ifjiaa-Lv  vTrr/Kove  Trpo- 
,  67r\o/j,a%eiv  Kal  iTnreveLV.  eirel  Be  Kal 
evffrvws  eSoKei  Kal  7rap6Ka\ovv  avTov 
ejrl  TYJV  aB\i](Tiv  evioi  TWV  $i\wv  Kal  T&V 


rjpwTrja-ev  avrovs  /ULIJ  11  TT/OO?  rrjv 
v  V7TO  T^?  a^X^creo)?  /9XayS 
3  T&V  Se  fyajjievwv,  owep  r/v,  dO^TiKov  crrpaTicoriKov 


Kal  fiiov  SiafyepeLV  Tot?  Trdcrt,  /jidXio-ra  Be 
Biairav  erepav  Kal  aaK^aiv  elvai,  TWV  fjiev  virvw 
T€  TroXXft)  Kal  7r\r)o-/j.ovais  eVSeXe^ecrt  Kal  Kivrjcrecrt, 


Kal  rcrviai^  avowTwv  re  Ka 


\arrovra)v  rrjv  e%iv  vrro  Trdarjs  /QOTTT}?  Kal  rrapeK- 
ovaav,    rd    Be    Trdarjs    /j,ev    TrXaz^/y?    e/ATreipa    KCLI 

260 


PHILOPOEMEN,  n.  3-111.  3 

re,  said  :  "  Philopoemen,  what  fine  arms  and  legs 
thou  hast;  but  belly  them  hast  not";  for  Philo- 
poemen  was  quite  slender  at  the  waist.  This  piece  of 
fun,  however,  was  aimed  the  rather  at  his  resources. 
For  though  he  had  excellent  men-at-arms  and  horse- 
men, he  was  often  at  a  loss  for  money.  However, 
these  stories  are  told  of  Philopoemen  in  the  schools  of 
philosophy. 

III.  But  the  love  of  distinction  which  marked  his 
character  was  not  altogether  free  from  contentiousness 
nor  devoid  of  anger ;  and  although  he  desired  to 
pattern  himself  most  of  all  after  Epaminondas,  it  was 
the  energy,  sagacity,  and  indifference  to  money  in 
Epaminondas  which  he  strenuously  imitated,  while 
his  proneness  to  anger  and  contentiousness  made  him 
unable  to  maintain  that  great  leader's  mildness, 
gravity,  and  urbanity  in  political  disputes,  so  that  he 
was  thought  to  be  endowed  with  military  rather  than 
with  civic  virtues.  For  from  his  very  boyhood  he  was 
fond  of  a  soldier's  life,  and  readily  learned  the  lessons 
which  were  useful  for  this,  such  as  those  in  heavy- 
armed  fighting  and  horsemanship.  He  was  also 
thought  to  be  a  good  wrestler,  but  when  some  of  his 
friends  and  directors  urged  him  to  take  up  athletics, 
he  asked  them  if  athletics  would  not  be  injurious  to 
his  military  training.  They  told  him  (and  it  was  the 
truth)  that  the  habit  of  body  and  mode  of  life  for 
athlete  and  soldier  were  totally  different,  and  particu- 
larly that  their  diet  and  training  were  not  the  same, 
since  the  one  required  much  sleep,  continuous  surfeit 
of  food,  and  fixed  periods  of  activity  and  repose,  in 
order  to  preserve  or  improve  their  condition,  which 
the  slightest  influence  or  the  least  departure  from 
routine  is  apt  to  change  for  the  worse  ;  whereas  the 

261 


PLUTARCH'S   LIVES 

Trpoarj/cov    elvai,  fidkiara    be 

<j>epeiv  paBiajs  /mev  evSeiav   eWicr/jieva,  paBia)<$    Be 
dypwjrviav,  aKovcras  6  ^iXoTroi^rfv  ov  JJLOVOV  auro? 
TO    Trpdyfia    teal    KareyeXacrev,    aXXa    KOI 
varepov  anglais  Kai  rjrpOTrrj\.aKL<j[Jioli$) 
oaov  rjv  eV   CIVTM,   Tracrav  a6\rf(TLV  e^efBakev  a>? 
TO,  %pr)(Ti/LLc0TaTa  TWV  awfidrajv  et?  rou? 
dywvas  a^prjcrra  jroiovcrav. 

IV.  'AvraXXaYei?  Se  Bi&acrKdXwv  KOI 
<ya)ja)v  €V  ^ev  rat?  TroXtrf/cat?  crrpareiais,  a? 
CTTOIOVVTO  ArXwTreta?  evefca  KCU  Xe^Xacri'a?  et?  r^ 
e/Lt^aXXo^re?,  eWicrev  avTov  Trpwrov 
efcarpaievovrwv,  vara^ov  Be 
fta&'i^eiv.  a^oX^  8e  ovcriys  i}  tewrjy&v 
TO  crcoyLta  /cat  KarecrKeva^e  tc^vfyov  apa  KOI  pcopa- 
2  Xeot',  77  yewpywv.  fy  yap  aypo?  auTw  /caXo?  avro 
(TTa&iwv  etKOffi  TT}?  TroXea)?.  et?  TOVTOV  e/3d$i£e 
/caO  rjfiepav  /Aero,  TO  apiarov  rj  pera  TO  Selirvov, 
teal  Kara{3a\a)v  eavrov  eVt  <TTi/3a&iov  rov  TV^OVTOS 

epyarwv  aveiraveTO.     Trpco'l'  Be 


dvacrra<{    KOI    crvvefya^dfjievos    epyov  TO  A? 
\ovpyovaiv  77  j3o7]\aTovau>,  av0i<;  et?  TroXii/  a 
Ta  B^/jioaia  TOi?  <fii\oi<?  teal  Tot? 


Ta  yttei'  ovv  etc  rwv  crpaTeiMvirpocnovra  Karav- 

o?rXa 


O€  olicov  arro  TT}?  yecopylas  av^eiv 
eTreiparo  Bi/caiOTaTa)  T&V  ^pr]  /j,ar  icr  JJLWV  ',  ovSe  TOVTO 
7roiovfj.evos  irdpepyov,  aXXa  /cat  7raj/t>  irpocnj/ceiv 

262 


PHILOPOEMEN,  in.  3-iv.  3 

soldier  ought  to  be  conversant  with  all  sorts  of 
irregularity  and  all  sorts  of  inequality,  and  above  all 
should  accustom  himself  to  endure  lack  of  food  easily, 
and  as  easily  lack  of  sleep.  On  hearing  this,  Philo- 
poemen  not  only  shunned  athletics  himself  and 
derided  them,  but  also  in  later  times  as  a  commander 
banished  from  the  army  all  forms  of  them,  with  every 
possible  mark  of  reproach  and  dishonour,  on  the 
ground  that  they  rendered  useless  for  the  inevitable 
struggle  of  battle  men  who  would  otherwise  be 
most  serviceable. 

IV.  And  when,  set  free  from  teachers  and  tutors, 
he  took  part  in  the  incursions  into  Spartan  territory 
which  his  fellow-citizens  made  for  the  sake  of  booty 
and  plunder,  he  accustomed  himself  to  march  first  as 
they  went  out,  but  last  as  they  came  back.  And 
when  he  had  leisure,  he  would  give  his  body  hard 
exercise  in  hunting,  thus  rendering  it  agile  and  at  the 
same  time  sturdy,  or  in  cultivating  the  soil.  For  he 
had  a  fine  farm  twenty  furlongs  from  the  city.  To 
this  he  would  go  every  day  after  dinner  or  after 
supper,  and  would  throw  himself  down  upon  an 
ordinary  pallet-bed,  like  anyone  of  his  labourers,  to 
sleep  for  the  night.  Then,  early  in  the  morning,  he 
would  rise  and  go  to  work  along  with  his  vine-dressers 
or  his  herdsmen,  after  which  he  would  go  back  again 
to  the  city  and  busy  himself  about  public  matters  with 
his  friends  or  with  the  magistrates. 

As  for  what  he  got  from  his  campaigning,  he  used 
to  spend  it  on  horses,  or  armour,  or  the  ransoming  of 
captives ;  but  his  own  property  he  sought  to  increase 
by  agriculture,  which  is  the  justest  way  to  make 
money.  Nor  did  he  practise  agriculture  merely  as  a 
side  issue,  but  he  held  that  the  man  who  purposed  to 

263 


PLUTARCH'S    LIVES 


i   rv 

Be  \6ya)v  Kal  o-vyypd/j./j,acri 
evervyxavev,  ou  Tracriv,  aXX'  a<£'  &v  eBo 

4  TTjQo?  dpeTifv  uxbeXelcrOai.     Kal  rwv  Q/jUjpiKGOv  oaa 
ra?  TT/OO?  avSpeiav  eyeipeiv  Kal  irapo^vveiv  eVo/it^e 

ias,  TOVTOIS  Trpocrel^e.     TWV  S'  a\\cov  ava- 

/j-dXiara    TO??   EvayyeXov 
evefivero     Kal     ra?     Trepl     'A\€%ai'Spov     I 
KaTel^e,   TOU?    \6yovs    CTTL    TO.    7rpdyfj.ara    Kara- 
aTp6<p€iv  oio/j.ei>o$,  el  JJL^  cr^oX)}?  eveKa  Kal 

5  aKaprrov    Trepaivoivro.     Kal    yap    rwv 


,   eVt    TWV    TOTTWV  avTwv 


e\ey)(ov  Kal  /zeXer?;^  eTroieiro,  ^ 
Kal   7r6$L(ov   aTTOKOTrds,    Kal   ocra   Trepl  peidpoL? 
)  crrevajTrols  TrdOrj  Kal  cr^jJiaTa  BLacrTr 
Kal  7rd\iv  crfcrTeXXo^eV?;?  (£>d\ayyo$.     e 


GKOTTWV  aUTO?  7T/30?  aVTOV  €V 


6  TO£<?  /ue^'  eavTou  7rpo/3d\\a)v.  eoiKe  yap  ovros 
o  dv^p  Trepairepa)  T>}?  dvdyKrjs  e/A(f)L\OKa\rja'ai 
rot?  CTTpaTiwTiKOi<;,  Kal  rbi'  rroKefjiov  a>?  TTOLKL\W- 
rdnjv  vTTodecnv  T?}?  dpertj^  dcnrdcrao'dai,  Kal 
oXco?  Karafypovelv  roov  d7TO\ei7ro/j.€i'a)v  co?  aTrpd- 


V.  "HS?;    Se     avrov    Tfudtcovra    err} 

o  ySacr^Xeu?  AaKeSai/novioov  VVKTO? 
Trpoa-Treacov  rfj  MeyaXrj  7ro\ei  Kal  ra? 
<;  /S^acra^e^o?  eVro?  7rapr)\@e  Kal  rifv  dyo- 
pdv  KaieXaftev.  €K/3oii6rjaas  Be  ^iXoTroi^v  roz)? 
264 


PHILOPOEMEN,  iv.  3-v.  i 

keep  his  hands  from  the  property  of  others  ought  by 
all  means  to  have  property  of  his  own.  He  also 
listened  to  the  discourses  and  applied  himself  to  the 
writings  of  philosophers — not  all  of  them,  but  those 
whom  he  thought  helpful  to  him  in  his  progress 
towards  virtue.  And  as  for  the  poems  of  Homer, 
whatever  in  them  was  thought  by  him  to  rouse  and 
stimulate  the  activities  of  the  soul  which  made  for 
valour,  to  this  he  would  apply  himself.  Among  other 
writings,  however,  he  was  most  of  all  devoted  to  the 
"Tactics"  of  ISvangelus,  and  was  familiar  with  the 
histories  of  Alexander,  thinking  that  literature  was 
conducive  to  action,  unless  it  wrere  prosecuted  merely 
to  while  away  the  time  and  afford  themes  for  fruitless 
small  talk.  Indeed,  he  would  ignore  the  charts  and 
diagrams  for  the  illustration  of  tactical  principles,  and 
get  his  proofs  and  make  his  studies  on  the  ground 
itself.  The  ways  in  which  places  slope  to  meet 
one  another,  and  level  plains  come  to  an  abrupt  end, 
and  all  the  vicissitudes  and  shapes  of  a  phalanx 
when  it  is  elongated  and  contracted  again  in  the 
vicinity  of  ravines  or  ditches  or  narrow  defiles,  these 
he  would  investigate  by  himself  as  he  wandered  about, 
and  discuss  them  with  his  companions.  For  it  would 
seem  that  he  brought  more  zeal  than  was  necessary 
to  the  study  of  military  science,  setting  his  affections 
on  war  as  affording  a  most  manifold  basis  for  the 
practice  of  virtue,  and  despising  as  unsuccessful  men 
those  who  left  it  to  others. 

V.  He  was  now  thirty  years  of  age,  when  Cleomenes, 
King  of  the  Lacedaemonians,  suddenly  attacked 
Megalopolis  by  night,  forced  the  guard,  made  his  way 
into  the  city,  and  occupied  the  market-place.  Philo- 
poemen  came  to  the  help  of  the  citizens,  but  had  not 

265 


PLUTARCH'S    LIVES 

uev  7roXe/ii'ou?   ov  KaTicr^vcrev    e£e\dcrai) 


,  TOI>? 

-  --    rroXiVa?    -poTTOv  -ivd   Try?  TroXeo)?   e£eAcAe^e, 

70!?   emSuiHCOVfft  Kal   TOP   KXeo- 
e'6' 


(77(270? 
•2  TpavfjMTLas    ycvofi&fos*      eVet     ce     ir 

avTol)  o  KXeo/M&nrfi  els  ^lecrcrTJvrjv  aTreXOovvi  rijv 
re  TTG\IV  fj.€Ta  row 

o  <&i\G7roifj,r)v  7ou?  TroXtVa? 


a 


r^  TroXii/  KXeo/ze^?,  TrpocTKra-rat,  ce  rovs  TroXtVa? 


T<W  Arat   777^  rroXij/  e^eiy  ftefiaiorepov   ov  yap 


avrotf 

' 


KO0ijft€VO<;,  aXXa  Arai,  70U7<Di^  urr'  eptjfilaQ 
aOai.     Tav~a  \eyatv  TOV?  /zef  TroXtVa?  aTrerpe^e, 
TO)  ce  KXeoftevet  Trpof^avLv  7rape<j-)(e  \v[j.r)vacrQaL 

a 


VI.   'L-7£t    ce    Arrvyovos    o   /S 


rv 


l  ra?  rrept  SeXXaTtay  axpas  Kal   7a?   e/ 

avTC/v    rraperatt.    TT/V   cvvap.iv   ey/i-, 
Kal  @id£&r0at   ctavoov^evO),  r/v   /j.fv  ev 
t  fj.e~a  TWV  kav~ov 
t&iXtnroifirjv,  Kai  Tra/xurraras 


1  See  the  C7eom^ne>.  xxiv. 

-  r:'.  the:    Oor'i'r,*-..    ixvii.    and   zxviii.       The   baV.le   of 
•  it  in  221  B.C. 

266 


PHILOPOEMEN,  v.  i-vi.  i 

force  enough  to  drive  the  enemy  out,  although  he 
fought  with  vigour  and  daring.  He  did,  however, 
steal  the  citizens  out  of  the  city,  as  it  were,  by 
attacking  their  pursuers  and  drawing  Cleomenes 
against  himself,  so  that  with  the  greatest  difficulty 
he  got  away  last  of  all,  after  losing  his  horse  and 
receiving  a  wound.  Moreover,  when  Cleomenes  sent 
to  them  at  Messene,  whither  they  had  gone,,  and 
offered  to  give  them  back  their  city  with  its  valuables 
and  their  territory,  Philopoemen,  seeing  that  the 
citizens  would  be  glad  to  accept  the  offer  and  were 
eager  to  go  back  home,  opposed  and  dissuaded  them 
from  it,  showing  them  that  Cleomenes  was  not  so 
much  offering  to  restore  their  city  as  he  was  trying 
to  win  over  to  himself  its  citizens,  that  so  he  miorht 

^5 

have  the  city  also  more  securely  in  his  possession  ;  for 
he  would  not  be  able,  Philopoemen  said,  to  remain 
there  and  guard  empty  houses  and  walls,  but  the 
solitude  would  force  him  to  abandon  these  also.  By 
this  speech  Philopoemen  diverted  the  citizens  from 
their  purpose,  but  furnished  Cleomenes  with  an  excuse 
for  devastating  and  demolishing  the  greater  part  of 
the  city  and  marching  offloaded  with  booty.1 

VI.  Soon,  however,  Antigonus  the  king  marched 
with  the  Achaeans  to  give  aid  against  Cleomenes,  and 
finding  that  his  enemy  was  occupying  the  heights 
and  passes  about  Sellasia,  he  drew  up  his  forces  near 
by  with  the  purpose  of  attacking  him  and  forcing  a 
passage.2  Philopoemen  was  stationed  among  the 
Macedonian  cavalry  with  his  own  fellow-citizens,3 
and  had  as  a  support  the  Illyrians,  a  large  body  of 

3  According  to  Polybius,  ii.  66.  7,  a  thousand  Achaeans 
and  as  many  Megalopolitans  were  stationed  with  the 
Macedonian  cavalry. 

267 


PLUTARCH'S   LIVES 

2  TroXXoi?    ovai    KOI    fjLa'\ifJiOis.      eiprjTO    Be 
efaBpevovaiv  ijav^iav  e^eiv  a^pi  av  airo  Qarepov 
Kepcos    VTTO    rov    /?ao-/,Xe&>?    dpOfj    <j>oiviiels    vrrep 
crapicrr]<s     Biarera/j,evrj.      rwv     Se     rjye/jiovwv     rot? 

ipwfjLevwv  €K(3id%ecr0ai  TOL/?  Aa/ce&ai- 
teal  TCOV  'A^aiayv,  Mcnrep  Trpoa-ereraKro, 
TTJV  etfie&peiav  ev  rd^ei  Sia(f)V\aTT6vTa>v,  Eu^Xa^a? 
o  rov  KXeojuievovs  a£eX</>o?  Kara^aduiv  TO  JIVO/JLCVOV 
Trepl  TOU?  vroXe/xtof?  Ta^u  rou9  e'Xa- 
rwv  •fyiKwv  TrepieTre/JL^rev,  €%6mcr0€v  rot? 
eirnrearelv  /ceXeucra?  «al  Trepiairav  eprf- 
TMV  iTrTrewv  a7ro\e\ei/jL/jLevovs. 

3  Vivopevwv  Be  TOVTCOV  Kal  Twvfyi\wv  Toi/?'JXXu-    359 
piovs  TrepicrTrcovTwv  teal  SiaraparTovTwv,  avvi&cov 

6  (&i\.o7roi/nijv  ov  /Jieya   ov  epyov  eTnOeeOai.   rot? 
/tal  TOV  Kaipov  v<j)ijyov{jL6vov  TOUTO,  irpwrov 


aXXa    jjiaivecrOai     $o/ca)v     Kare^povelro, 
ovSe  a^LOTrlcrrov  TT/JO?  rrj\tKovro 

Trepl  avrbv   ovcrrjs,    at»TO?    e/i./3aXXet 
4  (rvveTrKnTaadfjievo^    rou?   TroXtra?.     yevo^evr]^  Be 
TO  irpGyrov,  elra  (frvyfjs  Kal  cfrovov  TroXXoC 


TOV?  (3a,(Ti\iKOV<;  KOI  7rpocr/jiij;ai  Kara  Ta^o?  Oopv- 

Tot?  7roXe/uo£?  TOI^  /xei'  ILTTTTOV 
8e  Trpo?  ^wpia  cr/coXia  Kal  /neara  pel 
l  (papdyywv  7re£o?  ev  ITTTTIKW  OutpaKi  Kal  (TKevfj 
fiapvrepa  ^aXeTrw?  «a 
S^eXaweTat  Bia/jLTrepes  O/JLOV  TOV? 

268 


PHILOPOEMEN,  vi.  2-4 

good  fighters,  who  closed  up  the  line  of  battle. 
They  had  been  ordered  to  lie  quietly  in  reserve  until, 
from  the  other  wing,  a  signal  should  be  made  by  the 
king  with  a  scarlet  coat  stretched  upon  a  spear.  But 
the  Illyrians,  at  the  command  of  their  officers,  tried 
to  force  back  the  Lacedaemonians,  while  the  Achaeans, 
as  they  had  been  ordered  to  do,  kept  quietly  waiting 
at  their  post.  Therefore  Eucleidas,  the  brother  of 
Cleomenes,  who  noticed  the  gap  thus  made  in  the 
enemies'  line,  quickly  sent  round  the  most  agile  of 
his  light-armed  troops,  with  orders  to  attack  the 
Illyrians  in  the  rear  and  rout  them,  now  that  thev  had 

•/  *  J 

lost  touch  with  the  cavalry. 

These  orders  were  carried  out,  and  the  light-armed 

3  O 

troops  were  driving  the  Illyrians  before  them  in 
confusion,  when  Philopoemen  perceived  that  it  would 
be  no  great  task  to  attaek  the  light-armed  troops, 
and  that  the  occasion  prompted  this  step.  At  first  he 
pointed  this  out  to  the  king's  officers.  Then,  when 
they  were  not  to  be  persuaded  by  him,  but  looked 
down  upon  him  as  a  madman  (since  his  reputation 
was  not  yet  great  enough  to  justify  his  being  entrusted 
with  so  important  a  manreuvre),  he  took  matters  into 
his  own  hands,  formed  his  fellow-citizens  into  a 
wedge,  and  charged  upon  the  enemy.  At  first  the 
light-armed  troops  were  thrown  into  confusion,  then 
put  to  rout  with  great  slaughter.  And  now  Philo- 
poemen, wishing  to  encourage  still  finther  the  king's 
troops  and  bring  them  swiftly  upon  the  enemy  thus 
thrown  into  disorder,  quitted  his  hors*,  and  with 
grievous  difficulty  forced  his  way  along  on  foot,  in  his 
horseman's  breastplate  and  heavy  equipment,  towards 
ground  that  was  irregular  and  full  of  water-courses 
and  ravines.  Here  he  had  both  his  thighs  pierced 

269 


PLUTARCH'S   LIVES 


evl  /jLeerayKvXy,  Kaipias  ^ev  ov  yevo/jievrjs,  I 

Be    TTJS    7rXT77?}9,    wcrre    rrjv    alyjpfyv    I'm,    6drepa 

5  Sicocrat.      TO    fj,ev    ovv    irpwrov    eva^edel^    cbcnrep 
Secr/iw  iravTCLTraaiv  drrbpws  el^e'    TO  jap 

TT}?    dyKV\r)<;  yakeTrr^v  €7roiei  TOV 

•>          ^  r  ^     \  *  /  \  '  ^  f 

ave\KO/JL€vov  oia  rwv  rpav/marcov  rrjv  Trapooov  <w 
Be  &KVOVV  ol  irapovres  a-^raadai  KOL  TT}?  /jLa^tj^ 
aKfjirjv  o^elav  e^oucrT;?  ea-(f)d$a%€v  VTTO  OV/JLOV  /cal 
(f)i~\.OTt/jLias  Trpo?  TOI^  dywva,  TTJ  Trapaftdcrei  fcai 
TT)  7rapa\\d^€L  TWV  crK€\wv  8ta  yuecroi'  tfXacra?  TO 
aKovrLGfjia  %wpi?  e/ceXevcrev  e\Kvcrai  TCOV  d 

6  e/cdrepov.     ovrw  Be  d7ra\\ayel<?  Kal 

TO    ^t(^>09    €%a)pei    Bid    TWV    Trojid-cov    eVt    TOU? 


" 


Trapaa^ev   T0t9 

ovv  6  'Avriyovos  drjrerTreipdro  TGOV 
epwrwv  Bid  ri,  fjir]  Kekevaavro^  avrov,  TO  ITTTTLKOV 
7  eKLV^aav.  TWV  Be  d7ro\oyov/jLevwv  &)?  Trapd  yvd)/j,r)v 
ftiaeOelev  et?  %et/oa?  e\6elv  Tot?  TroXeyutoi?  peipa- 
KLOV  M.eya\o7ro\,iTiKOv  7r/ooeyn/3aX6Wo?,  ^eXacra? 
6  ^Kwriyovos  "  'E/ee«>o  TOIVVV  TO  peipditiov"  eiTiev, 
epyov  9776/^0^09  fj,eyd\ov  TreTroirj/cev." 
VII.  'E/c  TOUTOf  Bo^av  ea"X6v,  wcnrep  etVo9,  o 
Kal  TOV  fj,ev  '  AvTiyovov  crTrovBd- 
6Vft)9  (TTpaTevoiTO  fjLGT  avrov,  Kal 

Kal    %prj/u.aTa,   TrapyTrjaaTO, 
eavTov  §vcnv  KaTa/naOcov  vrpo9  TO  d 

Kal  ^aXe7rco9    e^ovaav,  dpyelv  Be 
ov    /3ov\6/jLevos   daKr/crea)1?    eveKa    Kal 


2  GTpaTeav.    KaKel  avyyov  %povov 


270 


PHILOPOEMEN,  vi.  4-vii.  2 

through  by  a  thonged  javelin.  The  wound  was  not 
fatal,  though  severe,  and  the  head  of  the  weapon 
came  out  on  the  other  side.  At  first,  then,  he  was 
held  fast  as  by  a  fetter,  and  was  altogether  helpless ; 
for  the  fastening  of  the  thong  made  it  difficult  to  draw 
the  weapon  back  through  the  wound.  But  since 
those  about  him  hesitated  to  attempt  this,  and  since, 
now  that  the  battle  was  at  its  hottest,  the  ardour  of 
his  ambition  made  him  impatient  to  join  in  the 
struggle,  by  moving  his  legs  backward  and  forward  he 
broke  the  shaft  of  the  weapon  in  two  in  the  middle, 
and  then  ordered  each  fragment  to  be  drawn  out 
separately.  Thus  set  free,  he  drew  his  sword  and 
made  his  way  through  the  front  ranks  against  the 
enemy,  thereby  greatly  animating  the  combatants 
and  inspiring  them  with  a  desire  to  emulate  his  valour. 
After  his  victory,  therefore,  Antigonus  put  his 
Macedonians  to  the  question,  and  asked  them  why, 
without  his  orders,  they  had  brought  the  cavalry  into 
action.  They  defended  themselves  by  saying  that 
they  had  been  forced  against  their  will  to  attack  the 
enemy,  because  a  young  man  of  Megalopolis  had 
first  led  a  charge  against  them.  At  this,  Antigonus 
gave  a  laugh  and  said  :  "  Well,  then,  that  young 
man  behaved  like  a  great  commander." 

VII.  This  naturally  brought  Philopoemen  into  high 
repute.  Antigonus  was  eager  that  he  should  take 
service  under  him,  and  offered  him  command  and  pay. 
These  Philopoemen  declined,  chiefly  because  he  well 
knew  that  it  was  naturally  unpleasant  and  hard  for 
him  to  be  under  another  man's  orders.  Not  wishing, 
however,  to  be  inactive  and  idle,  for  the  sake  of 
training  and  practice  in  war  he  sailed  to  Crete  in 
search  of  military  service.  In  Crete  he  practised 

271 


PLUTARCH'S   LIVES 

dvBpdai  [ia%L[jLoi<;  fcal  TTOIK:L\OI$ 
7ro\e/jLov,  ert  Be  aoo^pocri  teal  KeKo\ao-/jLevoi<$  rrepl 
BLairav,  e7ravf)\dev  ovrw  Xa//.7Ty009  et9  TOU?  'A^at- 
3  ou9  cocrre  evOvs  nrTra/r^o?  dTroBe^Otjvai.  rcapa- 
\a/3a)v  Be  TOU?  /TTTret?  (^auXot?  yitei^  iTnrapiois 
CK  rov  7rpo<TTV%ov'ro$,  ore  crvjuftaivoi  arpareia, 
,  avrovs  Be  ra?  TroXXa?  TWV 


avff  eavT&v,  beivrjv  &€    aTreiplav  pera 
Trdvrwv  ovcrav,  Trepiopwvras  Be  ravra  roi)?  ap%ov- 
ra?  del  Bid  re  TO  Tr\el(TTov  ev  TO??  'A^atoi 
(TTTret?  Bvvacrdat,  KOI  yU-aXtcrra  Kvpiovs  elvai 

4  /eal  /coXacrew?,  ou^  VTrei^ev  ovBe  dvr/Kev,  aXXa 

TroXet?  €7ria)V  KOI  /car1  avBpa  rwv  vecov  efcavrov 
<$>i\OTiiLiav  0vi'€J;opjj,(ov,  KOI  KciKd^wv  TOU? 
Seoyu.ez'ou?,  /AeXerat?  re  /tal  rro/jirrais  KOL 
7T/009  aXX^Xou9  a/u,tXXat9  %pcoyu,6^o9,  OTTOU  rr\elcrroi 
OedaOai  /j,e\\oiev,  ev  o\iyw  XP°V(P  ^do-i  p&fjLrjv  re 

5  6av/J.a(rrrjv    fcal    rrpodvpiav    Trapea-rtja-e    /eat,    o 
/jLeyMrrov  rjv  ev  rot9  rarcriKols,  eXcufipovs  real  o^et9  350 
7T/J09  re  ra9   «ar'  ov\a^ov  errL(Trpo<pas  real  rrepi- 

/cdi  Ta9  Kaff1   r(mrov    e7ri(rrpO(f)d<;    KOL 
drreipydaaro,  /cdi  avveiQivev  a>9  evl  cra)/jiari, 
eicovcnov  eoucevat  rr/v  o\ov 
rov  dvarrjfJiaro^  ev  rat9  fJL,erajSo\als  ev-^epeiav. 

6  Su<rTa<T^9    Be    77)9    Trepl  rov   Kdpiacrov    avrois 

?r/oo9    AtTa)Xou9     KOI 


o  rwv 


272 


PHILOPOEMEN,  vn.  2-6 

himself  for  a  long  time  among  men  who  were  not  only 
warlike  and  versed  in  many  kinds  of  warfare,  but  also 
still  moderate  and  restrained  in  their  ways  of  living, 
and  he  came  back  to  the  Achaeans  with  such  distinc- 
tion that  they  at  once  made  him  commander  of  their 
cavalry.1  But  he  found  that  the  horsemen  whom 
he  was  to  command  used  worthless  animals  acquired 
at  random,  whenever  a  campaign  was  to  be  under- 
taken ;  that  they  shirked  most  campaigns  themselves, 
and  sent  others  out  in  their  places ;  that  they  were 
all  characterized  by  a  shocking  lack  of  experience, 
together  with  its  resultant  cowardice  ;  and  that  their 
commanders  always  overlooked  these  things  because 
the  knights  had  the  greatest  power  and  influence 
among  the  Achaeans  and  the  chief  voice  in  the 
assignment  of  rewards  and  punishments.  Philo- 
poemen,  however,  did  not  yield  or  give  way  to  them. 
He  went  round  to  the  different  cities  and  roused  the 
spirit  of  ambition  in  each  young  man  individually, 
punished  those  who  needed  compulsion,  introduced 
drills,  parades,  and  competitive  contests  in  places 
where  there  would  be  large  bodies  of  spectators  and 
thus  in  a  short  time  inspired  them  all  with  an 
astonishing  vigour  and  zeal,  and,  what  is  of  the 
greatest  importance  in  tactics,  rendered  them  agile 
and  swift  in  wheeling  and  deploying  by  squadrons, 
and  in  wheeling  and  turning  by  single  trooper,  making 
the  dexterity  shown  by  the  whole  mass  in  its 
evolutions  to  be  like  that  of  a  single  person  moved 
by  an  impulse  from  within. 

Moreover,  in  the  fierce  battle  which  they  fought  at 
the  river  Larissus  against  Aetolians  and  Eleians,  the 
commander  of  the  Eleian  cavalry,  Damophantus, 

1  For  the  year  209-208  B.C. 

273 


PLUTARCH'S   LIVES 


TOV 


&el;d/jL6vo<;  Be  TTJV  opf^yjv  exeivos  avrov  Kal  <f)0dcra<; 

TO)  Sopari  Traiei  teal  /cara/^aXXet  ro^  Aa/jLocfravTOv. 

7  evOus  £e  TOVTOV  rrea-ovTOs  e<f)V<yov  ol  7ro\e/mioi,  /cal 

Xa/i7r/3O9  rjv  o   <&i\O7roifjLrjv,  &>?  ovre  Kara 


vecov  rivbs    ovre   avveaei  TWV 


airo\€L7r6fjL€i>o<;,  a\\a    real    /jLa-^eaOaL    /cal   arpa 


VIII.    To    &€    KOIVQV    TMV    'A^atW^    7T/960TO?     [Jb€V 

et?  d^Lcofjia  Kal  SvvafjLiv  rjpev,  e/c  Taireivov 
Kara  TroXet?  crvvayaycov  /cal 
*\\i]viKr]V  /cal  <fri\dv6pwjTOv 

7ro\iTeiav   eTreira,   wcrvreyo  eV  roi?  v&a<riv,  dp^a- 
o\iya)v   vtyiaTaaOai  Kal  [liKpwv  aw^aTwv, 
ra  eirippeovra  rot?  rrptoroLs  evLa^ofie^a  /cal 
TrepiTTiTTTovTa     TTTJ^iv    icr^vpdv    Kal    cTTe^eoT^Ta 

2  TTOiel  Si    d\\ij\(i)v,  OVTO)  rrjs  'EXXa^o?  dcrOevovs 
/cal  €v8ia\vrov  (frepo/jLevqs  Kara  TroXei?  ev  rw  Tore 

ovcp    Trpwrov    avo-Tavres    ol   'A%aioi,   Kal    TWI> 

(Jikv    €K    TOV  ^Ot]9elv    Kal  (TWe- 

\evQepovv    diro    rwv    rvpdvvwv  VTro\afM/3dvovT€$, 
ra?    Be  o/Jiovoia   KOI    7ro\neia   Kara/JLiyvvvres   €t 
eafroiy?,  ev  aco^a  Kal  fjiiav  Svva/MV  KaraGKev 

3  Si€voovvTO  rr)v  YleXoTrovvrjcrov.      aXX'  'Apdrov  p,e 
^co^ro?  ert  TOi?   Ma/ceSo^co^  OTrXoi?  VTreSvovTO  rd 
TroXXa,  0€pa7T6vovT€S  II  To\€/jLa2ov,  etr'  avOis  'Az/rt- 
yovov  Kal  <&i\i7r7rov  ev  yitecrai?  dvaaTp6(f)O{Aei>ov<; 


rat?  'EXX^WArat?  TrdeGiv    eVet 


et?    TO    irpwrevew    7rporj\0ev,    ijSrj    Ka6^    eaurou? 
274 


PHILOPOEMEN,  vn.  6-vm.  3 

rode  out  from  the  ranks  and  charged  upon  Philo- 
poemen.  But  Philopoemen  received  his  onset,  was 
first  to  drive  home  a  spear-thrust,  and  threw  Damo- 
phantus  to  the  ground.  Their  leader  fallen,  the 
enemy  at  once  took  to  flight,  and  Philopoemen  was 
in  high  renown,  as  one  who  yielded  to  none  of  the 
young  men  in  personal  prowess,  and  to  none  of  the 
elder  men  in  sagacity,  but  both  in  fighting  and  in 
commanding  was  most  capable. 

VIII.  The  commonwealth  of  the  Achaeans  was 
first  raised  to  dignity  and  power  by  Aratus,  who 
consolidated  it  when  it  was  feeble  and  disrupted,  and 
inaugurated  an  Hellenic  and  humane  form  of  govern- 
ment. Then,  just  as  in  running  waters,  after  a  few 
small  particles  have  begun  to  take  a  fixed  position, 
others  presently  are  swept  against  the  first,  adhere 
and  cling  to  them,  and  thus  form  a  fixed  and  solid 
mass  by  mutual  support,  so  the  Achaeans,  at  a  time 
when  Greece  was  weak  and  easily  dissolved  and 
drifting  along  by  individual  cities,  first  united  them- 
selves together,  and  then,  by  receiving  into  their 
number  some  of  the  cities  round  about  which  they 
had  aided  and  assisted  in  shaking  off  their  tyrants, 
and  by  uniting  others  with  themselves  in  a  harmonious 
civil  polity,  they  purposed  to  form  the  Peloponnesus 
into  a  single  political  body  and  one  power.  As  long, 
however,  as  Aratus  lived,  they  were  dependent  for 
the  most  part  on  Macedonian  armies,  paying  court  to 
Ptolemy,  and  then  again  to  Antigonus  and  Philip,  all 
of  whom  busied  themselves  in  the  affairs  of  Greece. 
But  when  Philopoemen  was  advanced  to  leadership 
among  them,1  they  were  at  last  capable  of  contending 

1  In  207  B.C.  ;  Aratus  had  died  in  213. 


PLUTARCH'S    LIVES 


7r\€lcnov   oWe?    ejrav- 

4  cravro  ^pci)fj,€voi  TTpocrrTai^  eVetcra/cTot?.    "Ayoaro? 
ev  yap,  dpyorepos  elvai  BOK&V  vrpo?  TOU?  TTO\€- 
,  6/uXt'a  teal  TrpaoTTjri  KCL\  <£t/\.tat? 
ra  TrXetcrra  KaretpydcraTO  ra)i>  irpay- 

O)?    €V  TOi?  TTCpl    €K€LVOV    yeypaTTTCLl,   ^fXo- 

Be  dyaQos    TroXeyu-tcrrr/?   wv    KOI    Bid    rwv 
evepyos,  en  8'  euTf^r)?  real  KaropOaiTiKos 
ev  rat?  Tr^corai?  yevo^evo^  /^a^at?,  a/xa  TT; 
Svvdfiei  TO   (£>povr]/jLa   T&V  yA%aia)i>  rjv^rjae    VIKCLV 
/JLCT    avrov  /cat    KarevTV^elv  ev    rot? 
dyucn. 

IX.    ripwrof  />tei^   oC^   ra   Trept  ra?  ra^et?    «:at 
07rXt<T//oi)?    (pavXax;    e^ovra    Tot? 

.     e^pajuro  fj.ev  yap  Ovpeols  pev  ev 
Sid  XeTTTOTT^ra  /cat  GTevwrepois  rov  7repicrT€\\eiv 
TCL    crwyLtaTa,    Bopaai    Be    /j.iKpOTepois     TTO\V 
(rapi(Ta)V'    Kal    cid    TOVTO    7rXr}/crat    /cat 
iroppwOev    rjoav    VTTO    Kov^ortjTos, 
2  Be  Tot?  TroXe/itot?  e\arrov   el^ov   etoo?  5e 

/cat  cr^7/yLtaT09  €t?  o-Treipav  OVK  r]v  avvrjdes,  <f>d\ayyi 
Be  %p(t>fjLevoi  /Ji^re  7rpo/3o\r/v  e^ovcrrj  /JLT/TC 
aa7ri(T/jLOv  a)?  77  Ma/cc8o^a)^,  paSta)?  €%eO\i 
Kal  BieaTTtoVTO.  TCIUT&  o  t&iXoTTOLfMrjv  BiBdi;a<; 
tireiaev  auTOi/?  a^rt  /ze^  dvpeov  Kal  Soparos  d(nrica 
\afBelv  Kal  <rdpiaav,  Kpdveau  Be  Kal 
TrepiKVTj/jilcri  7re(f)pay/jLevov<;  povi^ov  Kal 
dvrl  Bpofj,iKf)$  Kal  fre^racrriK^  fjui^v  dctKt.lv. 

276 


PHILOPOEMEN,  vin.  3-ix.  2 

alone  with  their  most  powerful  neighbours,  and 
ceased  to  rely  upon  foreign  protectors.  Aratus, 
indeed,  who  was  thought  to  be  too  sluggish  for 
warlike  contests,  accomplished  most  of  his  under- 
takings by  conference,  urbanity,  and  royal  friendships, 
as  I  have  written  in  his  Life  ; x  whereas  Philopoemen, 
who  was  a  good  warrior  and  effective  with  his 
weapons,  besides  proving  himself  fortunate  and 
successful  in  his  very  first  battles,  increased  not  only 
the  power  but  also  the  courage  of  the  Achaeans,  who 
were  accustomed  to  be  victorious  under  him  and  to 
win  success  in  most  of  their  contests. 

IX.  In  the  first  place,  however,  he  changed  the 
faulty  practice  of  the  Achaeans  in  drawing  up  and 
arming  their  soldiers.  For  they  used  bucklers  which 
were  easily  carried  because  they  were  so  light,  and 
yet  were  too  narrow  to  protect  the  body  ;  and  spears 
which  were  much  shorter  than  the  Macedonian  pike. 
For  this  reason  they  were  effective  in  fighting  at  a 

%/  fj 

long  distance,  because  they  were  so  lightly  armed, 
but  when  they  came  to  close  quarters  with  the 
enemy  they  were  at  a  disadvantage.  Moreover,  a 
division  of  line  and  formation  into  cohorts  was  not 
customary  with  them,  and  since  they  employed  a  solid 
phalanx  without  either  levelled  line  of  spears  or  wall 
of  interlocking  shields  such  as  the  Macedonian 
phalanx  presented,  they  were  easily  dislodged  and 
scattered.  Philopoemen  showed  them  all  this,  and 
persuaded  them  to  adopt  long  pike  and  heavy  shield 
instead  of  spear  and  buckler,  to  protect  their  bodies 
with  helmets  and  breastplates  and  greaves,  and  to 
practise  stationary  and  steadfast  fighting  instead  of 
the  nimble  movements  of  light-armed  troops.  After 

1  See  the  Aratus,  x. 
VOL.  x.  K      277 


PLUTARCH'S    LIVES 

3  Tretcra?  Be  Ka6o7r\Laaa0ai  TOt>9  €v  rj\txla  Trpwrov 
fjiev  etrrjpe  Oappelv  009  a/ta^ou?  yeyovoras,  eVetra 
ra?  rpvtyds    avrwv  teal  ra?  TroXfreXeia?  apiara 
/uLereKocr/^rjaev.     dfyekelv  jap  OVK  TJV 

etc  TroXXoO  vocrovvTWV  rov  icevov  Kal  fidraioi' 

ea-0'rJTas  dya7T(*)VTa>v  Treptrra?  crrpw/ii/a?  re 

fjievwv  d\ovpyeis  KOL  Trepl  SeiTrva  (friXoTifiov/AevGdv    361 

4  Kal  TpaTre^as.     6  Se  apgd/jLevos  eKTpeireiv  CLTTO  TWV 
OVK    avayrcaitov    eVl    ra   xp/jaifjia   KOI  /ca\a  irjv 
(f)L\OKO(TfJiiav,  ra'xy  Trdinas  evreicre  KOI 

ra9  K-aff  i}/jiepav  Trepl  crw^aa  Scnrdvas 

ev  rat?  o-TparicdTiKais  Kal  TroXe/u/cat?  TrapacrKev- 

5  at?   SiaTTpeTrels  opdcrOai  K€KOO-^ij^ei>ov<;.     TJV  ovv 
ISelv  TO,  [lev  epyaanjpia  yu-ecrra  KaraKorrro/jLevcov 
KV\IKWV  Kal  ®ripiK\elwv,  ^pvaovpkvwv  Be  OwpaKwv 

l  Karapyvpov/jiei'cov  Ovpewv  Kal  xa\ivwv,  rd  Be 
afjLa£ojj,6va>v  Kal  veavi(TKwv  OTT\O- 
,  ev  Be  rat?  %epcrl  rwv  yvvaiKwv  Kpdvrj 


Ka    7TT€p       a<at    Kovovji        Kal     LTWVWV  ITTTTL- 


KWV 

6  r)  5'  o-v/ri?  avrrj  TO  Odpvos  av^ovaa  Kal  Trapaxa- 
Xoucra  TTJV  opfi^v  eirolei  (f)i\07rapdf3o\ov  Kai  TT/OO- 

7  &V/JLOV    eVt    TOU?   Kivbvvovs.     r)  [lev    yap   ev 
aXXoi?  Qedfiacn  7ro\vre\eia  rpv^v  eTrdyeraL 
fjLa\aKiav   evBiBwcri    rot?  xpco^evois,    wcnrep    VTTO 

Kal  yapyd\,i(TfAWV  r/}?  aiaO^crews  avveTTi- 
rrjv  Bidvoiav,  7;  8'  ei?  rd  roiavra  pavvvai 
Kal  fjLeya\vvei  rbv  &V/JLOV,  wcrTrep  "Ofirjpos  e 
'A^tXXea    rcot'  Kaiv&v  O7r\wv 


278 


PHILOPOEMEN,  ix.  3-7 

he  had  persuaded  those  of  military  age  to  arm  them- 
selves in  this  manner,  in  the  first  place  he  inspired 
them  with  confidence  that  they  had  thus  become 
invincible,  and  then  made  most  excellent  reforms  in 
their  luxurious  and  extravagant  ways  of  living.  For 
it  was  not  possible  to  remove  altogether  their  empty 
and  idle  emulation  from  a  people  long  addicted  to  it. 
They  were  fond  of  costly  apparel,  the  coverings  of 
their  couches  were  dyed  purple,  and  they  vied  with 
one  another  in  banquets  and  table  array.  But  he 
made  a  beginning  by  diverting  their  love  of  show 
from  what  was  unnecessary  to  what  was  serviceable 
and  honourable,  and  speedily  persuaded  and  incited 
them  all  to  check  their  daily  expenditures  upon 
bodily  wants,  and  to  find  their  chief  adornment  in 
military  and  warlike  equipments.  And  so  one  might 
have  seen  the  workshops  filled  with  goblets  and 
Therycleian  plate  l  which  were  being  broken  up,  with 
breastplates  being  gilded,  with  shields  and  bridles 
being  silvered  over,  while  in  the  places  of  exercise 
colts  were  being  broken  in  and  young  men  were 
learning  the  use  of  heavy  armour,  and  in  the  hands 
of  women  there  were  helmets  and  plumes  for  dyeing, 
and  horsemen's  tunics  or  soldiers'  cloaks  for  em- 
broidering. The  sight  of  all  this  increased  men's 
courage,  called  forth  their  energies,  and  made  them 
venturesome  and  ready  to  incur  dangers.  For  extra- 
vagance in  other  objects  of  display  induces  luxury  and 
implants  effeminacy  in  those  who  use  them,  since 
something  like  a  pricking  and  tickling  of  the  senses 
breaks  down  serious  purpose  ;  but  when  it  is  seen  in 
the  trappings  of  war  it  strengthens  and  exalts  the 
spirit,  just  as  Homer  represented  Achilles,  when  his 

1  See  the  Aemilius  Paulus,  xxxiii.  2. 

279 


PLUTARCH'S    LIVES 

VTTO  T%  oS/reo)?  olov  opywvTa  Kal 
7T/909  Tr]V  Bi   avrwv  evepyeiav. 

OVTCO   Be    KocrfJiija-as    TOU?   z>e'ou9    e 
BL€7rov€L,    Tat?    KivtJGecri    TrpoBvfjiws 
8  /cat    (f>L\oTL/jia)S.      Kal     >yap    77    ra^t? 

TjyaTraTo   adpavvrov  TI  \a/J./3dvetv  TrvKva/jia  80- 

Kovaa,  Kal  Tao7r\a  rot9  crco/ma^y  e 

Kal    KOixfra,    fjied'    rjSovris    Bia     \afjL7rp6r^Ta 

/caAAo?  aTTTO/nevcov  Kal  (hopovvrwv,  t 

re    j3ov\o/j,€VGov    Kal    Biajcpidrjvai    ra^to-ra    777)09 

TOL/9  7TO\€/jiLOVS. 

X.  ^H^  &e  Tore  T0i9  'Ap^af  oi9  o  77/309 
TroXe/ao?  TOZ/  Aa/ceSai/jLOViajv  rvpavvov,  CLTTO  7r 
/cat  yU€7aX?]9  Sumyu,e&)9  eVt/SofXeiyo^Ta  iraaL  TTeXo- 

Mavriveiav   e 


Kara   rao?   o 


arpariav  eV    avrov.      eyyvs 
Traperd^avTo  vroXXot?  fiei/  ^ez/ot9  eKa 
Be    O/JLOV    TI    rat9    7roXtrt/ca?9 
2  yevo/jievov  Be  TOV  dy&vos  ev  ^epcrip,  6 

TOi9     ^eVot?     TOU9      TCW     'A^atOJZ^ 

Kal    'Yapavrivovs    rpe^rd/jLevo^    dvrl 


TOV       weLV    €vvs    eVt     TOU9      ia.oxeVof9     /cat 


Trapapprjyvvvai  TO  <ru^ecrT>7/co9  e'^eTrecre  BICOKWV  Kal 
7rapr)\\a^e  TTJV  <pd\ayya  TOOV  'A^atwf  eV  Ta^et, 
3  fjievovTWV.      o  Be  OtXoTrot/x?;^    TI]\LKOVTOV  Trratcr- 


eV   dp-^fj   yevo/jievov    Kal    TWV 


?}    /cat    Bie<pddpdai    BOKOVVTMV, 
TOVTO  nev  o/xa)9  TrpoaeTTOietTo  irapopav  Kal 

280 


PHILOPOEMEN,  ix.  7-x.  3 

new  armour  was  laid  down  near  him,  as  exulting  at 
the  sight  and  all  on  fire  to  get  to  work  with  it.1 

After  he  had  thus  arrayed  and  adorned  the  young 
men,  Philopoemen  exercised  and  drilled  them,  and 
they  eagerly  and  emulously  obeyed  his  instructions. 
For  the  new  order  of  battle  pleased  them  wonder- 
fully, since  it  seemed  to  secure  a  close  array  that 
could  not  be  broken ;  and  the  armour  which  they 
used  became  light  and  manageable  for  them,  since 
they  wore  or  grasped  it  with  delight  because  of  its 
beauty  and  splendour,  and  wished  to  get  into  action 
with  it  and  fight  a  decisive  battle  with  their  enemies 
as  soon  as  possible. 

X.  At  this  time  the  Achaeans  were  carrying  on 
war  with  Machanidas  the  tyrant  of  Sparta,  who, 
relying  upon  his  large  and  strong  forces,  was  scheming 
to  get  control  of  the  whole  Peloponnesus.  Accord- 
ingly, when  word  came  that  the  tyrant  had  invaded 
the  territory  of  Mantineia,  Philopoemen  quickly  led 
his  army  out  against  him.  They  drew  up  in  battle 
array  near  the  city,  both  parties  having  many  mer- 
cenaries and  almost  all  their  citizen  soldiery.  When 
battle  was  joined,  Machanidas  with  his  mercenaries 
routed  the  javelineers  and  Tarantines  who  had  been 
stationed  in  front  of  the  Achaean  line,  and  then, 
instead  of  advancing  directly  against  the  main  body 
of  the  enemy  and  breaking  up  their  close  array,  he 
dashed  off  in  pursuit  of  the  fugitives,  and  so  passed 
by  the  phalanx  of  the  Achaeans,  which  remained 
drawn  up  in  position.  Then  Philopoemen,  although 
so  great  a  disaster  had  occurred  at  the  outset  and  his 
cause  was  thought  to  be  utterly  lost  and  ruined,  pro- 
fessed to  ignore  and  make  light  of  it,  and  seeing  what 

1  Iliad,  xix.  15  ff. 

281 


PLUTARCH'S    LIVES 


Seivov,  KariSwv  be  TOU?  7roXe/uoi>9,  oaov 
eV    rfj    Sioo^ei,    T?}?    <pd\ayyos    djrop- 
prjyvv  fjievov  9  KOL  KevrjV  ^wpav  SiBovras,  OVK  aTrrfv- 
Tr)crev    ovS*    eWcrrT/    <fcepo/Jievoi<s    avTols    eVt    TO?)? 
4  favyovTas,  dXX'  eacra?  7rape\,0elv  KOI 


TT/JO?  TOL»?  OTrXtra?  evOvs  rj<ye 
,  6p£)i>  rrjv  (f)d\ayya  ryvfivrj 
KOL    KCLTO,    Kepas  TTapabpafjiwv   eve- 


ap%oi>TOS  ainos  Trapovros 
/jLa-)(6(r0ai  Trpoa&exofAei'ots'  viKav  yap  yyovvro 
KOL  Kparelv  TravTanraai,  SLWKOVTO,  rov  Ma^a^Sa^ 
5  O/JW^TG?.  wcrayue^o?  $€  rourof?  fyovw  TTO\\W  (Xe- 
yovrai  yap  vjrep  rovs  T€TpaKia-'%i\,iovs  aTroOavelv) 
wp/Arjcrev  eirl  TOV  Ma^awSaz/  e'/c  TT}?  Sjco^ea)? 
ava(TTpe(f)OVTa  /JLCTCL  TMV  ^evwv.  rdcfrpov  Se  /u,e-  362 
ydXrjs  /cal  ftaOeias  ev  jnecrw  SieipyovaY)1?,  irape^r)- 
\avvov  aXX^Xot?  e^areputOev,  6  fjiev  &ia/3fjvai  real 


6  (vev,   o     e  rovro 


' 


ov%  &)?  crTpaTijywv  fLa^ofJievwv,  aXX' 
6>jpL(t)  7T/30?  a\KrjV  VTT  dvdyKrjs  rpeTro/^evw  $€ii>ov 
KVVtiyeTOu  TOV  ^XoTrot/ie^o?  crvvecrrayro^.  evOa  6 
fjiev  rTTTTO?  TOU  Tvpdvvov  /ow^aXeo?  wi^  /cat  0u/j,o€i<H>r]<$ 
teal  TO??  iJivw-fyiv  al/jLa^Oel^  eicarepwOev  eVeroX- 
[ATjcre  rf)  Bia/3d<J€i,  /cal  7rpO(T/3a\.(t)V  TTJ  Tacfipq)  TO 
arrrj0o<f  e/Bid^ero  roi?  irpocrOiois  Trepav  epeicracrOaL 

7    CTK€\€0-IV.        €V    ^€    TOVTM 


017T6/3     et  TO)          oiTofJLGvi  'TTaprdav 

,    O^JLOV    TrpoarfXavvov    d/jL^orepoi 
K\ivavT6<s  evavrias.     cfrOdvei,  Be  avrovs  6 
diravTi'ia-as   TW    Ma^az^&a,   /fal   ro^ 
ITTTTOV  avrov  fjierewpl^ovTa  Ti]V  /ce(f)a\r)v  irpb  TOV 


282 


PHILOPOEMEN,  x.  3-7 

a  great  mistake  the  enemy  had  made  by  going  off  in 
pursuit,  thus  breaking  away  from   his  phalanx  and 
leaving  a  vacant  space  there,  did  not  oppose  or  resist 
their  chase  after  the  fugitives,  but  let  them  pass  him 
by  and  make  a  great  gap.     Then   he   led   straight 
against    the    Lacedaemonian    heavy-armed,    seeing 
that  their  phalanx  had  been  left  exposed,  and  fell 
upon  them  in  a  flank  attack,  while  their  commander 
was  away  and  they  were  not  expecting  to  fight ;  for 
they  thought  they  were  victorious  and  getting  the 
upper  hand  altogether,  since  they  saw  Machanidas 
pursuing.     After  Philopoemen  had  routed  these  with 
great  slaughter  (more  than  four  thousand  of  them  are 
said  to  have  fallen),  he  set  out  against  Machanidas, 
who  was  returning  with   his  mercenaries  from  the 
pursuit.      But   a    broad    and    deep   ditch    stretched 
between  them,  along  which  the  two   leaders  rode 
opposite  each  other,  one  wishing  to  get  across  and 
escape,  the    other  to  prevent  this.     The   spectacle 
was  not  that  of  two  commanders  fighting,  but  that 
of  a  powerful  hunter  attacking  a  wild  beast  that  has 
been  forced  to  turn  at  bay,  and  Philopoemen  was  the 
hunter.     And    now  the    tyrant's    horse,  which  was 
vigorous  and  high-spirited  and  felt  the  bloody  spurs 
in   his  sides,  essayed  to  make  the  leap  across,  and 
striking  against  the  edge  of  the  ditch  with  his  breast, 
was  struggling  with  his  fore-feet  to  extricate  himself. 
At    this    point    Simmias  and    Polyaenus,  who  were 
always  at  Philopoemen's  side  when  he  was  fighting 
and  protected  him  with  their  shields,  rode  up  both 
at  the   same  time  and  levelled  their  spears  at  the 
horse.     But  Philopoemen  was  before  them  in  attack- 
ing Machanidas,  and  seeing  that  the  tyrant's  horse 
was  lifting  its  head  up  in  front  of  its  rider's  body,  he 

283 


PLUTARCH'S    LIVES 

opcov  fjLtKpov  eveieXtve  TOV  iSiov,  Kal  Bia- 


TO 


8  TOV  avBpa  avveTrepeicras.      TOVTO  e^cov  TO 
ev   AeX0ot?    ecrTrjKev   VTTO   TCOV  * 


KOL  TTJV  Trpav  avTov  KOL 


XI.  AeyeTai  Se  77)9  TWV 
o-ui^ecTToocr^?1  a-TparrjjovvTa  TOV  <&i\07roi/ji€va  TO 
SevTepov  Kal  vevLtcriKOTa  fjiev  ov  7ra\ai  Trjv  ev 
MavTiveia  fid^rjv,  rare  $e  ff^(o\ijv  ayovTa  Bta 
Tr]v  eopTijv,  TrpwTov  fjiev  em^el^ai  rot? 


cocnrep    ei0i(rTO, 

2  ra^ou?  Kal  paj/z,???'    eVetra    Ki6apw§&v  a 
fjLei'wv    €i?     TO    6earpov    irapeXOeiv    eyovra    rou? 
veavi(TKOV<s   cv  rat?    crTpaTicoTiKals   -)(\a/4vcrt   Kal 
(j)oiviKol<;    vTroSvTctis,    aKfjid^ovTas     re 


-.  5^«^V  -\AV  ^  V  »/  \ 

/vou?,  aido)  oe  7roA,A,r)v  irpos  TOV  ap^ovTa  Kai 
<ppovr)/j.a  veavLKov  vTro$aivovTa<;  eK  TroXXcov  Kal 
KO\£)v  dycovwv  cipTi  S'  avTtov  elcre\rj\v9oTWV 

Tvfflv  Hu\dBj]v  TOV  KiOapcpSov  aSovTa  TOU? 

eov  Ylepaas  evd 


3  a/jia  Se  Trj  \afjLTT  poTrjTi  rr}?  (frwvr/s  TOV  Trepl  TTJV 
Troitjaiv  Ofy/cov  (TVfjLTrp^avTo^  e7ti[3\e-^nv  yeveaOai 
TOV  OeaTpov  TravTa^oOev  et?  TOV  Qi'X.OTroi/j.eva  Kal 

TCOV   '  E*\\iva)V   TO   Tra\atbv 


Bekker  has  evto-rwo-Tjs,  after  Bryan. 
284 


PHILOPOEMEN,  x.  y-xi.  3 

gave  his  own  horse  a  little  swerve  to  one  side,  and 
then,  clasping  his  spear  firmly  in  the  middle,  pushed 
it  home  with  all  his  weight  and  overturned  his  enemy. 
This  is  the  attitude  in  which  he  is  represented  by  a 
bronze  statue  set  up  at  Delphi  by  the  Achaeans,  who 
admired  especially  both  his  deed  of  prowess  and  his 
generalship  on  that  day. 

XL  Moreover,  we  are  told  that  at  the  celebration 
of  the  Nemean  games,1  when  he  was  general  of  the 
Achaeans  for  the  second  time  and  had  recently  won 
his  victory  at  Mantineia,2  but  was  at  leisure  the  while 
on  account  of  the  festival,  Philopoemen  in  the  first 
place  displayed  before  the  assembled  Greeks  his 
phalanx,  with  its  splendid  array,  and  performing  its 
tactical  evolutions,  as  it  was  wont  to  do,  with  speed 
and  vigour.  Then,  while  the  minstrels  were  con- 
tending for  the  prize,  he  came  into  the  theatre  with 
his  young  men.  They  wore  their  soldiers'  cloaks  and 
their  purple  tunics,  were  all  in  the  prime  of  their 
strength  and  of  the  same  age,  and  showed  not  only 
great  respect  for  their  commander,  but  also  that  high 
spirit  which  young  men  have  after  many  honourable 
contests.  And  just  as  they  made  their  entrance  it 
chanced  that  Pylades  the  minstrel  was  chanting  the 
opening  verse  of  the  Persians  of  Timotheus — 

"  Glorious  the  crown  of  freedom  which  he  fashioneth 
for  Hellas  "  ; 

whereupon,  as  the  splendid  voice  of  the  singer  fitly 
sustained  the  majesty  of  the  poet's  words,  all  the 
spectators  turned  their  eyes  upon  Philopoemen  and 
gave  him  glad  applause ;  for  in  their  hopes  the 


1  In  the  summer  of  205  B.C. 
8  In  the  spring  of  206  B.C. 


285 


PLUTARCH'S    LIVES 

TGU9  eXiricriv    avaXafjifBavovTwv    KOI   rov 
rore  (frpov/maros  eyyicrra  rw  Oappelv  yivofjLevwv.^ 
XII.    Hapd   Be  Ta?  yLta^a?  Kai  TOU?  KivBvvovs, 
wffTrep    oi    Ttoikoi    TOU9     <Jvvr}Qeis    iniftdras    TTO- 
Oovvres,   edv  a\\ov  fyepwcn,  TTTVpovrai  KOI  %€vo- 
OVTOOS  rj   ^vvafjiLS  TMV  'A^atcoi'  erepov 


KOI  Trpo?  eiceivov 


KCU   fjiovov  ofyOevTos    evOvs   op6r)    Kal 
r)v    Sia    TO    Oappelv,    are  &rj   Kal    rou?    evavrlovs 
aiaOai'6fji€voL    irpos    eVa    TOVTOV    rwv 
dvTi/5\e7T€iv  ou  Swa/jievovs,  d\\a  Kal  ryv  Bo 
avrov  Kal  Tovvo^a   SeSoiKOTas,  w?  v)v  fyavepov  e 
2  wv  eTTpacrdov.      OiXiTTTro?  /Jiev  yap  6  T&V  Ma/ce- 


av    eK'Tro&cov    6 


TOU9 


?,  erre^ev  et?  "Apyo?  Kpvcfra  TOVS 


avrov    zm'vuxjBeicn      Be 


rcavrrcaaiv  ee/jLicrti]  Ka       ie/??;   rrpos  rovs 
3  f/EXX?;^a9.     Botwrol  Be  rro\.LOpKovvre<$  Meyapa  Kal 


avrois,  09    OVK 


7roi/j,eva    /3or)0ovi>ra  rots    7ro\iopKov/j,evois   €771)9 
eivau,    ra9   KXip-aKas    a<pevT€<;   178/7 
4  fjievas  TOi9  rei"%eGU>  a)%ovro  (frevyov 

£>e  rov  jjiera  Ma^a^t^a^   rvpavvovvros   Aa/ceSat- 

Kara\a(36vros, 


wv  rore  o  ^XoTrotiz/  Kal 


Kvpios,   errel    Be   rov  crrparrjyovvra  rwv   363 
OVK  GTreiOe  /3oy]6eli>  rot9  Me<7- 

Bekkcr  after  Coraes  :   yevofj.iv<av. 
286 


PHILOPOEMEN,  xi.  S- 

Greeks  were  recovering  their  ancient  dignity,  and 
.'n  their  courage  they  were  making  the  nearest 
approach  to  the  high  spirit  of  their  fathers. 

XII.  But  when  it  came  to  perils  and  battles,  just 
as  young  horses  long  for  their  accustomed  riders,  and 
if  they  have  others  on  their  backs,  are  shy  and  wild, 
so  the  Achaean  army,  when  someone  other  *han 
Philopoemen  was  commander-in-chief,1  would  be  out 
of  heart,  would  keep  looking  eagerly  for  him,  and  if 
he  but  came  in  sight,  would  at  once  be  alert  and 
efficient  because  of  the  courage  he  inspired.  For 
they  perceived  that  he  was  the  one  general  whom 
their  enemies  were  unable  to  face,  and  whose  name 
and  fame  they  feared,  as  was  evident  from  what  they 
did.  For  Philip  the  king  of  Macedon,  thinking  that 
if  Philopoemen  could  be  got  out  of  the  way  the 
Achaeans  would  again  submit  abjectly  to  his  sway, 
secretly  sent  men  to  Argos  who  were  to  assassinate 
him  ;  but  the  plot  became  known,  and  Philip  was 
utterly  condemned  and  hated  among  the  Greeks. 
Again,  the  Boeotians  were  besieging  Megara  and 
had  hopes  of  its  speedy  capture,  when  suddenly  a 
report  reached  their  ears  (and  it  was  a  false  report) 
that  Philopoemen  was  coming  to  the  aid  of  the 
besieged  and  was  close  at  hand ;  so  they  abandoned 
their  scaling-ladders,  which  were  already  planted 
against  the  walls  of  the  city,  and  fled  away.  And 
once  again,  when  Nabis,  who  succeeded  Machanidas 
as  tyrant  of  Sparta,  suddenly  seized  Messene,  it 
chanced  that  Philopoemen  was  out  of  office  and  had 
no  force  under  his  command ;  but  since  Lysippus, 
the  commander-in-chief  of  the  Achaeans,  could  not 
be  persuaded  by  him  to  go  to  the  rescue  of  the 

1  A.S  a  rule,   the  same  man  could  not  be  general  of  the 
Achaean  league  two  years  in  succession. 

287 


PLUTARCH'S    LIVES 


rrjv 

<yeryovor&v    r&v    TT  oXe  {JLIWV  ',    avros    e/Soij 
TOU9  eaurou  TroXtra?  avaXafioov  ovre  vbfjiov  ovre 
^eiporoviav  Trepi/jieivavras,  aXX'   a>?    Sia   iravro^ 
ap^ovri     TO)     KpeiTTOvi     Kara    ^VGIV    €7rofJLevov<;. 
5  7/877   ^'  avTov  7rX??crioz/    oVro?    aKovcras   6 
],  Kaiirep  ev  rfj  TroXet  (rrpaTOT 
vs    Sia    irvXwv     krepwv    Kara     ra 


aTnjyaye  rrjv  &vva/m,v,  evrv^ia  %ptjcracr0at  SQKCOV 


e      ia()v<yoi'  KOI 

XIII.  TaOra  yu-ez^  ovv  Ka\a  rov 
?;  S'  669  K/J^'TT;^  av0is  dTroSrj/jiia  Toprvvicav 
0evT(0v,  a>?  ^prjcraLVTo  TroXe/jLOVfjievoi  err/oar  ^70), 
8ia/3o\}jv  e(T%ev,  on  TT}?  Trarpi&os  avrov  TroXe- 
fjiov  /jievris  VTTO  Na/S't8o?  airi}v  (f)wyo/j.a'%cov  rj 
(pi\oTi/jLOVfj.evos  aKaipcos  7T/30?  ere/^of?.  Ka'not 
crvvTovtos  OVTCOS  €7ro\€/j,rf0i]crav 
/cara  TOP  %povov  efcelvov  wcrre  roi? 
evoiKelv,  (nreipeiv  Be  rou?  <TT€va>7rovs, 
KO/jLjuevrj?  1  TT}?  ^aipa?  Aral  TCOZ^  7roXeyu,/a}^ 
2  eV  Tat?  TruXa/?  (TTpaTOTre&evovT&v.  o  8e 
r)ViK,a\)Ta  KOI 

Trapel^e  /caO*  eavrov  TO??  e'^/oot?  a>? 
TOV  OIKOI  7r6~\,€/jLOV.      rjcrav  Se  rives 
ol     \6yovTes,     erepovs     TWV    'A^atwi/     y  pr)  fjiev  wv 
apxovras,  ISiwTrfv  ovra  rov  ^>i\orroLfJLeva 
rrjv  eavrov   ff^o\rjv  e'(/)'    riye/jiovia 


eVrjs    Coraes  and  Bekker,  with   the  vulgate  : 
6/co,u,utVou 

288 


PHILOPOEMEN,  xn.  4-xm.  2 

Messenians,  because,  as  he  said,  the  city  was  utterly 
lost  now  that  the  enemy  were  inside,  Philopoemen 
himself  went  to  their  rescue,  taking  with  him  his 
fellow-citizens  of  Megalopolis,  who  did  not  wait  for 
any  law  or  commission,  but  followed  the  man  whom 
nature  had  made  superior  as  though  he  were  always 
in  command.  And  when  Nabis  heard  that  Philo- 
poemen was  already  close  at  hand,  he  did  not  wait 
for  him  to  come  up,  although  he  was  encamped  in 
the  city,  but  stole  out  by  an  opposite  gate  and  led 
his  forces  off  as  fast  as  he  could,  thinking  that  he 
would  be  fortunate  if  he  should  escape ;  and  he  did 
escape,  and  Messene  was  set  free. 

XIII.  All  these  things,,  then,  made  for  the  honour 
of  Philopoemen  ;  but  his  going  away  to  Crete  again 
at  the  request  of  the  Gortynians,  who  wanted  him 
to  be  their  general  in  their  war,  brought  calumny 
upon  him,  and  it  was  said  that  when  his  native  city 
was  at  war  with  Nabis,  he  was  away,  either  to  avoid 
fighting  or  to  show  kindness  out  of  all  season  to 
others.  And  yet  so  continuously  were  the  Megalo- 
politans  under  hostile  attack  all  that  time  that  they 
lived  upon  their  walls  and  planted  their  grain  in  the 
streets,  since  their  fields  were  ravaged  and  the 
enemy  were  encamped  almost  in  their  gates.  Philo- 
poemen, however,  was  waging  war  in  Crete  all  that 
while,  and  serving  as  general  across  the  sea,  and  so 
afforded  his  enemies  a  chance  to  accuse  him  of  run- 
ning away  from  the  war  at  home.  But  there  were 
some  who  said  that  since  the  Achaeans  chose  other 
men  as  their  generals  and  Philopoemen  was  without 
public  office,  he  merely  put  the  leisure  which  belonged 
to  him  at  the  service  of  the  Gortynians  when  they 


289 


PLUTARCH'S   LIVES 

3  Toprvviois.     rjv  jap  d\\6rpio<>  0-^0X779,  KaGdrrep 
aXXo  TI  KTrj/jia   TT)Z>  aTparrjyiKTjv  Kal 

dperrjv    €%eiv    Bia    rravTos    ev    ^ptjaei,  Kal 

,   a>9   KOI   T&>    irepl    XlToXeyLtatou    Trore 
TOV  ^acriXeco?  a7reSr;Xa)cre^.      eicelvov  'yap 
TIV&V  a>9    ev  p,ev   e^acrKovvra  TO 
^   rj/jtepav,  ev   8e    ^v^vdtpvra    KOI 

a    TO)V    O7T\(t)l>    TO     (TWfJia,     "  Kal    Tt? 

aV,"  €(p7j,   "/SacrtXea    Oavfjidaetev    ev    TOVTW 
rjXiKias  /JLT)  eTri&eiKvvjJLevov,  aXXa  yLte 

4  XaXeTrw?    8'  ovv    ol  M.eya\07ro\lTai 
errl  TOVTW  Kal  Trpo&eSocrQai,  vofiL^ovTe 

avTov  ol  S'  'A^atoi  Bi€KO)\vcrai>  ' 
fJi^ravTe^  et9  MeYaXr;^  Tro\iv  crTpaTrjyov, 
o?  KaLTrep  wv  $id<f)opo<;  TO>  O^XoTrot 
7ro\iT€Lavt  OVK  elacre  T€\e(rQfjvat  TTJV 

5  etc    Be   TOVTOV   rrapopwfjLevos  VTTO  TWV  rro\iTcov  6 

jv  dTrecrTrjcre    TroXXa?    TWV 
,  \eyew    Si8dj;a<?    a>?    ov    avveTe\ovv 

dp%f)<;    efceivcov,    Kal    \eyovcrai,<; 
a'vvTj'ywvia'aTo  Kal  o'vyKaTeaTacriacre 
rroXiv  eVl  TWV  yA.%aiwv.     TavTa  fjiev  ovv  varTepov. 

6          'Ez^    Be    TT)   }Lpr)Tr]   <TVV€7TO\€/jL€t.    TO??    TopTVVlOL?, 

ov%  to?  Tle\OTroi>vtf(no<;  dvrjp  Kal  'Ap/ca?  drrXovv 
rtva    Kal    yevvaiov    TroXefAOv,  dXXa  TO   KptiTitcov 
evBv?  Kal  Tot?  eteeivmv  crofiia-tiacrt,  Kal  £0X049 


290 


PHILOPOEMEN,  xm.  3-6 

asked  him  to  be  their  leader.  For  he  was  averse  to 
inactivity,  and  wished  to  keep  his  skill  as  a  commander 
in  war,  like  any  other  possession,  all  the  while  in  use 
and  exercise.  And  he  made  this  evident  by  what  he 
once  said  about  King  Ptolemy.  When  certain  persons 
were  extolling  that  monarch  because  he  carefully 
drilled  his  army  day  by  day,  and  carefully  and 
laboriously  exercised  himself  in  arms,  "  And  yet 
who,"  said  Philopoemen,  "can  admire  a  king  of  his 
years  for  always  practising  but  never  performing 
anything?  " 

The  Megalopolitans,  nevertheless,  were  displeased 
at  this  absence,  and  looking  upon  it  in  the  light  of  a 
betrayal,  undertook  to  make  him  an  exile ;  but  the 
Achaeans  prevented  this  by  sending  to  Megalopolis 
Aristaenus,  their  commander-in-chief,  who,  although 
politically  at  variance  with  Philopoemen,  would  not 
suffer  sentence  of  condemnation  to  be  passed  upon 
him.  In  consequence  of  this  displeasure,  Philo- 
poemen was  ignored  by  his  fellow-citizens,  and 
therefore  induced  many  of  their  outlying  villages  to 
secede  from  them,  instructing  them  to  say  that  they 
did  not  belong  to  the  city  and  were  not  under  their 
rule ;  and  when  they  made  this  plea,  he  openly 
supported  them  in  their  contention  and  helped 
them  to  raise  a  faction  against  the  city  in  the 
assembly  of  the  Achaeans.  This,  however,  was  at  a 
later  time. 

In  Crete  he  waged  war  in  the  service  of  the 
Gortynians  ;  not  the  straightforward  and  honourable 
warfare  of  a  Peloponnesian  and  Arcadian,  but  one  in 
which  he  adopted  the  Cretan  practices,  and  turning 
their  tricks  and  wiles  and  stolen  marches  and  am- 
buscades against  themselves,  speedily  showed  them 

291 


PLUTARCH'S   LIVES 


Trat 


tSa?    aTreSe^ez'    di'orjra    /cal    icevd   TT/JO? 
d\r)0ivr)v  iravovpyovvras. 
XIV.  'E-Trt  Tovroi?   Se  6  }av  p-aa  0  'eW  KOL  Xa/xTrpo? 
Trapd  TMV  eVet  Trpd^ewv  dvaKOf-iicrOels   et?  IleXo- 
7r6i>v>i<TOV  evpe  rov  {lev  Qiknnrov  VTTO  rov  TLTOV 
KaTa7re7ro\€iJirf/j,evov,     rbv     Se     Na^i^     VTTO 


KOI    rwv 


ov  ei)9vs  aipeOels  ap^wv  KOI  vav/jLa^la  7rapa/3a- 
TO  roO  'EiTra/jLeivaivSov  TTaOelv  eSoe,  TTO\V 


Trepl  avrov  ayoerr}?  /cal  So^/;?  eV 


2  KaKiov  aywvidd^evo^.     ir\i]v  ' 

evioi  \eyov(nv  OKVOVVTCL  yevcrai  ra)i>  Kara  6d\acf~ 
aav  w(p€\€LMV  TOf?  TToXtra?,  OTTW?  avra)  /jirj 
\dO(O(TLV  dvrl  fJbovijJLwv  OTT\LTWV,  Kara  HXdrcova,  364 


yevo/Jievoc,  teal  SiacfrdapevTes,  drrpaKrov  €K 


'A<Tta9    /cat   Tft)^   fr/crcoz'    djreKdelv    ei 
3  <&i\O7TOL[jir)v  Be  TT)^  eV  rot?  Tre^ot?  eTricrr^iJLTjv  KOI 
Sid    Oa\drr^<;    dp/tecreLV    avrw    vrpo?     TO 


€7^0) 

yu.e/30?    e'cTTt    T%    dperij^     teal 
Trdvra   Tot?   €.QiaQel<Ji   Bvva/niv   TrpocTTlOiiaiv.      ov 

Sid     Tr 


yap    [Aovov     e      T      vav/jia^ia      i       Trjv 

,    d\\d    Ka\    vavv    Tiva,    rjra\aidv 
Be,    Bi     erwv    Tea-crapaKovra    Kara- 

KIV&V- 


TOU? 


1  In    the    battle    of    Cynoscephalae,    197   B.C.      See    the 
Flamininus,  xiii. 

292 


PHILOPOEMEN,  xni.  6-xiv.  3 

that   they  were  children  opposing  foolish  and  vain 
mischievousness  to  genuine  military  experience. 

XIV.  Having  thus  won  admiration,  and  having 
come  back  to  Peloponnesus  with  a  brilliant  re- 
putation from  his  exploits  in  Crete,  he  found  that 
Philip  had  been  defeated  and  subdued  by  Titus 
Flamininus,1  and  that  the  Achaeans  and  the  Romans 
were  waging  war  upon  Nabis.  He  was  at  once 
chosen  general  against  Nabis,  and  by  hazarding  the 
issue  on  a  naval  battle  would  seem  to  have  fared  as 
Kpaminondas  once  did,  since  he  fought  on  the  sea  in 
a  manner  which  fell  far  short  of  his  great  reputation. 
Epaminondas,  however,  as  some  say,  was  reluctant  to 
give  his  fellow-citizens  a  taste  of  the  advantages 
accruing  from  naval  superiority,  in  order  that  they 
might  not  surprise  him  by  becoming,  instead  of 
"  steadfast  hoplites,"  to  use  Plato's  words,2  degenerate 
mariners ;  and  therefore  he  purposely  came  back 
from  Asia  and  the  islands  without  achieving  any- 
thing.3 Philopoemen,  on  the  other  hand,  was  per- 
suaded that  his  skill  in  handling  land  forces  would 
suffice  to  give  him  success  in  fighting  also  on  the  sea, 
and  therefore  learned  to  his  cost  how  large  a  part  of 
superior  excellence  consists  in  practice,  and  how 
much  additional  power  it  gives  to  men  who  have 
accustomed  themselves  to  all  methods  of  fighting. 
For  not  only  was  he  worsted  in  the  sea-fight,  owing 
to  his  lack  of  experience,  but  he  actually  launched 
an  old  but  famous  ship  after  forty  years  of  disuse, 
and  manned  her,  the  result  being  that  her  seams  took 
in  water  and  her  crew  came  into  peril  of  their  lives. 

'  Laws,  iv.  p.  706.     Cf.  the  Themistocles,  iv.  3. 

3  In  364  B.C.,  two  years  before  his  death,  Epaminondas 
successfully  inaugurated  a  naval  policy  for  Thebes,  which 
enabled  her  to  cope  with  Athens  on  the  sea. 

293 


PLUTARCH'S    LIVES 

4        II/)09  ravra  yivwaKan'  Karcuppovovvras  avrov 
Tot/9  TroXe/utof?  ft)?  TravTaTracn  Trefyevyoros  e'/c  TT}? 
,    /eat     iroXiopKovvra^     inrepiifydvws    TO 
,  evOvs  eTTeTT\evcrev  avrois  ov  Trpoa 

«XX'     €K\€\VjL€VOl<$       Slfl     T1V     VlK1l'.        KOL 


TOVS     ffrparicoTa^    Ka     Trpocrajaycov, 
Trvp  evfj/ce  rat?  aKijvais  Kal  TO  (nparoTre^ov  Kare- 
5  Kavae  Kal  TroXXou?  &ie$6eipev.    oXiyais  8'  varepov 

rov 


M 


€K    TOTTWV    ^aeTTWi'    /cat    yeyovorcov 

Tot?  TroXeyut'ot?,  6\iyoi>  ^povov  eTriara^  Kal 


rou 


iiv  TWV  a.Kpayi>  T?}?  7ro\€p,iKrfi  re^m^v  ovcrav 
ovrw  /.uKpa  Kivi'jaa^  Ti]i>  eavrov  <f)d\aiyya  Kal  TT/JO? 
Ta   Trapovra    /neOap/jLoaas    aOopv/SfOS   Kal    pa$La)<$ 
bieKpovcraro    Tr]V    airopiav,   Kal  TrpocrftaXwv    TO?? 
6  TroXe/ztoi?  rpOTrrjv  la-^upai^  G7TOLT](rev.      eVet  $€  ov 
rrjv  TroXiV  eiapa  <j)evyoi>Ta<$,  aXXa  TT}?  ^co 
aXX?;  SiaaTreipofjLei'O^  (uXcoS?;?  8e  /cat  Tr 
i)v  Tracra,  /^at  Svcmnros  VTTO   peiOpcov   Kal 


rrjv  {lev  SLM^IV  eVeo-^e  /cat 


TOTreSevaev    eri    <^)WT09    ovro?'    T€K/naip6/ji€vos 


TOU9     7TO\€jiLOVS    €K 


7T/509  T^P  TToXiv  vird^eiv  aKoraiovs,  e'XXo^t^et  TOt9 

7T€/)l  TO  U(TTV  p€L0pOlS  Kal  \6<f)OlS  TroXXOL/9   I^OVTa? 

7  eyxetpiBia  rwv  \\*)(aiwi>.     evravOa  TrXeuarov^  ano- 
Oavelv   <Tvve/3>    rwv   rod 


294 


PHILOPOEMEN,  xiv.  4-7 

Understanding  that  in  consequence  of  this  disaster 
his  enemies  despised  him,  thinking  that  he  had 
altogether  given  up  activity  on  the  sea,  and  that 
they  were  insolently  besieging  Gythium,  he  promptly 
sailed  against  them  when  they  did  not  expect  it  and 
were  careless  because  of  their  victory.  He  landed 
his  soldiers  by  night  and  led  them  to  the  attack,  set 
fire  to  the  enemy's  tents,  burned  down  his  camp,  and 
slew  many  of  his  men.  A  few  days  afterward,  as  he 
was  marching  through  a  rough  country,  Nabis  came 
suddenly  upon  him  and  threw  the  Achaeans  into  a 
fright ;  they  despaired  of  saving  themselves  from  a 
position  which  was  difficult  and  already  commanded 
by  the  enemy.  But  Philopoemen  waited  a  little 
while,  surveyed  the  nature  of  the  ground,  and  then 
demonstrated  that  skill  in  drawing  up  an  army  is  the 
crowning  feature  in  the  art  of  war.  For  by  changing 
his  order  of  battle  a  little  and  adapting  it  to  the 
present  exigency,  with  no  confusion  and  no  trouble 
he  evaded  the  difficulty,  and  charging  upon  the 
enemy  put  them  to  utter  rout.  Then,  observing 
that  they  were  not  fleeing  towards  the  city,  but 
scattering  themselves  hither  and  thither  through 
the  region  (which  was  woody,  entirely  surrounded  by 
hills,  and  impracticable  for  cavalry  owing  to  water- 
courses and  ravines),  he  checked  his  pursuit  and 
encamped  while  it  was  still  light.  But  judging  that 
the  enemy  after  their  flight  would  steal  back  to  the 
city  by  ones  and  twos  under  cover  of  the  night,  he 
placed  large  numbers  of  his  Achaeans  armed  with 
swords  in  ambush  among  the  water-courses  and  hills 
about  the  city.  Here  very  many  of  the  followers  of 
Nabis  met  their  death ;  for  since  they  did  not  make 


295 


PLUTARCH'S   LIVES 


dOpbav  TTOLOvuevoi  TTJV  dva^coprjaii',  dXX*  o>?  e/cd 
crroi?     al    (fruyal    a-vve'rvy")(avov,    waTrep 
r)\,L<TKovTO  irepl  rr)z>  irb\iv  et?  ra?  rwv 


XV.    'E-TTfc     TOVTOIS    dya7T(t)/JL6J>O<S     KOl 

VTTO  TWV  '  \L\\t  jvcov  ev  rot? 
ovra  rov  TLTOV  ^a-v^fj  7rape\v7r€i.  KOL 
jap  009  'PCO/JLCILMV  U7raro9  dvSpbs  'A^aSo?  rj^Lov 
OavfJid^eaOai,  fjid\\ov  virb  T&V  yA%aiwv,  teal  rat? 
euepyecriais  V7r6p/3d\\eiv  ov  Trapd  fjurcpov  ij 


KOL  Ma/ceSocrtz;  eSov~\,€Vcrev. 

2  'Eye    Be    TOVTOV    Kara\v€rat,    p,ev    o    Ttro?    TCO 

e//,oy,  diroOv^fTKei  Se  o  Na^t?  L»TTO 
80X0^)0^77^66?.      T€Tapay/j.€vrjs     Be     rfj? 
6  <&i\O7roi[jLr)v  dpTrdaas  TOP  Kaipov  em- 
d  Bvvd/jieo)?,  teal  TWV  i^ev  CLKQVTWV,  rou? 
Be   av/jLTreia-a?   Trpoayjydyero   Kal  /JLereKOfjucrev    et? 

3  rou?  'A^atou?  rrjv  7rb\iv.      ov  yevofjievov  Qav^a- 
crrw?  /nev  evBoKL^a'e  nrapd  rot?  'A^a^ot?,  Trpoa- 
KTrja-d/uevos   aurot?    d^L(t)fj,a    TroXea)? 

/cal    Svva/JLtv    (ov   yap  r\v  /jLLKpbv   'A^oua? 
yevevOai  Trjv  ^Trdprrfv},  dveKafte  Be  /cal  Aa/ceBai- 
IJLOVLWV    rou?    apiffTOVS,    (j)v\aKa    rrjs    e\ev@epia<; 

4  eicelvov  eX-TrlcravTas   e^eiv.      Bib  Kal  rrji> 
oiKiav  Kal  ovcriav  e^apyvptcrOelcrav  Kal 


1  Cf.  the  Flaminimw,  chapter  x. 

2  Cf.  the  Flamininus,  ix.  5. 


296 


PHILOPOEMEN,  xiv.  7-xv.  4 

their  return  in  a  body,  but  as  the  chances  of  flight 
disposed  them  severally,  they  fell  into  the  hands  of 
their  enemies  and  were  caught  like  birds  about  the 
city. 

XV.  In  consequence  of  this  exploit  Philopoemen 
was  beloved  by  the  Greeks  and  conspicuously 
honoured  by  them  in  their  theatres,  thus  giving 
secret  umbrage  to  Titus  Flamininus,  who  was  an 
ambitious  man.  For  as  Roman  consul  he  thought 
himself  more  worthy  of  the  Achaeans'  admiration 
than  a  man  of  Arcadia,  and  he  considered  that  his 
benefactions  far  exceeded  those  of  Philopoemen, 
since  by  a  single  proclamation  he  had  set  free  all 
those  parts  of  Greece  which  had  been  subject  to 
Philip  and  the  Macedonians.1 

After  this  Flamininus  made  peace  with  Nabis,2 
and  Nabis  was  treacherously  put  to  death  by  the 
Aetolians.3  Sparta  was  therefore  in  a  state  of  con- 
fusion, and  Philopoemen,  seizing  his  opportunity, 
fell  upon  the  city  with  an  armed  force,  and  partly 
by  compulsion,  partly  by  persuasion,  brought  it  over 
to  his  purposes  and  made  it  a  member  of  the 
Achaean  league.  This  achievement  brought  him  an 
amazing  repute  among  the  Achaeans,  since  through 
his  efforts  they  had  acquired  a  city  of  so  great 
dignity  and  power  (and  indeed  it  was  no  slight 
matter  that  Sparta  had  become  a  member  of  the 
Achaean  league) ;  moreover,  Philopoemen  carried 
with  him  the  principal  men  among  the  Spartans, 
who  hoped  to  have  in  him  a  guardian  of  their 
liberties.  Therefore,  after  they  had  confiscated  the 
house  and  property  of  Nabis  and  obtained  thereby  a 

3  In  102  B.C.  Nabia  had  called  in  the  Aetolians  to  help  him 
against  the  Achaeans  and  Romans  (Livy,  xxxv.  35-37). 

297 


PLUTARCH'S    LIVES 

Kal  eKarov  Takdvrwv  tyr)$>i,a-avro  Swpeav 
avTw  bovvai,  IT  peer  fteiav  virep  TOVTCOV  Tre/r^a^Te?. 
evOa  £T)  teal  Sietydvrj  /caOapw?  eVeu'O?  o  dvrjp  ov 
SOKWV  fjiovov,  d\\a  Kal  &v  apiaro?.  irpwrov  /j.ev 
<yap  ovtiel?  e/3ov\ero  TWV  ^TrapnaTwv  av&pl  TOI-  365 
ovr(D  SiaXeyeaOai  irepl  ScopoSoKLas,  a\\a  Se&oi/co- 
T€?  Kal  ava$v6(ji€voi  TrpoeftaKovro  TOV 
6  TijjioXaov.  eTreira  Se  ai)ro?  6  TtytioXao?,  ft)?  rj 

e^d\riv  TroXiv,  eariaOels  Trapd  TW  <&I\OTTOL- 
Kal   TTJV  cre/jivoTTjTa   T?)?    oyitfXta?  aurov  Kal 
d(£>e\eiav  T^?    $iaiT>is    Kal  TO  ?}^ 
TTpocriTov   ovSe   evdK.wrov   iiiro 

direan^'mrjae  Trepl  Trjs  Scopeds,  erepav 
&€  Tiva  Trpotyaaiv  TTJS   77/309  avTov  o&ov  Troirjad- 
ar^ero     dTTicov.     Kal    7rd\tv     CK     Bevrepou 
ravrbv    eirade.      Tpirrj    Be     68w    yu,o\t? 
e$r)\wcre  rrjv  TTpoOvjJiiav  rr}?  TroXtw?.     6 
be    QiXoTroi/jL^v    rjBecos    dKovcras    fjKev    avro?    ei? 
AaKe&aifjiova,  Kal  o'vv€JBov\evaev  avrot?  fj.rj  TOU? 
(f)i\ov$     Kal     dyadovs    SeKa^eiv,    wv    irpolKa    rr}? 
dperris    e^eaTiv  diroKaveiv,   d\\d   rot/?   Trovrjpov? 
Kal  rrjv  Tr6\iv  ev  TOO  avveSpicp  KaTaa-r 

Kal  biafyOelpeiv,  tva  ru>  \a/3eiv  e 

TJTTOV    evo-)(\olev   avrol?'    fte\,riov    yap 
elvai  TWV    e~)(9pwv  irapaipelcrOai    rrjv    irapprjcriav 

1  See  the  Aristides,  iii.  4. 
298 


PHILOPOEMEN,  xv.  4-6 

hundred  and  twenty  talents,  they  voted  to  make  a 
present  of  the  money  to  Philopoemen,  and  to  send 
an  embassy  to  Megalopolis  on  the  matter.  Here, 
indeed,  it  became  perfectly  clear  that  Philopoemen 
not  only  seemed  to  be,  but  actually  was,  a  most 
excellent  man.1  For,  to  begin  with,  no  Spartan  was 
willing  to  confer  with  a  man  of  his  character  about 

o 

the  acceptance  of  a  gift,  but  they  were  all  so  reluc- 
tant and  afraid  to  do  it  that  they  entrusted  the 
business  to  a  guest-friend  of  his,  Timolaiis.  And  in 
the  second  place,  Timolaiis  himself,  when  he  came  to 
Megalopolis,  having  been  entertained  at  the  house 
of  Philopoemen,  and  having  learned  thoroughly  how 
dignified  he  was  in  his  converse  with  others,  how 
simple  his  ways  of  living,  and  how  his  character 
was  nowhere  to  be  approached  and  much  less  easy 
to  be  overcome  by  bribes,  held  his  peace  about 
the  gift  of  money,  and  after  giving  some  other 
excuse  for  his  visit  to  him,  went  back  home.  And 
when  he  was  sent  a  second  time  on  the  same  errand, 
he  did  as  before.  On  his  third  visit,  however,  he  at 
last  got  so  far  as  to  acquaint  Philopoemen  with  the 
earnest  desire  of  his  city.  Then  Philopoemen,  who 
was  pleased  by  what  he  heard,  went  in  person  to 
Sparta,  and  counselled  the  people  there  not  to  try 
to  bribe  good  men  who  were  their  friends,  and  by 
whose  virtues  they  could  profit  without  payment  of 
money,  but  rather  to  buy  up  and  corrupt  the  bad 
men  who  were  ruining  the  city  by  their  factious 
conduct  in  the  assembly,  to  the  end  that  such  might 
have  their  mouths  stopped  in  consequence  of  their 
venality,  and  so  be  less  annoying  to  their  fellow- 
citizens  ;  for  it  was  better,  he  said,  to  take  away 
freedom  of  speech  from  their  enemies  rather  than 

299 


PLUTARCH'S   LIVES 


T    TMV 


XVI.  'E-Trel     Be     7rd\iv     TOU? 


dtcovcras   6   crTaTo^   TMV 


ej3ov\eTo   /coXd^eiv,  ol  Be  et? 

voi     Bi€rdpa(T(Tov     rrjv 
erretpciro  TrpaiiveLV  /ecu  Kcnairaveiv  rov 
rr}?    opyrjs    6    ^C^oiroi^v,    Si$d(TKa)V  TOV    Kaipov, 
a>?  'At'Tfo^oL'  roO  /SacrtXew?  «at  'PcofMaiwv  ev  TTJ 


awpov/Jievwv 
€K6Lcre  xprj  TOV  ap^ovTa  T?/Z'  yvw/j.ijv  €%eiv,  ra 


oliceia  fjur)  rciveiv,  d\\a  KOI  irapi&elv  TL  teal  Trapa- 


2  Kovaai  TMV  aaTavoevwv.     ov 


TOV  Aioffrdvovs,  aXX'  et?  T^  AaK(i)vi/cr]v  €fj./3a- 
Xoi'ro?  aytta  T&)  Ttrco  /cal  /3a8i£6i>TO)v  evdvs  fVt 
rr/i^  7r6\Lv,  dyavarcT/ja'as  6  ^i^OTToifji^v,  epyov  ov 

VO^JLLjJLOV  OL»8'  dTTT]fCpl/3a)/J.6VOV  €K  TMV  SlKCLLMV,  d\\d 

fjie'ya  teal  ^ie<yd\(D  (frpovijjutaTi  To\/n,i]cra<;,  6i?  TTJV 
AaK6$aifj.ova  7rapr)\0e  KCU  TOV  re  <TTpaTr)yov  TMV 

'A^aiMV     KOl     TOV    VTTdTOV    TMV   '^M/JLClitoV    i'SiCOT?/? 

MV  aTretfXe^cre,  ra?  5'  ev  TTJ  7ro\ei  rayoa^a?  eiravae 
Kal  KaTeaTrj<j6  rou?  AaxeSaL/jiOVLOvs  7rd\tv  6i?  TO 


KOIVOV, 


3       XpoVw  Be  vGTepov  e<yKa\ea-as  TL  rot?  AafceBai- 
)aTi]<yMv  o  <&i\O7roi/j,r]V  ra?  /xev  (pvyd? 

645    TrfV    7TO\tV,     OyBoiJKOVTCL     B€     ^TTap- 

aTreKTeivev,    a>5    IToXuySi05    fyrjaLv,   co?    Be 


1  Philopoemen  was  for  the  sixth  time  general  in  188  B.C. 
300 


PHILOPOEMEN,  xv.  6-xvi.  3 

from  their  friends.     Such  was  his  splendid  spirit  in 
matters  of  money. 

XVI.  Soon,  however,  Diophanes,  the  general  of 
the  Achaean  league,  hearing  that  the  Lacedaemo- 
nians were  once  more  agitating  for  a  change,  deter- 
mined to  punish  them,  and  the  Lacedaemonians 
determining  upon  war,  were  throwing  the  Pelopon- 
nesus into  confusion.  Here  Philopoemen  tried  to 
mollify  Diophanes  and  put  a  stop  to  his  wrath, 
showing  him  what  the  occasion  demanded,  and  that 
since  King  Antiochus  and  the  Romans  were  hovering 
about  in  Greece  with  armies  so  great,  it  behoved  the 
general  of  the  league  to  pay  attention  to  them,  and 
not  to  stir  up  domestic  troubles,  but  even  to  be 
somewhat  oblivious  to  the  transgressions  of  his 
colleagues.  Diophanes,  however,  paid  no  heed  to 
this  advice,  but  invaded  Laconia  along  with  Titus 
Flamininus,  and  marched  directly  upon  the  city  of 
Sparta.  Incensed  at  this,  Philopoemen  ventured 
upon  an  act  which  was  not  lawful,  nor  even  exactly 
just,  but  great  and  prompted  by  a  great  spirit.  He 
went  on  past  them  into  Sparta,  and,  private  man 
though  he  was,  shut  out  therefrom  both  the  general 
of  the  Achaean  league  and  the  Roman  consul,  put 
an  end  to  the  disorders  in  the  city,  and  brought  the 
Lacedaemonians  back  again  into  the  league,  as  they 
were  at  the  outset. 

At  a  later  time,  however,  when  he  had  some 
ground  for  accusation  against  the  Lacedaemonians, 
as  general  of  the  league l  Philopoemen  brought 
back  its  exiles  to  the  city,  and  put  to  death  eighty 
Spartans,  according  to  Polybius,2  or  according  to 

2  In  a  passage  not  extant.     Livy  gives  the  same  number 
(xxxviii.  33). 

301 


PLUTARCH'S   LIVES 


4  piaroKpaTtj^,  Trei'TJKOvra  KOI  TpiaKO&ovs 
Be  rei^rj  KaOel\e,  %oopav  Be  7roXX?)i'  d 
TrpOGeveLfie  T0i9  Me7aXo7roX//ra£9,  ocroi    Be   rjaav 
VTTO    T&v    rvpdvvcov  aTToBeBeLy/Aevoi  TroXmu  TJ/9 
^TrdpTf]^,  /jLeTaiKi^ev  CLTfavTa^  aTrdjwv  et?  'A^ 
7r\r]V  rpio-^iXiwv  TOVTOVS  Be  aTTeiOovvTas  /cal 
/3ov\o/j.ei>ovs  aTre\9elv  e/c  T?}? 

\i]crev,    eW*   olov   ecfiv  /3  pl^wv  CLTTO   TWV 
TOVTWV    ev    Me7aX?7     TroXet     aToav 

5  e'yu,7rj7rXa,uez'09    ^e    TCOV  Nafce&aifJLOviwv    KOI    Trap* 
d^iav  7r67rpa%6(TLV  tTre/nftaii'wv,  TO  rrrepl  TI-JV  TTO\I- 
reiav  ep<yov  ayfjioraroi'  e^eipyuaaro  KOI  TrapavoiJ.(i)- 
rarov.     dveTKe  <yap  KOI  Biecf)0€ipe  rrjv  AvKovpyeiov 

ava^Kaaa^  TOL/?  TratSa?  avrwv  /cal  TOI)? 
rrjv  *A%alici}V  avri  r>}?  nrarpiov  TraiBeiav 
,  co?  ovBeTrore  fAi/cpbv  ev  rot9  Avxovpyov 


6       Tore  jjiev  ovv   VTTO  av^opwv   fieydXtov 

vevpa  TT}?  vroXew?  €KT€jJi€iv  TW  ^tXoTroiyaew  irapa- 


eyevovro  xeipoSjOeis  KOI  rcnreivoi, 
B'  vorrepov  alr^crd/jL€VOL  Trapa  'Pa>fj.aicov  TJ]V 

ecfrvyov    TroXtreia^,    dve\a(3ov    Be    teal 
rrjv    Trdrptov,   w?    r^v    dvvaTov    e/c 
KOLKWV  KOI  <p0opd$  T^Xt/cauTT;?. 

XVII.   'Evrel  ^e  fPct>/iatot9  o  77/309  'Avrloxov  ev  366 
EXXa&t    avvea'TTj   ?roX6yuo9,  ^   /xe^   IBicoT-rjs  6 
,    opwv    Be    TOV    'AvrLo^ov    avrov     ev 
jrepl    <yd[jLOvs   KOL   7rapOeva)v 


1  In  184  B.C.  (Livy,  xxxix.  34). 
302 


PHILOPOEMEN,  xvi.  4-xvn.  i 

Aristocrates,  three  hundred  and  fifty.  He  also  tore 
down  the  walls  of  the  city,  and  cutting  off  a  large 
part  of  its  territory,  annexed  it  to  Megalopolis ; 
moreover,  in  the  case  of  those  who  had  been  made 
citizens  of  Sparta  by  the  tyrants,  he  removed  them 
all  into  Achaia,  with  the  exception  of  three  thousand 
who  would  not  obey  him  and  were  unwilling  to  go 
away  from  Sparta.  These  he  sold  into  slavery,  and 
then,  as  if  in  mockery  of  their  fate,  erected  a  portico 
in  Megalopolis  with  the  money  which  they  brought. 
And  now,  glutting  his  anger  at  the  Lacedaemo- 
nians and  unworthily  trampling  upon  them  in  their 
misery,  he  treated  their  constitution  in  the  most 
cruel  and  most  lawless  fashion.  For  he  took  away 
and  abolished  the  system  of  training  which  Lycurgus 
had  instituted,  and  compelled  their  boys  and  their 
young  men  to  adopt  the  Achaean  in  place  of  their 
hereditary  discipline,  being  convinced  that  while 
they  were  under  the  laws  of  Lycurgus  they  would 
never  be  humble. 

For  the  time  being,  then,  owing  to  their  great 
calamities,  the  Spartans  suffered  Philopoemen  to 
cut  away,  as  it  were,  the  sinews  of  their  city,  and 
became  tractable  and  submissive ;  but  a  while  after- 
wards,1 having  obtained  permission  from  the 
Romans,  they  abandoned  the  Achaean  polity,  and 
resumed  and  re-established  that  which  had  come 
down  from  their  fathers,  so  far  as  was  possible  after 
their  many  misfortunes  and  great  degeneration. 

XVII.  When  the  Romans  went  to  war  with 
Antiochus  in  Greece,2  Philopoemen  was  without 
command,  and  seeing  that  Antiochus  himself  was 
sitting  idly  down  in  Chalcis  and  spending  his  time 

1  In  191  B.C.    Cf.  the  Flamininus,  xv. 

3°3 


PLUTARCH'S   LIVES 


ov  /m$'  wpav  a"%o\d^ovTa,  rou?  Be 
ev    ara^ia   rro\\y    Kal   %co/?t?    tY/e^tovwv   ev    rat? 
a^o/xe^ou?  Kal  Tpvfiwjnas,   ij%0eTo  yu,?; 
rore  TWV  JA^aiMv,  /ecu  'Pco/Aauois  e\eje 
'  "  crrpa- 

ev    rot?     Ka7rrj\€LOi^    /careKO^a    TOUTOU? 
2  Trai'Ta?."     eVei    £e    ViKiiaavres    ol   'Pw/naloi    rov 
'AvTioxov  evefyvovro  rot?  fEXX?;w«:ot 
l    7repie/3a\\ovTO     Trj     Swajjiei,    T0i>9 

7; 


eVl  Trai'Ta  7ro\\r    .era  rov 


Kal  TO  reXo?  eyyvs  rjv  et?  o  TT)^  T^7;i^  e'Set 

<^epofJLevr]v  e^iKeaOai,  KaOdirep  dyaOos 

TT/OO?    KVfia    &iep€i$6fA6vo<?   6   (&i\O7roi/jL'rjv  ra 

evSi&ovai  Kal  irapeiKeLV  rjvayKa^ero  T 

Trepl  &e  TMV  TrkeiffTwv  Sia(f)ep6/ji€i>o<;  TOU?  TO>  \eyeiv 

Kal  Trpdrreiv  ur^uoz/ra?  avriairav  eTreiparo 

T^  eXevBepiav. 

3  ^ApLcrraLvov  $e  rov  M6ya\o7ro\iTov 
fjilv  eV  rot?  'A^euot?  ^eyiarov,  TOU?  8 

ael  OepairevovTos  Kal  TOU?  'A^aiou?  //,?;  olo/Aevov 
&eiv  evavnovcrOai  /jLtjSe  d^apicnelv  eiceivoLS,  ev 
TW  crvveSpiw  \eyerat,  rov  <&L\o7roifji€va  aiwrrav 
dtcovovra  Kal  (Bapecos  fyepew,  re/V.0?  Be  VTT*  opyrj? 
Bvaavacr^erovi'Ta  TT/JO?  TOZ^  'Apicnaivov  eiTrelv 
"  O  avOpwTre,  rL  aTrevBeis  TT/V  TTCTT  /?&>  /jLevrjv  r>}? 

4  'EXX,a8o?  eVt^eti/;"  Mawou  ^e  roi)  'Pco/^aiwv  inrd- 

TOV  VeVLKTI  KOTOS  fJL€V  'AvTiO^OV,  CUTOV  {JL6VOV  $6 
304 


PHILOPOEMEN,  xvn.  1-4 

in  a  courtship  arid  marriage  which  were  not  suited 
to  his  years,1  while  his  Syrian  troops,  in  great  dis- 
order and  without  leaders,  were  wandering  about 
among  the  cities  and  living  luxuriously,  he  was 
distressed  because  he  was  not  general  of  the 
Achaeans  at  that  time,  and  kept  saying  that  he 
begrudged  the  Romans  their  victory.  "  For  if  I  had 
been  general,"  he  said,  "  I  would  have  cut  off  all 
these  fellows  in  their  taverns."  But  soon  the 
Romans,  after  conquering  Antiochus,  applied  them- 
selves more  closely  to  the  affairs  of  Greece.  They 
encompassed  the  Achaean  league  with  their  power, 
since  the  popular  leaders  gradually  inclined  to  their 
support ;  their  strength,  under  the  guidance  of  the 
heavenly  powers,  grew  great  in  all  directions ;  and 
the  consummation  was  near  to  which  the  fortunes 
of  Greece  must  come  in  their  allotted  revolution. 
Here  Philopoemen,  like  a  good  helmsman  contend- 
ing against  a  high  sea,  was  in  some  points  compelled 
to  give  in  and  yield  to  the  times  ;  but  in  most  he 
continued  his  opposition,  and  tried  to  draw  to  the 
support  of  freedom  the  men  who  were  powerful  in 
speech  or  action. 

Aristaenus  the  Megalopolitan 2  was  a  man  of  the 
greatest  influence  among  the  Achaeans,  but  he 
always  paid  court  to  the  Romans  and  thought  that 
the  Achaeans  ought  not  to  oppose  or  displease  them 
in  any  way.  As  this  man  was  once  speaking  in  the 
assembly,  we  are  told  that  Philopoemen  listened  to 
him  a  while  in  silent  indignation,  but  at  last,  over- 
come by  anger,  said  to  him  :  "  My  man,  why  art 
thou  eager  to  behold  the  fated  end  of  Greece  ?  ' 
Again,  Manius,  the  Roman  consul,  after  his  victory 

1  Cf.  the  Flamininus,  xvi.  i.         a  Cf.  chapter  xiii.  4. 

305 


PLUTARCH'S   LIVES 

Trapd  TWV  'A^atwv  OTTW?  edcrwcri  TOU?  Aa/ceBai- 
ffrvydSas  KaTe\6elv,  KOL  T/TOU  TCLVTO  TCO 
ft)  Tre/oi  TCO^  (pvydScov  afyov 
o  (£)£Xo7roiyu7;y  ov  Tot?  (pvydcri 
/3ov\6fjLevo$  St'  avrov  Kal  ra)v  'A%ai(t)v,  aXXa  /JLT 
Tirov  jLtBe  'Patjiaicov  diri  TOVTO 


KCU  crrparTiywv  et9  TOVTTLOV  auro?  Karjyaye  TOU? 
s.      OUTW?  et^e  Ti  Trpo?  ra?  e^ot'crta?  UTTO 


XVIII.  "H8?7   Se    7670^0)9    ero?    e/3 

Se   rwv  'A%aia)v   crrpar^ycoi',  ?i\iri^€V   ov 
exeivrjv  TIJV  dp^v  aTroXe/zw?  $id%€iv,  aXXa 
l  TOU  /3/ou  TO  \OLTTOV  avTw  [160^  fi<rv)(la<i 


r     irpdy/JLara  irape^eiv.      co?  yap  a    VQGOI 
rat?    TWV    (Tcofj^drcov    pa)/AaL<$ 


,  ovrws  ev  rat?  'EXX^z^/crat?  7r6\e(riv  CTTI- 

2  \eLTTOvcn]s  r/)?  Sfmyuea)?  6X7776  TO  <pi\6veiKov.     ov 

aXXa  NeyLteo't?  Ti?  wcnrep  ddXfjrrji'  evSpo- 
7T/3O?  rep/jiacrt  rov  ftuov  KareftaXe.  \6yerai 
yap  ev  TIVI  crv\\oyw  TWV  Trapovrwv  eTraivovvrwv 
dvSpa  Seivov  elvai  SoKovvra  Trepl  cnparriyiav 
elirelv  TOV  QiXoTroLfj-eva,  "  Kat  TTW?  dlfiov  etceivov 
\oyov  "xelv  r°v  dvopos,  ocms  ?'/Xco  t^wv  VTTO 

3  TT  o\€  [Jiiwv  ;"  fjieO*    i]/jLepa^    Se    o\[ya<? 
o  Meo-cr?;i^o?,  avOpwjros  i&ia  re   TM 

Kal    TO??     aXXot?     eira^Orj^    Bid 
Kal  aico\acriav,  njv  re  M.effO'iyvrjv  avre- 


1  Cf.   chapter  xiii.  3. 
306 


PHILOPOEMEN,  xvn.  4-xvm.  3 

over  AntiochuSj  asked  the  Achaeans  to  permit  the 
exiles  from  Sparta  to  go  back  home,  and  Titus 
Flamininus  joined  Manius  in  making  this  request. 
But  Philopoemen  successfully  opposed  the  request, 
not  out  of  hostility  to  the  exiles,  but  from  a  desire 
that  they  should  owe  this  favour  to  himself  and  the 
Achaeans,  and  not  to  Flamininus  and  the  Romans; 
indeed,  as  general  for  the  following  year  he  restored 
the  exiles  to  their  city.1  To  such  a  degree  did  his 
lofty  spirit  lead  him  to  strive  and  contend  against 
men  in  power. 

XVIII.  But  being  now  seventy  years  of  age, 
and  for  the  eighth  time  general  of  the  Achaeans,2 
he  hoped  not  only  to  pass  that  year  of  office  without 
war,  but  also  that  affairs  would  permit  him  to  spend 
the  rest  of  his  life  in  peace  and  quiet.  For  as  our 
diseases  seem  to  lose  their  virulence  as  our  bodily 
strength  declines,  so  among  the  Greek  cities  the 
spirit  of  contention  lapsed  as  their  power  waned. 
Nevertheless,  some  divine  displeasure  threw  him 
down,  like  an  all  but  victorious  runner,  at  the  very 
goal  of  his  life.  For  it  is  recorded  that  at  some 
conference,  when  others  present  were  lavishing 
praise  upon  one  who  was  reputed  to  be  a  redoubtable 
general,  Philopoemen  contemptuously  said :  "  Yet 
why  should  any  account  be  made  of  this  man,  who 
has  been  taken  alive  by  his  enemies  ?  '  And  a  few 
days  afterwards  Deinocrates  the  Messenian,  a  man 
who  had  a  private  quarrel  with  Philopoemen3  and 
was  obnoxious  to  everybody  else  because  of  his 
baseness  and  unbridled  life,  induced  Messene  to 

2  In  182  B.C.  Plutarch  passes  over  the  years  187-183, 
during  which  the  Achaean  league  and  Philopoemen  came 
increasingly  into  collision  with  the  Roman  power. 

8  Cf.  the  Flamininus  t  xvii.  3. 

307 


PLUTARCH'S   LIVES 

rwv  'A^a^wy,  teal  Kcofirjv  TIJV  KO\OV  /jLe 


6  Be  ^>L\oTCoLfJL^v  eru^e  /nev  ev  "Apyei 
rrvOofJievo^  Be  ravra  o-vvereivev  et<?  M.€yd\i]v  TTO\IV 
i}/jiepa    fJLia    crraStou?    7rXeioz/a9    f)    rerpa/coaiov^. 

4  KaKeWev  evOvs    €JBot]6ei  rou?  lirirel^    avaXaficov, 
o'lirep  rjcrav  eVSo^oraroi  fJiev  TWV  Trokir&v,  vkoi  8e 
KO/jLi&f),  Si    evvoiav  TOV  <&i\oTTOi/j,evos  KOI  ^\ov 
e6e\ovral  ava-rparevovre^.     iTTTracrdfjievoi  Se  TT/OO? 
rr)v    Mecrcnjvrfv    Koi    Trepl    TOV    HLvdvSpov    \6<$>ov 

5  aTravrwvTi  TW  Aeivorcpdrei  avjATreaovTes   eicelvov   367 

ev  erp&lravro,  TMV  Be  TrevraKocriwv,  01  rrjv 


row 


/COL    TWV    TTpOTCpOV        TT^fJLwV,    ft)? 

ov,   avOis  ava    TOV?   Xo(/>ou5    aOpoL 
Beicras  6  <&i\07roL/nriv  icvK\a>6f)Vat  KOL  TWV  i 
^eL^ofJLevo^   ave^pei  Bia  TOTTWV  %a\€7ra)v, 
ovpaywv  real  7ro\\dfci$  avTe%€\avvd)V  rot?  TroXe- 
fcal    oXw?     €7ri(T7ra>iJL€VO<i     e'(/>'     eavrov,    ov 
VTWv  dvT€/A/3a\,elv  eKGLvwv,  a\\a  Kpavyais 

6  tea    Trepibpofjials  xpwuevwv  airoOev.     a^>i(TTd^evo^ 
ovv  7roXXa/a?  Sia  rou?  veavi<T/cov<5   /cal  KU&  eva 
TrapaTre/uLTTtov    e\a6ev     ev    TroXXoi?    aTToiAovwOels 
TroXe/itoi?.     teal    trvvatyai  fiev    els  %et/5a?    ovoelf 
€T6\fJ>r](j-ev    avrti),  iroppwOev    Be    fia\\6/Jievos    real 
ftia&^evos  7T/30?  %a)/ota  TrerpwBrj  /cal  TrapdiepTjfjLva 
vaXeTrco?  /u,€T€%e«/)t^6TO  /cal  Kare^aive  TOV  'ITTTTOV. 

,  r\\\  \  ~  r\>  /  A^" 

7  avTO)   oe    TO    fiev    7>;pa?    VTTO    afffcrj&eaxi  TroAA-r;? 
€\a(f)pov    ty     teal    Trpbs    ovBev     ejjiTroBiov    €t?    TO 

308 


PH1LOPOEMEN,  xvm.  3-7 

revolt  from  the  Achaean  league,  and  was  reported 
about  to  seize  the  village  called  Colonis.  Philopoe- 
men  at  the  time  lay  sick  of  a  fever  at  Argos,  but 
on  learning  these  facts,  he  hastened  to  Megalopolis 
in  a  single  day,  a  journey  of  more  than  four  hundred 
furlongs.  From  there  he  at  once  set  out  for  the 
rescue,  taking  with  him  the  horsemen.  These  were 
the  city's  most  prominent  men,  but  altogether 
young,  and  serving  as  volunteers  under  Philopoemen 
out  of  good  will  and  admiration  for  him.  They  rode 
off  towards  Messene  and  encountered  Deinocrates, 
who  came  to  meet  them  at  Evander's  hill.  Him 
they  put  to  flight;  but  the  five  hundred  men  who 
were  guarding  the  open  country  of  Messene  suddenly 
attacked  them,  and  when  those  who  had  before 
been  worsted  saw  this,  they  collected  together  along 
the  hills.  Then  Philopoemen,  fearing  that  he  would 
be  enveloped,  and  trying  to  spare  his  horsemen, 
withdrew  over  difficult  ground,  bringing  up  the  rear 
himself  and  frequently  riding  out  against  the  enemy, 
and  trying  to  draw  their  attacks  entirely  upon  him- 
self. They  did  not  venture,  however,  to  return  his 
attacks,  but  merely  shouted  and  threatened  his 
flanks.  Withdrawing  from  the  line  frequently,  then, 
to  spare  his  young  men,  and  sending  them  one  by 
one  into  safety,  before  he  was  aware  of  it  he  was 
left  alone  among  numerous  enemies.  Even  then  no 
one  ventured  to  come  to  close  quarters  with  him, 
but  he  was  pelted  with  missiles  from  a  distance  and 
forced  upon  rocky  and  precipitous  places,  so  that  he 
had  difficulty  in  managing  his  horse  and  kept  tearing 
him  with  the  spur.  His  age,  owing  to  his  generous 
exercise,  was  not  burdensome,  and  in  no  way 
impeded  his  escape ;  but  at  that  time  his  body 

VOL.  x.  T        3°9 


PLUTARCH'S    LIVES 

i,  Tore  8e  KOI  8ia  TTJV  dppw&riav  TOV 
cr(t)/j,aros  eVSeoO?  yeyovoTos  /cal  Sid  Trjv  O&OITTO- 
piav  KdTaKOTTOV,  ftapvv  ovra  /cal 


o 


TOV     TTTOyLtaTO?      y€VO/jL6VOV     Ka        T?? 

Oova-ifi  6K€tTO  TTO\VV  y^povov  avavo'os,  wcrTe  teal 
Tou?  TroXe^ou?  TtBvavai  So^a^Ta?  CLVTOV 
8  peiv  o-rpe(f)€iv  TO  awjjia  /cal   (TKV\eveii>.     eVei 


aTrecTTpe^ov  avTov  ra?  %elpas  OTTicra)  /cal 
fjyov,  vfipei  ^pco/jLevoi  7ro\\fj  teal  \oi8o- 
pia  /car'  dv$po<;  ovbe  ovap   av   TTOTC  iraOelv   VTTO 


XIX.   Ol  8'  eV  TTJ  TroXef  TTJ  fjLev  ajyeXia 

(TTCO?    67rap0€VT€S    TjOpOL^OVTO  TTCpl    Ta?    TTu 

£e  elSov  e\KOp.€vov  TOV  <£>i\O7roi/Aeva  Trap 
T)}?  re  So^?  /cat  TWV  e/HTrpoaOev  epywv  /cal  Tpo- 
Traiwv,  ri\e>]crav  ol  TrXeicrrot  /cal  crvvrjX'yricrav, 
cocrTe  real  Satcpvcrai  /cal  TIJV  avOpwiriin^v  e/c(j)\av- 
picrai  ^vva/jLtv  &>?  CLTCIGTOV  /cal  TO  /jLySev  ovcrav. 
2  ovTo)  Se  KaTa  /JLt/cpov  et?  TroXXou?  <^L\di'Opwrro<; 
Xoyo?  co?  /JiviifjiOvevTeov  eii)  TWV  TrpocrOev 
/cal  T^}?  e\ev6epias  rjv  direo'coKev 
^  e^eXacra?  TOV  Tvpai>vov.  oXijoi  Se 


L   TU> 


TOV  avSpa  /cal  KTeuvetv  e/ce\€vov  w?  fiapvv  vroXe- 
real     Sva/j-eiXiKTov,     ai>T(o     re     Aeivo/cpaTei 
el     Siatyvyoi     Ka&u/Bpio-jLievos     VTT 


3  avTov  /cal      eovcbs   atiaXwro?.     ov 


avTov  et?  TOV  /caXov/^evov 
KaTaiyeioi>    OVTG    Trvevjjia    \a/ji{3dvov    OVTG 


310 


PHILOPOEMEN,  xvm.  y-xix.  3 

was  enfeebled  by  sickness  and  worn  out  with 
a  long  journey,  so  that  he  was  heavy  and  stiff, 
and  at  length  his  horse  stumbled  and  threw 
him  to  the  ground.  His  fall  was  a  heavy  one  and 
his  head  was  hurt,  and  he  lay  for  a  long  time 
speechless,  so  that  his  enemies  thought  him  dead 
and  tried  to  turn  his  body  over  and  strip  it  of  its 
armour.  But  when  he  raised  his  head  and  opened 
his  eyes,  they  threw  themselves  in  a  throng  upon 
him,  tied  his  hands  behind  his  back,  and  led  him 
away,  treating  with  great  insolence  and  contumely 
a  man  who  could  never  have  even  dreamed  that  he 
would  suffer  such  a  fate  at  the  hands  of  Deinocrates. 
XIX.  The  people  of  Messene,  wonderfully  elated 
at  the  news,  gathered  in  throngs  at  the  gates.  But 
when  they  saw  Philopoemen  dragged  along  in  a 
manner  unworthy  of  his  fame  and  of  his  former 
exploits  and  trophies,  most  of  them  were  struck  with 
pity  and  felt  sympathy  for  him,  so  that  they  actually 
shed  tears  and  spoke  with  bitterness  of  the  incon- 
stancy and  vanity  of  human  greatness.  And  so, 
little  by  little,  many  were  led  to  say  humanely  that 
they  ought  to  remember  his  former  benefactions, 
and  especially  how  he  had  restored  to  them  their 
freedom  by  expelling  the  tyrant  Nabis.  But  there 
were  a  few  who,  to  gratify  Deinocrates,  urged  that 
the  captive  should  be  tortured  and  put  to  death  as 
a  stern  and  implacable  enemy,  and  one  more  than 
ever  to  be  feared  by  Deinocrates  himself  in  case  he 
made  his  escape  after  having  been  taken  prisoner 
and  loaded  with  insults  by  him.  However,  they 
carried  Philopoemen  into  the  Thesaurus,  as  it  was 
called,  a  subterranean  chamber  which  admitted 
neither  air  nor  light  from  outside  and  had  no  door, 

311 


PLUTARCH'S   LIVES 

evcf)  Karafc\€io/jL6vov,  evravda 
teal    TOV    \idov    67rippdj;avTes     av&pas 
KVK\U>  Trepie<TTi]crav. 

Ol  8'  tTTTret?  TWV  'A%aiwv  eV  TT}?  <pv<yr)$  dva\a- 
avrovs,   &>?  ovSa/nov  (fravepbs  TJV  o 
,  a\X*  e&oicei  TeOvdvai,  TroKvv  p.ev 

avaKa\ovfJievoi  TOV  avSpa 
\6yov  &)?  ala"%pav  crtorijpiav  Kal  aSitcov 
Trpoe/jievoi,  rot?  TroXe/A/ot?  TOI 
5  d<j)€i&i]O'avTa  rov  ^r/v  &i?  avrovs,  erreiTa 

KOL  TroXvTrpayfjLOvovvTCS  eTrvOovro  TVJV 
avrov    ical    8iijyye\\ov    et?  ra?    TroXet? 
01   Se    av/j.(j)opav    TroLovfiev 
f^ev     eyvwaav     TOV     avBpa     Trapa    rwv 
Trpecrfieiav  7re///v/rai>T65,  avrol  8e  Trape- 


XX.  Ouroi  yLtez^  oui^  ravra  eTrpaTrov.  'O  Se 
keLVOKpdrrjs  /xaXicrra  TOI^  %pbvov  co?  crcoTijpiov  ru> 
<&i\o7ro[fjL€Vi  BeBoiKa)?  Kal  (j)0daai,  TCL  irapd  TWV 
'A^a^wi/  y8ouXo/xe^o5,  eVel  1/1;^  errijXOe  Kal  TO 
7rX?}#o?  dTre^coprjcre  ra)v  MecrGrjvioov,  dvoi%a<$  TO 
Bea/jtwrrfpiov  elcre-nefji'^re  ^yuocrtoz/  OLKerrjv  (pdp/jia- 
KOV  KopL^ovTa,  TrpoaeveyKeiv  Kal  TrapaaTrjvai  368 
2  H-t'X.pi'  av  eKTrirj  K€\evcras.  erv^e  p,ev  ovv  ev  TO) 
^Xa/^vSiO)  KaTaK€L/ji6vos,  ov  KaOevSwv,  aXXa  \v7rrj 
Kal  dopvftw  Karexojjievos,  l&aiv  Se  ^>w?  Kal  Trape- 


TOV 


TOV    (papfjiaKOv,    a-vvaya<ya)v    yuoXt?     eavTov    VTT 

xal  ^eatei^o?  rwTrcrev  el 


312 


PHILOPOEMEN,  xix.  3-xx.  2 

but  was  closed  by  dragging  a  huge  stone  in  front  of 
it.  Here  they  placed  him,  and  after  planting  the 
stone  against  it,  set  a  guard  of  armed  men  round 
about. 

Meanwhile  the  horsemen  of  the  Achaeans  re- 
covered themselves  after  their  flight,  and  when 
Philopoemen  was  nowhere  to  be  seen,  but  was 
thought  to  be  dead,  they  stood  for  a  long  time 
calling  aloud  upon  their  leader  and  reproaching  one 
another  for  having  won  an  unlawful  and  shameful 
safety  by  abandoning  to  the  enemy  their  general, 
who  had  been  prodigal  of  his  life  for  their  sakes. 
Then  they  went  forward  in  a  body,  and  by  diligent 
effort  learned  of  his  capture,  and  sent  word  of  it  to 
the  cities  of  the  Achaeans.  The  Achaeans  felt  that 
they  had  suffered  a  great  calamity,  and  determined 
to  send  an  embassy  and  demand  Philopoemen  from 
the  Messenians,  while  they  themselves  prepared  an 
expedition  against  the  city. 

XX.  The  Achaeans,  then,  were  thus  engaged.  But 
Deinocrates,  who  feared  that  delay  was  the  one 
thing  most  likely  to  save  Philopoemen,  and  wished 
to  forestall  the  efforts  of  the  Achaeans,  when  night 
came  on  and  the  multitude  of  Messene  had  dis- 
persed, opened  the  prison  and  sent  in  a  public 
official  with  poison,  ordering  him  to  give  it  to  Philo- 
poemen and  to  stand  by  his  side  until  he  had  drunk 
it.  Now,  Philopoemen  was  lying  down  wrapped  in 
his  soldier's  cloak,  not  sleeping,  but  overwhelmed 
with  trouble  and  grief.  When,  however,  he  saw  a 
light  and  a  man  standing  by  him  holding  the  cup  of 
poison,  he  pulled  himself  together  as  much  as  his 
weakness  permitted  and  sat  up.  Then  taking  the 
cup  he  asked  the  man  if  he  had  heard  anything 

313 


PLUTARCH'S   LIVES 

TI  Trepl  TWV  iTTTrecov  KOI  /uLa\,i(Tra  AvKopra 
3  a/jievos  eariv.     elTrovros  &€  rdv0p(*)7rov  St,a7re<j)ev- 
yevai    TOVS    TTO\\OV^,    eVeWucre    rrj    rceffiaXf),   real 


rov 


el       rnavra 


KCL\ 


avrov  cnreicX.ivev,  ov  TroXXa  TrpdyjjiaTa  rco 
O)  Trapacr^cov,  aX,V  aTroaftecrOeis  TCL%V  bid 
dadeveiav. 

XXI.   '£!<;  ovv  o  Trepl  TT}?  reXefr^?  \6yos  rjftev 
TOU?  *A%aiov$,   ra?   /xei;  TroXe*?   CLVTWV  Koivrj 
Karr)(f)€ia  real  7rev0o<$  el^ev,  ol  &'  ev  r)\iKia 


ovS*  TIVTIVOVV  dva(3o\ijv  eTronjaavro 

a\X'  e\6/u,€i>oi  crrpaTTj'yov  Av/coprav  et?  rr/z^  Mecrcr?;- 

z^ta^  eve/3a\ov  KOI  KCIKWS  ejroiovv  rqv  ^wpav,  d^pi 

2  ov  &v/j,<f)povrj(7avTe<;  eSe^avro  rou?  'A^a^ou^.      KOI 


auro?  avrov  (f)0daas 


Si?    CLVTWV  l    drreOvriGKOv,    ocroi?    Be    teal 
TOVTOVS    eV     aliciais    airoKov^kvov^ 
ev    o    Av/copras.     TO    8e    (rwfAa   xav- 
avTov    fcal    TO,    \eityava     GwOevres    et? 
v$piav  dve^evryvvcrav,  OVK  draKTCOs  ovSe  co?  6 

ttXX,'      CTTIPLKIOV     TTOfMTnjV     TlVa      CLfJia     Ttti? 

3  fjil^avre^.  rjv  /J,ev  jap  eVre^ayw/ueVou?  IBeiv, 
Se  TOL>?  avrovs  /cal  Satcpvovras,  ?]v  Be  TOU?  e"j(j9povs 
Secr/j-iovs  dyofJLevovs.  avrrjv  Se  Tr]v  vSpiav  VTTO 
7r\.r)9ov<;  raivi&v  re  /cal  cne<pdvo)v 
6  rov  (TTpaTijyov  rwv 


OJV  Bekker  and  Blass  have  5t*  OWTW^  (died  &y  their 
own  hands),  with  Stephanus. 


PHILOPOEMEN,  xx.  2-xxi.  3 

about  the  horsemen,  and  particularly  about  Lycortas, 
and  on  being  told  by  him  that  the  greater  part  of 
them  had  escaped,  he  nodded  his  head,  and  with  a 
kindly  look  at  the  man  said  to  him  :  "  That  is  good 
news,  if  we  have  not  wholly  lost."  Without  another 
word  and  even  without  a  sigh  he  drained  the  cup 
and  laid  himself  down  again.  He  did  not  give  the 
poison  much  to  do,  but  breathed  his  last  speedily,  so 
weak  was  he. 

XXI.  Accordingly,  when  the  report  of  his  death 
reached  the  Achaeans,  their  cities  were  filled  with 
general  dejection  and  grief,  and  the  men  of  military 
age,  together  with  the  members  of  the  council, 
assembled  at  Megalopolis.  With  no  delay  whatso- 
ever they  proceeded  to  take  revenge.  They  chose 
Lycortas  general,  invaded  Messenia,  and  ravaged 
the  country,  until  the  Messenians  with  one  consent 
received  them  into  their  city.  Deinocrates  antici- 
pated their  vengeance  by  making  away  with  himself, 
but  all  the  others  who  had  voted  to  put  Philopoemen 
to  death  they  slew,  and  as  for  those  who  would  have 
had  him  tortured  also,  these  Lycortas  seized  and 
held  for  a  more  excruciating  death.  Then  they 
burned  Philopoemen's  body,  collected  his  ashes  in 
an  urn,  and  set  out  for  home,  not  in  loose  or  pro- 
miscuous order,  but  with  a  blending  of  triumphal 
procession  and  funeral  rites.  For  their  heads  were 
wreathed  with  garlands  while  their  eyes  were  full  of 
tears,  and  they  led  their  foes  along  with  them  in 
chains.  The  urn  itself,  almost  hidden  from  sight 
by  a  multitude  of  fillets  and  wreaths,  was  borne  by 
Polybius,  the  son  of  the  Achaean  general,  and  about 


315 


PLUTARCH'S   LIVES 

IIoXu/:?to9  KCU  Trepl  CLVTOV  ol  irpwroi,  TWV  ' 
ol  Be  a-Tpanwrai,  ft)7rXfcr//,eVot  JJLGV  avrot,  rot?  B* 
K6Koa-/ji,r)/jL€vois    eTrrjKoXovQovv,   ovre,    olov 
ei     TOCTOUT&),    KaTij^els     ovre     rfj     viicy 
4  yavpicovT€<s.     €K    Se   TWV   Bia    jjiecrov   Trokewv   KCU 
aTTavTwvres,  wcnrep  avrov  UTTO 


e-jraviovra  Se^iovftevoi,  TT}?  vSpias  efaJTrrovro,  KOI 
6t?  MeyaXrjv  iroXiv.  o>9  ovv  avvave- 
vTols  ol  TrpecrftvTepoi  jmera  yvvai/cwv 

/cal   TraiSayv,   oXo^>f/)/zo?   ijSrj    Sta   TTOLVTOS   e^wpei 

TOV  CTTpaT€V/jiaTOS    6t9   T7JV  TToiXiV  67TL7TO0OVCraV  TOV 

av&pa    KOI  ySa/oeo)?    ^epovaav,  oio/jL€vrjv    avvairo- 
/36/3\r)/cevai  TO  Trpwreveiv  ev 


fiev  ovv,  a>?  etVo?,  eVSo^ft)?,  real  Trepl  TO 


ol  TWV  Mecr<r?^t&)^ 

ovawv  Be  TTO\\WV  fJLev  eiKovwv   avrov, 
/jLeya\o)v    Be    TifJLMV,    a?    at    7roXe^9 


TOA9 


ave\elv    cnrdcras  KOI 

avroi',   ev$eiKi>i>iJL6vos,   wcnrep   eri  ^COVTCI, 
6  fP&)yiiatoi9  TToXe/ztoi'  /cat  KaKovovvyeveaOai.    \6ywv 
Be  \€^6evTwv  /cal  Ho\v/3iov  Trpos  TOV 

6    Moyu/it09    ouTe    ot' 
avBpos  evBo^ov  Tifias  atyavlcrai, 
OVK  o\l<ya  T0t9  7T€pl  TLTOV  /cal  Mdvtov  evavnco- 
,  d\\a  T^9  %peta9  rrjv  dperrjv  efcelvoi  KOI  TO 


1  In  146  B.C.,  at  the  close  of  Rome's  war  with  the  Achaean 
league. 

316 


PHILOPOEMEN,  xxi.  3-6 

him  were  the  chief  men  of  the  Achaeans.  The 
soldiers  followed  after,  in  full  armour  themselves, 
and  with  their  horses  decorated  ;  they  were  neither 
dejected  in  view  of  their  great  affliction  nor  exultant 
over  their  victory.  Moreover,  the  people  from  the 
cities  and  villages  on  the  way  came  to  meet  them, 
as  if  receiving  Philopoemen  on  his  return  from  an 
expedition ;  they  laid  their  hands  upon  his  urn,  and 
accompanied  him  to  Megalopolis.  And  so  when 
they  had  been  joined  by  the  old  men  and  by  the 
women  and  children,  a  lamentation  at  once  spread 
through  the  entire  army  and  into  the  city,  which 
longed  for  the  presence  of  Philopoemen  and  was 
grievously  cast  down  at  his  death,  feeling  that  with 
him  it  had  lost  its  supremacy  among  the  Achaeans. 

He  was  buried,  then,  as  was  fitting,  with  con- 
spicuous honours,  and  at  his  tomb  the  captive 
Messenians  were  stoned  to  death.  Many  statues  of 
him  were  erected  and  many  honours  decreed  him  by 
the  cities.  All  these  a  Roman,  in  the  disastrous 
days  of  Greece  following  the  fall  of  Corinth,1 
attempted  to  have  removed,  and  he  attacked  the 
memory  of  Philopoemen  himself,  accusing  him,  as  if 
still  alive,  of  having  been  a  malevolent  enemy  of  the 
Romans.  After  the  proposal  had  been  discussed 
and  Polybius  had  spoken  in  opposition  to  Philopoe- 
men's  detractor,  neither  Mummius  nor  the  members 
of  the  commission2  would  consent  that  the  honours 
paid  to  an  illustrious  man  should  be  obliterated, 
although  he  had  made  no  little  opposition  to  Flami- 
ninus  and  Manius.  These  judges  distinguished,  as 

2  A  commission  of  ten,  appointed  by  the  Roman  senate  to 
settle  the  affairs  of  Greece.  It  was  before  this  body  that 
Philopoemen's  memory  was  attacked  and  defended. 

317 


PLUTARCH'S   LIVES 


Ka\6v,  &>9  eoirce,  rou 

KOI  TrpocrijKovTws   rot?  jjiev  a)(j)€\ov(n,  fJiicrOov  /cal 
Trapa    TWV    ev  TraOovruiV,   rot?    5*   a 
6(f)€L\€(T0ai    Trapa    r&v    dyad&v   del 


Tavra  irepl 


PHILOPOEMEN,  xxi.  6 

it  would  appear,  between  virtue  and  necessity, 
between  honour  and  advantage.  They  rightly  and 
fitly  considered  that  benefactors  ought  always  to 
receive  reward  and  gratitude  from  their  beneficiaries, 
and  good  men  honour  from  the  good. 
So  much  concerning  Philopoemen. 


TITUS  FLAMININUS 


TITOS 

I.  *Ov  Be  7rapa/3d\\o/jL€v  avrw,  TITO?  KOIVTIOS   369 
QXafjiLvlvos,  IBeav  p,ev  OTTOIOS  rjv  Trdpecm  Oedcra- 
crOat,  TO??  /3ov\.OfJL€vois  airo  r^9  ev  'Pco/Ay  ^aXfc^ 
elicovos,  T)  Keircu  irapa  rbv  /jLeyav  'A7r6\\cova  rov 
€K  Kap^Sovos  avTLKpv  rov  iTTTroSpo/jLOV,  <ypd/jL/jLa- 
aiv  (E^\\rjviKol<;  eTriyeypa/jL/Aevi],  TO  Be  i]0os  o^u? 
\eyerai  yevecrOat  KOI  TT/JO?  opyrjv  Kal  TT^O? 
2  ov  /JLTJV  o/toto)9,  aXX'  e\a(f)po<f  /iiev  ev  TO)  K 


KOL  OVK  eirifjiovos,   TT/DO?  Se  ra?   ^ 

01^/370?   «rat  rot?  evepyeTrjflela-i  Std  Trai^ro?   wcnrep 


evvovs,    teal    TrpoOvnos,    a>5 


TOU?    ei^    TreTrovOoras    UTT'   avrov 


ae\   KOL 


dpl(J'TWV     KCU 

trpd^ewv  avrovpyos  elvai,  KOI  rot?  Seo- 
€v  7ra0eii>  ^a\\ov  r)  rot?  ev  Troifjcrat,  Svva- 
fyaipe,  TOV?  [lev  v\r)v  r>}?  apery?,  TOU?  B€ 
axnrep  a^TtTraXou?  TT^O?  $6£av  f)yov^evo<^. 
3       Tlai$ev0el<>   Be  TrcuBeiav  TTJV  Bia  TOU>  edwv  TWV 
arTpaTi(t)TLK<>)v,   TroXXoi;?   Tore    teal    ^eyd\ov<{ 

322 


TITUS    FLAMININUS 

I.  IN  parallel  with  Philopoemen  we  shall  put 
Titus  Quintius  Flamininus.  What  his  outward 
appearance  was  may  be  seen  by  those  who  wish  it 
from  the  bronze  statue  of  him  at  Rome.  It  stands 
by  the  side  of  the  great  Apollo  from  Carthage, 
opposite  the  Circus,1  and  has  upon  it  an  inscription 
in  Greek  characters.  As  to  his  disposition,  he  is 
said  to  have  been  quick  to  show  anger  as  well  as  to 
confer  favours,  though  not  in  like  extent.  For  he 
was  gentle  in  his  punishments  and  not  persistent, 
whereas  in  his  favours  he  was  unremitting,  always 
well  disposed  towards  his  beneficiaries  as  though 
they  were  his  benefactors,  and  eager  to  protect  at  all 
times  and  preserve  those  who  had  ever  met  with  kind- 
ness at  his  hands,  as  though  they  were  his  choicest 
possessions.  But  since  he  was  covetous  of  honour 
and  fame,  he  desired  that  his  noblest  and  greatest 
achievements  should  be  the  result  of  his  own  efforts, 
and  he  took  more  pleasure  in  those  who  wanted  to 
receive  kindness  than  in  those  who  were  able  to 
bestow  it,  considering  that  the  former  were  objects 
upon  which  he  could  exercise  his  virtue,  while  the 
latter  were  his  rivals,  so  to  speak,  in  the  struggle  for 
fame. 

From  his  earliest  years  he  was  trained  in  the  arts 
of  war,  since  at  that  time  Rome  was  carrying  on 

1  The  Circus  Flamininus  is  meant,  which  was  erected  in 
221  B.C.  by  the  censor  Flamininua  Nepos. 

323 


PLUTARCH'S    LIVES 

ttya)i/<£bjU,eV?7?  dywvas  Kal  TWV  vewv 
ev  TW  (TrpaTevecrOai  crTparrjyeiv  BiBacrKo- 

TTpO)TOl>  fJLeV  €V    TO)  7T/30?   'AwifidV    7TO\€Uq) 

VTrarevovn   M.apfce\\w   o-vvecrrparev- 
4  craro.      Kal    Map/ce\Xo?    /j,ev    eveSpa 

^T€\.6VTr)CT€,    TtTO?     &€    T>}?    7T€pl 

KOI  Tapavros  avTov  TO  Sevrepov  r)\w  KOTOS  e 
evSoKLfMtjcrev  ov%  fjTrov  eVt  rot? 
Kara  rrjv  crrpaTeLav.     Sib  Kal 
airoLicwv  et?  Svo  7roXei9,  Ndpveidv  re  KOI  K&vaav, 


Kal 


II.  ToOro  8e  avrbv  eTrfjpe  /jLaXiara  rav  3ia 
/uL€aov  Kal  crvvtjdeis  rot?  i^eoi9  ap^a?  vTrepfSavra, 
Sr]fjiap%iav  Kal  aTpaT^yiav  Kal  dyopavo/niav,  evOvs 
avrov  uTrare/a?  d^iovv  Kal  Karyei  TOU?  djrb  rwv 
K\ripov%iwv  €%a)V  TrpoOvfJiovs.  rcov  $e  irepl 
<f>ov\/3iov  Kal  Wdviov  Brj/jidp^cov  I 
Seivbv  elvai  Xeyovrcov  avbpa  veov  e/?  Tr)v 
dp^rjv  €icrlBid^e(TOai  irapa  TOU?  vouovs,  olov  are- 
\eGTOv  en,  TWV  TrpcoTwv  lepwv  Kal  avcrrrjpiaiv 
2  TroXireta?,  77  jmev  av^K\7)To^  drreScoKe  TM 

TrjV  -fyrifyov,  o  Be  Brjuos  aTreBei^ev  avrov  viraiov 
aera  ^e^rov  Al\iov,  Kalirep  OVTTO)  TpiaKOvra  errj 
r/eyovora.  K\r)pw  Be  \ayxdvei  TOV  TT/OO? 
Kal  Ma/ce^o^a?  Tr6\e/Jiov,  evrv^ia  Tivl  TWV  ' 
cov  av\\a')((jL>v  Trpdyuaai  Kal  avQ  p^ir  oi<$  ov  iravra 
{Siq  %pa)  pevov 


324 


TITUS  FLAMININUS,  i.  3-11.  2 

many  great  contests  and  her  young  men  from  the 
very  outset  were  taught  by  service  as  soldiers  how 
to  command  soldiers.  To  begin  with,  then,  he 
served  as  military  tribune  in  the  war  against 
Hannibal  under  Marcellus  the  consul.  Marcellus 
tell  into  an  ambush  and  lost  his  life/  but  Titus  was 
appointed  governor  of  the  country  about  Tarentum 
and  of  Tarentum  itself,  now  captured  for  the  second 
time.  Here  he  won  a  good  name,  no  less  for  his 
administration  of  justice  than  for  his  conduct  in  the 
field.  For  this  reason  he  was  also  chosen  director- 
in-chief  of  the  colonists  sent  out  to  the  two  cities  of 
Narnia  and  Cosa. 

II.  This  success  more  than  anything  else  so 
exalted  his  ambition  that  he  ignored  the  intervening 
offices  which  young  men  generally  sought,  the  offices 
of  tribune,  praetor,  and  aedile,  and  thought  him- 
self worthy  at  once  of  a  consulship  ;  so  he  became  a 
candidate  for  that  office,  with  the  eager  support  of 
his  colonists.  But  the  tribunes  Fulvius  and  Manius 
opposed  his  course,  and  said  that  it  was  a  monstrous 
thing  for  a  young  man  to  force  his  way  into  the 
highest  office  contrary  to  the  laws,  before  he  had 
been  initiated,  as  it  were,  into  the  first  rites  and 
mysteries  of  government.  The  senate,  however, 
referred  the  matter  to  the  votes  of  the  people,  and 
the  people  elected  him  consul2  along  with  Sextus 
Aelius,  although  he  was  not  yet  thirty  years  old. 
The  lot  assigned  him  to  the  war  with  Philip  and  the 
Macedonians,  and  it  was  a  marvellous  piece  of  good 
fortune  for  the  Romans  that  he  was  thus  designated 
for  a  field  of  activity  where  the  people  did  not 
require  a  leader  relying  entirely  upon  war  and 

1  In  208  B.C.    Cf.  the  Marcellus,  xxviii.  f.        a  In  198  B.C. 

325 


PLUTARCH'S   LIVES 

aXXa     ireiOol    teal     6/J,i\Ca    /taXXoi>     aX&>cr///,o£9. 
3  ^XtTrTrco  yap  rjv  (TTo/J.a)/j.a  /JL6V  et9   nd^rjv  CLTTO- 


T)      MaKeB6vO)V      dp%1J,      P^/^1!      Be      7TO\€/JLOV 

rpifirjv  expVTOS  Kal   xoprjyia   /cal  Karat^uyrj   fcal 
opyavov    oXco?    T^?    fyakaryyos    rj    rwv 
^vvajjiis,  wv  fjirj   Sta\vdei>TO)V  CLTTO   rou 
/.ua?  /JLO,^!^  °VK  *)v  epyov  6  777109  avrov 
4  77  S'  'EX\a9  ouTTco  vroXXa  crvvevrjveyjLievr)  ' 
a\\a  Tore  Trpcorov  eTTLfiLyvv^evr]  ra?9 
el    ^i   fyvcrei,    re  xprjarbs  rjv  o  ap^wv  KOI  ~\.6ya> 
/jid\\ov    rj    7ro\€/Jiw    ^/?co/ae^o9,     evTvy%dvovTi    re  370 
Trpo&fjv   TTiOavoTris   Kal    TrpaoTTjs    Iviv'^'^avo^vw 
l    roz^09    7rXet<TT09    vTrep   TWV   SiKalwv,  OVK   av 


dvrl 


rjydTTijcre.     ravra  fj,ev  ovv  eVl  TWV  TTpd^ewv  avrov 


III.  HvvOavoj^evos  Be  6  Ttro9  TOi;9  Trpb  eavrov 
<TTpar  77701^9,    rovro    /uez/    ^OV^TTLKIOV,    rovro     &e 
otye  7779   co/oa9   €/i/3aXo^ra9  et9  Ma/ce- 
iav    Kal     rou     TroXe'/aof     /5jpaSea)9     d 


2    7T/909  TOl^   ^>L\i7T7rOV,   OVK    O)6TO 

OIKOI  rbv  eviavrbv  ev  Tip,ai<$  Kal 
vcrrepov  e^u>p/JL^cra 
oura)9  /cat  auTO9  eviavrbv  eTriKepSdvai  rrj 


TOV  fj,ev  vTraTevaas,  rq>  Be  7roX6ya7;cra9>  aXX'  O 
326 


TITUS  FLAMININUS,  n.  2-111.  2 

violence,  but  were  rather  to  be  won  over  by  per- 
suasion and  friendly  intercourse.  For  the  realm  of 
Macedonia  afforded  Philip  a  sufficiently  strong  force 
for  actual  battle,  but  in  a  war  of  long  duration  his 
phalanx  was  dependent  for  its  vigour,  its  support, 
its  places  of  refuge,  and  in  a  word  for  its  entire 
effectiveness,  upon  the  states  of  Greece,  and  unless 
these  were  detached  from  Philip,  the  war  with  him 
would  not  be  a  matter  of  a  single  battle.  Greece, 
however,  had  not  yet  been  brought  into  much 
contact  with  the  Romans,  and  now  for  the  first  time 
was  drawn  into  political  relations  with  them.  Unless, 
therefore,  the  Roman  commander  had  been  a  man  of 
native  goodness  who  relied  upon  argument  more 
than  upon  war,  and  unless  he  had  been  persuasive 
when  he  asked  an  audience  and  kind  when  he 
granted  one,  ever  laying  the  greatest  stress  upon 
what  was  right  and  just,  Greece  would  not  so  easily 
have  been  satisfied  with  a  foreign  supremacy  instead 
of  those  to  which  she  had  been  accustomed.  How- 
ever, this  will  be  made  clear  in  the  story  of  his 
achievements. 

III.  Titus  learned  that  the  generals  who  had 
preceded  him  in  this  field,  first  Sulpicius,  and  then 
Publius  Villius,  had  invaded  Macedonia  late  in  the 
season,  had  prosecuted  the  war  slowly,  and  had 
wasted  time  in  manoeuvring  for  position  or  in  long 
range  skirmishes  with  Philip  to  secure  roads  and 
provisions.  These  men  had  squandered  the  year  of 
their  consulship  at  home  in  the  honours  and  political 
activities  of  their  office,  and  afterwards  had  set  out 
on  their  campaigns.  But  Titus  did  not  think  it 
right  to  imitate  them  and  thus  add  a  year  to  his 
term  of  office,  acting  as  magistrate  during  one,  and 

327 


PLUTARCH'S    LIVES 


evepyv 
Trapao"%eiv,  ra<;  fiev  ev  ry  TroXet   Tf^ia?  Kai  rrpo- 

3  eS/ota?  d<j)7jKev}  airier  d/ievo?  Be  rrapd  T?}?  /3ov\f)<? 
TOV  dBe\(f>bv  avra)  Aev/ciov  ap^ovra  vewv  crva-rpa- 
Teveiv,  KOI  T&V  fjierd  ^KyjTriutvo^   ev  'l/Brjpia  pew 
'AaBpovfiav,  ev  Aifivrj  Be  'AvvLftav  avrov  fcara- 
fjLe^a^rifjievwv  rou?  aK^a^ovra^  en  real  7rpoQvjJ,ovs 
dva\a/3cov    wcrTrep    <TTOyita>/ia,     Tpia"%i\iov$    yevo- 
yu-eVou?,    et?    rrjv    "Hireipov    acr^aXco?    SieTrepa^e. 

4  Kai  TOV  IIoTrXfoi'  evpwv  yu-era  TT}<?  Svvd/j,ea>s  avri- 

TW     ^>iXt7T7r&)     ra?     rrepl    TOV 
TTOTa/jibv   e'^oXa?   real   TCL   crTevd  (pv\aT- 
TOVTI    TcoKvv   r;S?;    xpovov,    ovSev    Be    TrepalvovTa 
Bid  Trjv    o^vpoT'rjTa    TWV    ^copicov,   7rape\a/3e    TO 
Kai   TOV   HorrXiov   aTTOTreyU^a?  KO,T€- 
TOU?  TOTTOVS.     elcrl   Be  o%vpol  /nev  oi>% 
TMV  rrepl  ra  Te/^mj,  «aXX?;  Be  BevBpcov,  a)? 
exeivoi,    Kai   ^Xwyoor^ra   v\r)<;  Kai  StaT/06y3a5 

5  \ei/uwva<;   rjBels   OVK  e^ovaiv.     opcov  Be 
Kai   v^j-)\a)v   €KaTepa)0ev   €i?  fiiav 
yicrTrjv    Kai    (SaOelav    (JVfjL^epo^ev 

6  "A-v/^o?  Kai  cr^r/fjia  Kai  ra^o?  e^o/jLOtourai 
TOV  Tltjveiov,  Trjv  JLLCV  d\\Tjv  drracrav  d 
VTTaipeiav,  CKTO/jirjV  Be  KprjfAvcoBr)  Kai  aTevijv  rrapd 
TO  peWpov  dTTO\ei7rwv  aTpaTrov,  ovBe  aXX&)9  pa- 
Biav  aTpaTevjmaTi  Bie\Qelv,  el  Be  Kai  (f)v\dTToiTo, 
Traz^reXw?  arropov. 

IV.  'H<rai/  fjiev  ovv  ol  TOV  TLTOV  djeiv  KVK\W 
Bid     TT;?    &aa-(rapiJTiBos     fcaTa    AVKOV    eurropov 

328 


TITUS  FLAMININUS,  m.  2-iv.  i 

as  general  for  a  second.      On  the  contrary,  he  was 

ambitious  to  prosecute  the   war  at  the  same  time 

that   he  served  as  consul,  and  therefore  renounced 

his  honours  and  special  privileges  in  the  city,  and 

after   asking   the    senate    that    his    brother    Lucius 

might  accompany    him  on   his   expedition  as  naval 

commander,  he  took  with  him  as  the  main  part  of 

his  force  those  of  Scipio's  soldiers  who  were  still  in 

full    vigour   of   body    and    spirit    after    conquering 

Hasdrubal  in  Spain  and  Hannibal  himself  in  Africa 

(they  were  three  thousand  in  number),  and  crossed 

safely    into     Epirus.       He    found     Publius    Villius 

encamped  with  his  forces  over  against  Philip,  who 

for  a  long  time  now  had  been  guarding  the  narrow 

passes  along  the  river  Apsus.     Publius  was  making 

no  progress,  owing  to  the  strength  of  his  adversary's 

position,  and  Titus  therefore  took  over    his   army, 

sent  Publius  home,  and  began  an  examination  of  the 

ground.      It  has  no  less  natural  strength  than  the 

Vale  of  Tempe,  but  is  without  the  beautiful  trees, 

green  woods,  agreeable  haunts,  and  pleasant  meadows 

which  there  abound.      Great  and  lofty  mountains  on 

either  side  slope  down  and  form  a  single  very  large 

and  deep  ravine,  and  through  this  the  Apsus  dashes 

with  a  volume  and  speed  which  make  it  the  equal 

of  the  Peneius.     Its  water  covers  all  the  rest  of  the 

ground  at  the  foot  of  the  mountains,  but  leaves  a 

cut,  precipitous  and  narrow,  for  a  path  along  past 

its  current ;  this  path  would  not  be  easy  for  an  army 

to  traverse  at  any  time,  and  when  guarded,  it  would 

be  utterly  impassable. 

IV.  There  were  some,  therefore,  who  tried  to  have 
Titus  lead  his  forces  by  a  roundabout  way  through 


329 


PLUTARCH'S   LIVES 

ooov  xal  paoiav  €7ri^eipovvTe<;.  o  Be  BeBoiKws 
TToppo)  6a\drrT7]^  efif3a\a)v  eavTov  els  TOTTOU? 
y\iO"Xpov<;  Kal  cnreLpOfjievovs  Trovrjpws  TOV  <&i\i7r- 
TTOV  <f>vfyofj,a'%ovi>TO<;  aTroprjarj  cnriwv  Kal  Trd\iv 
aTrpa/cros,  wcrirep  o  frpo  avrov  arpar'rjjo^,  dva- 
'^wpelv  dvayfcacrOf}  TT/OO?  rrjv  OaKacrcrav,  e<yvw 
7rpoo-/3d\cbi>  dva  /cpdros  Sta  rwv  a/cpwv  ftidcra- 
2  aQai  rrjv  TrdpoSov.  eTrel  8e  ra  oprj  TOV  ^tXtTTTrou 
ayyi  Kare^oi'ro^,  etc  rcov  7T\ayiwv  Travra- 
ejrl  TOVS  fPa)yu,atou?  dfcovr'itov  KOL  ro^ev- 
(frepo/juevcov,  7r\ijyal  fJLev  eyivovro 


ywves  oei?  Kal  veKpol  Trap" 
ovbev  $e  rov  TTO\€/ULOV  Trepan  efyaivero,  Trpo(Trj\.Oov 
avOpwjroi  TWV  avToOi  vefjibvTwv  (f)pd£ovTe<s  Tiva 
KVK\waiv  dfj,e\ov/j(£vrjv  VTTO  T&V  7ro\€/jiia)v,  rj  TOV 
GTpaTov  a^eiv  viriayyovvTo  Kal  KaTaa-Tijcreiv 
3  fjid\io'Ta  TpiTalov  eirl  TWV  ctKpcov.  ryvuHTTirjv  Se  T^9 
Trapei^ovTO  Kal  ftefiaicoTTjV  Xapovra  TOI^ 
,  TrpaiTevovTa  fJLev  'H7ret/o&>Tft)^,  evvovv  Be 
oz/ra  Kal  Kpvfya  <f)6/3q>  TOV 
u>  TTLo-Tevcras  o  Ttro? 
eva  TTG^OU? 
tTTTret?  T/ota/coo-tou?.  rjyovvTO  8e  ol 

Kal  ra?  /j,ev  rjfiepas  dveiravovTO 
KOL\OVS     7rpo/3a\\6fji€voi,    KOI      uXcoSef?     TOTTOU?, 
Be  vvKTCop  TT/JO?  TTJV  ff€\qvi]V  Kal  yap  rjv 


'O  Be  Ttro?  TOVTOVS  drrocTTei\a<;  Tas  fiev  aXXa?  371 

Biaveirave  TOV  GTpaTov  oo~a  /nrj  TrepiGTrav 
aKpo/3o\io-/jLois   TOW?  TToXe/itou?,  KaO'   TfV   Be 
V7rep(j)avija'€(T0ai  TWV  aKpwv  ol  •jrepi'iovTe?, 


330 


TITUS  FLAMININUS,  iv.  1-4 

Dassaretis  towards  Lycus,  a  safe  and  easy  road.  But 
he  was  afraid  that  if  he  went  far  away  from  the  sea 
and  got  into  regions  that  were  poorly  tilled  and 
barren,  while  Philip  avoided  a  battle,  lack  of  pro- 
visions would  compel  him  to  come  back  again  to  the 
sea  with  his  task  undone,  like  the  general  who  had 
preceded  him.  He  therefore  determined  to  attack 
with  all  his  might,  and  force  his  passage  through  the 
heights.  But  Philip  was  occupying  the  mountains 
with  his  phalanx,  and  on  the  flanks  of  the  Romans 
javelins  and  arrows  came  flying  from  all  directions 
against  them.  Sharp  encounters  took  place,  men 
were  wounded  and  men  fell  dead  on  both  sides,  and 
no  end  of  the  war  was  in  sight.  But  at  last  some 
herdsmen  of  the  vicinity  came  to  Titus  and  told  him 
of  a  roundabout  path  which  the  enemy  was  neglect- 
ing to  guard  ;  over  this  they  promised  to  lead  his 
army  and  bring  it,  in  three  days  at  the  farthest,  to 
a  position  on  the  heights.  As  surety  and  voucher 
for  their  good  faith  they  brought  Charops  the  son 
of  Machatas,  a  leading  man  in  Epirus,  who  was  well- 
disposed  to  the  Romans  and  was  secretly  co-operating 
with  them  through  fear  of  Philip.  In  him  Titus  put 
confidence,  and  sent  out  a  military  tribune  with  four 
thousand  foot-soldiers  and  three  hundred  horsemen. 
They  were  conducted  by  the  herdsmen,  who  were  in 
bonds.  By  day  they  rested  under  cover  of  caves  or 
woody  places,  and  they  travelled  in  the  night,  by 
the  light  of  the  moon,  which  was  at  the  full. 

After  sending  off  this  detachment,  Titus  kept  his 
army  quiet  for  two  days,  except  so  far  as  he  drew  off 
the  enemy's  attention  by  skirmishes ;  but  when  the 
day  came  on  which  the  enveloping  party  were  ex- 
pected to  show  themselves  on  the  heights,  at  daybreak 

331 


PLUTARCH'S   LIVES 


rjuepa  Trdv  /j,ev  jBapv,  irav  8e 
oir\ov  eKivet,'  Kal  Tpi%f)  veiuas  rrjv  Svva/jLiv  avrbs 
aw  et?  TO  arevooTarov  Trapd  TO  peWpov  op6ia<s 
dvrjye  ras  (nreipas  ySaXXo/te^o?  VTTO  T&V  Ma«re- 


KOL     CrVjL7T€KOjL€VO<;     TOt?     aTTaVTOXTi     TT€p\ 


5  ra?   SvcrxcopLas,   rwv  be   a\\a)v  e/carepwtfev  a 

Kal    Tat?    rpa-^vr/rja-ii> 

O      TG     ?)'X/O9     aV€(7^€    KOI 

KCLTTVOS  ov  ySe/9a£O?,  a\\J  olov  opeios  o/u^X?;  TTO/O- 
pa)0€V    avareXXwv    /cat    BicKfraivofievo?    TOU? 

e\dv9ave,  Kara  VMTOV  yap  r)v 
TWV  aicpwv  e'xpjjievwv,  ol  Se  'Pcn/jiaLoi 
ea")(ov  afJL^>i^6\ov  ev  dywvi  Kal  TTOVM  rrjv  e 

6  TT/JO?  TO  /3ov\6{ji€vov  \a/jL/3dvovTes.     eVel  Be 
\ov  av^avo/Jievos  Kal  Sia/j,e\aiva)v  rov   depa 
TroXL*?  avo)  xcopwv  e&r)\ovTO  TTU/OO-O?  clvai 

ol   /ji€V    aXaXa£az>T6?    efreftaivov    eppwfjLevws    KOL 
(Tvve(TTe\\ov  et?  ra  rpa^vrara  TOU?  TroXe/utoi/?,  ot' 


a?ro 


V.  O^^  yLte^  o5z>  ^f  evBvs  o^eia  Trdvrcov,  eVe- 
Se  Si(T%i,\ia)v  ov  TrXetou?-  dfyrjpovvTO  yap  at 
Sva%oopiai,  rrjv  Sicofyv.  xprjuara  8e  Kal  a-Krjvds 
Kal  Oepdirovras  ol  'Pco/jiaioi  Siapirdo-avres  €Kpd- 
TOVV  TWV  O-TGVWV,  Kal  Siobo'evov  rrjv  "HTret/ooi/  OVTCO 


Kttl 


Kal  rrjs  0a~\.daa"r)<;  [laKpav  6Wa?  avrovs, 


TOP     €7Tlp,r]VlOV    CTiTOV    flf] 
332 


TITUS  FLAMININUS,  iv.  4-v.  i 

he  put  all  his  heavy-armed  and  all  his  light-armed 
troops  in  motion.  Dividing  his  forces  into  three 
parts,  he  himself  led  his  cohorts  in  column  formation 
up  into  the  narrowest  part  of  the  ravine  along  the 
stream,  pelted  with  missiles  by  the  Macedonians 
and  engaging  at  close  quarters  with  those  who  con- 
fronted him  at  each  difficult  spot ;  the  other 
divisions,  one  on  either  side,  strove  to  keep  pace 
with  him,  and  grappled  eagerly  with  the  difficulties 
presented  by  the  rough  ground.  Meanwhile  the 
sun  rose,  and  a  smoke — not  clearly  defined,  but  re- 
sembling a  mountain  mist — lifted  itself  and  came  into 
view  from  afar.  The  enemy  did  not  notice  it,  for  it 
was  behind  them,  where  the  heights  were  already 
occupied,  and  the  Romans  were  of  doubtful  mind 
about  it,  but  as  they  struggled  and  laboured  on, 
they  let  their  wishes  determine  their  hopes.  Fut 
when  the  smoke  increased  in  size  and  darkened  the 
air,  and  ascending  in  great  volume  was  clearly  seen 
to  be  a  fire-signal  from  their  friends,  then  the 
Romans  below  raised  shouts  of  triumph  and  dashed 
upon  their  foes  and  crowded  them  together  into  the 
roughest  places,  while  the  Romans  behind  the  enemy 
sent  down  answering  shouts  from  the  heights. 

V.  At  once,  then,  the  enemy  fled  precipitately, 
but  not  more  than  two  thousand  of  them  fell ; 1  for 
the  difficulties  of  the  ground  made  pursuit  impossible. 
However,  the  Romans  made  spoil  of  their  money, 
tents,  and  slaves,  mastered  the  pass,  and  traversed 
all  parts  of  Epirus,  but  in  such  an  orderly  manner 
and  with  so  great  restraint  that,  although  they  were 
far  from  their  fleet  and  the  sea,  and  although  their 
monthly  rations  of  grain  had  not  been  measured  out 

1  So  Livy,  xxxii.  12. 

333 


PLUTARCH'S    LIVES 


ypops,  aTre^ecraL  T??  %a)pa<;  /n- 
a)(j)€\€ia<f  e'Xpvcfrjs.  6  yap  TITO?  TTVV- 
rov  Qi^nnrov,  oo?  o/jioia  tpevyovri  rrjv 


row? 


T&V  iroKewv  dvia-Trjffiv  et?  ra  oprj,  ra?  Se 
KaTairifjLirpricri,  TWV   Be   ^prff^arcov    TO,  \ei7r6fieva 
Sta  7r\,7}$o?  77  ftdpos  dpTrayijv  TrpoTL&erai,  rpoTrov 


Tiva 


\OTi/jieiTO  KOI  irapeicd\ei  rou?  o-Tpar^coTa?  wcnrep 
ol/ceias  teal    7rapaK6)^cop7j/ui€vrj<;   KqSofievovs  ftaSi- 

3  ^eiv.    KCU  fJLGvroi  teal  irapel-^ev  aurot?  ra 

rr}?  eura^'a?  aiadrjcriv  ev0v<$.     irpoa-e^opovv 
yap  at   7ro\ei9  a-v^a/zei^oi?  ©erraXta?,  ot  8' 
X^^e?    eirodovv  fcal   BICTTTOI-IVTO 
Trpo?  TOV  TLTOV,  'Amatol  Se 
aTrenrdiJievoi    TroXe/^el 

4  ytiera  'P&fiaiwv  TT/JO?  avrov.     'Qirovvnoi  Be,  tcai- 
Trep   AtrwXwi/    Tore    'PwyLtatoi?    <rvva^{wvi'Clo^kvwv 
Trpodufjiorara  teal  TTJV  TTO\I,V  d^iovvrayv  irapa\a- 
ftelv  real  <pv\dTT€iv,  ov  Trpoaecr^ov,  aXXa  yLteTavreyCt- 

ro^  Ttroy  GKCiv      SieTria-revarav  eavrov? 


teal 


TLvppov    fjiev    ovv    \eyovaiv,    ore    TrpwTOv    diro 

TO    crrpdrevfia    TWV    'PwfLaiwv 
,    elireiv     ov    ftapfiapiKrjv    avry 
$avr]vai    rrjv  T&V   [Sapftdpwv   irapdra^iv     ol  Be 
Ttro)  Trpwrov  evTV<y%dvovT€<;  rjvayKd^ovro  Trapa- 
5  TrX^crta?    d<pievai     (frcovd?.     dtcovovres    yap    TWV 
MafceBovwv  a)?  avO  PWTTOS  dp-^wv  ftap/3dpov  (rrpa- 

334 


TITUS  FLAMININUS,  v.  1-5 

to  them  and  they  could  buy  little,  they  nevertheless 
refrained  from  plundering  the  country,  which  offered 
abundant  booty.  For  Titus  had  learned  that  Philip, 
in  passing  through  Thessaly  like  a  fugitive,  was 
driving  the  inhabitants  from  their  cities  into  the 
mountains,  burning  doAvn  the  cities,  and  allowing 
his  soldiers  to  plunder  the  wealth  which  was  too 
abundant  or  too  heavy  to  be  carried  away,  thus  in  a 
manner  ceding  the  country  already  to  the  Romans. 
Titus  was  therefore  ambitious,  and  exhorted  his 
soldiers  accordingly  to  spare  the  country  in  march- 
ing through  it,  and  to  treat  it  as  though  it  had  been 
handed  over  to  them  and  were  their  own.  And 
indeed  the  results  showed  them  at  once  the  advan- 
tages of  this  orderly  conduct.  For  as  soon  as  they 
reached  Thessaly  the  cities  came  over  to  them,  the 
Greeks  south  of  Thermopylae  were  all  eagerness  and 
excitement  to  find  Titus,  and  the  Achaeans,  renounc- 
ing their  alliance  with  Philip,  voted  to  join  the 
Romans  in  making  war  upon  him.  The  Opuntians, 
moreover,  although  the  Aetolians,  who  were  at  that 
time  righting  most  zealously  on  the  side  of  the 
Romans,  asked  permission  to  take  Opus  in  charge 
and  protect  the  city,  would  not  grant  the  request, 
but  sent  for  Titus  and  gave  themselves  with  the 
fullest  confidence  into  his  hands. 

Now,  we  are  told  that  Pyrrhus,  when  for  the  first 
time  he  beheld  from  a  look-out  place  the  army  of 
the  Romans  in  full  array,  had  said  that  he  saw 
nothing  barbaric  in  the  Barbarians'  line  of  battle  j1 
and  so  those  who  for  the  first  time  met  Titus  were 
compelled  to  speak  in  a  similar  strain.  For  they 
had  heard  the  Macedonians  say  that  a  commander 

1  Cf.  the  Pyrrhus,  xvi.  5. 

335 


PLUTARCH'S   LIVES 

5t'     07T\(DV 


Kal   SovKovfievos,   elra  arcavrwvres  dvBpl  rr\v  re 
rfKiKiav   vkw  Kal   rrjv   O-^TLV  <f>i\av0pa)7rq), 
re    Kal     Bid\6Krov    r/'Ei\\ijvi>    KOI    ri/j,r)<? 
epacnfj,    davjjbacriws    eKrjXovvro,    Kal    ra? 
aTribvres   €ve7rifjL7r\acrav  evvoias  rrjs  TT/JO?  avrbv 
6  a>9  e^oucra?  t^je/JLOva  Trjs  eKevOeplas.     eirel  8e  Kal 
<&L\,i7r7ry  Sofcovvri,  crvfJiftarLKWs  e^eiv  et?   rav-rov 
e\6aov  rrpoineLvev  elpijvrjv  Kal  <£>i\i,av  eVt  ry  TOU? 
"EXX^i^a?  avrovofiovs  edv  Kal  ra?  (frpovpas  aira\-   372 
\drreiv,  6  Be  OVK  eBe^aro,  iravrdiraaiv  ij^ij  rare 
l  rot?  6eparjrevov(TL  ra  rov  QiXiTTTrov  Trapearr) 


virep 

VI.  Ta  fjiev  ovv  a\\a  Trpode^copet, 
avrti),  rrjv  Be  ^oiwrLav  a 
Qrjftaioov  a7nf)vrr)a-av  ol  Trpwroi,  (frpovovvres  JJLZV 
ra  rov  MaKeBovos  Bta 
Be  Kal  rifjLwvres  rov  Ttroz>,  &)?  (friXias  Trpbs 

2  repovs  VTrap^ovarj^.     6  S*  evrvj(a)v  aurot?  (f)i\,av- 
6p(i)7ra)s  Kal    Be^iwcrdjAevos   Trporjyev   fj&vxy  Ka@* 
6B6v,   ra   [iev    epwrcov    Kal    nrvvdavoiJLevos,   ra  Be 
Birjyov/jievos,    Kal    irapdywv    eTrirrjBes    a^pt,    TOU? 

3  crr/xxTtcora?  dva\aftelv  eK  rfjs  Tropeta?.     ovray  Be 
7rpod<yci)v  crvveicrrjkOe  TO??  ®rj/3aioi<;  et?  ryv  TTO\,IV, 
ov  Trdvv  /J,ev  r)§ofievoi<s,  OKVovcn  Be  Kw\veiv,  errel 


336 


TITUS  FLAMININUS,  v.  5-vi.  3 

of  a  barbarian  host  was  coming  against  them,  who 
subdued  and  enslaved  everywhere  by  force  of  arms ; 
and  then,  when  they  met  a  man  who  was  young  in 
years,  humane  in  aspect,  a  Greek  in  voice  and 
language,  and  a  lover  of  genuine  honour,  they  were 
wonderfully  charmed,  and  when  they  returned  to 
their  cities  they  filled  them  with  kindly  feelings 
towards  him  and  the  belief  that  in  him  they  had  a 
champion  of  their  liberties.  After  this  Titus  had  a 
meeting  with  Philip  (who  seemed  disposed  to  make 
terms),  and  proffered  him  peace  and  friendship  on 
condition  that  he  allowed  the  Greeks  to  be  indepen- 
dent and  withdraw  his  garrisons  from  their  cities ; 
but  this  proffer  Philip  would  not  accept.  Then  at 
last  it  became  quite  clear  even  to  the  partisans  of 
Philip  that  the  Romans  were  come  to  wage  war,  not 
upon  the  Greeks,  but  upon  the  Macedonians  in 
behalf  of  the  Greeks. 

VI.  Accordingly,  the  other  parts  of  Greece  came 
over  to  the  side  of  Titus  without  any  trouble ;  but  as 
he  was  entering  Boeotia  without  hostile  demonstra- 
tions, the  leading  men  of  Thebes  came  to  meet  him. 
They  were  in  sympathy  with  the  Macedonian  cause 
through  the  efforts  of  Brachyllas,  but  welcomed  Titus 
and  showed  him  honour,  professing  to  be  on  friendly 
terms  with  both  parties.  Titus  met  and  greeted 
them  kindly,  and  then  proceeded  quietly  on  his 
journey,  sometimes  asking  questions  for  his  own 
information  and  sometimes  discoursing  at  length, 
and  purposely  diverting  them  until  his  soldiers 
should  come  up  from  their  march.  Then  he  led 
them  forward  and  entered  the  city  along  with  the 
Thebans,  who  were  not  at  all  pleased  thereat,  but 
hesitated  to  oppose  him,  since  a  goodly  number  of 

337 


PLUTARCH'S   LIVES 


arpanwrai  ye  /^erpioi,  TO  7rX/}$o?  GLTTOVTO,  /ecu 
/j,€VTOi  7rap6\0a>v  6  Tiros,  co?  OVK  e~)(wv  TJJV  iroKiVy 
eireiOev  ete(rdat  ra  'Pai/jLaicov,  '  A.rrd\ov  TOV  fiacn.- 
Xeo>9  crvvayopevovTos  avrco  Kal  avve^op/AOJVTOS 
Tot1?  0?;^3atou?.  aXX'  "ArraXo?  /n€i>,  a>?  eoLKe, 
rov  y>]ph)$  TTpodv^iorepoi'  eavrov  TU>  TLTCO  p/jropa 
7rapao-%eiv  (f)i\OTifj.ov/j.€vos,  Iv  CIVTW  TO)  \e<yeiv 


v  €7ri\t](f)&el<;  eVecre,  /ecu  JJLCT   ov  iroXv 
vavcrlv  ei<$  '  *  Kcriav  aTroKOp.i<j9ei$  6T€\evTt]cr6V'    ol 
8e  Bofwrol  7rpoo-€%(*)p)]crav 
VII.   <t>i\iinrov    &e 

Aral  o  TtVo?  Trap'  aurov 
OTTO)?     eTTL^rrj^icnirai     fj 
avrw  rov  TroXe/tou  yu-eVorro?,  et  Se 
erceirov  ryv  elp^vrjv  yereuOai.      <f)i\6n/20$  jap  wv 
la^vpa)^    eSeBiei    ire^Oevro^    eVl    TOI/    7roXe/u,oz^ 
2  erepov  crrparrjyov  rr)V  Sogav  d<paip€0)jvai.      Bta- 
Se  rcof  ($)i\(t)v  avrw  /cu/re  T 

v^elv    Kal     rov 

exeiveo  (^>v\a^d}}i'ai,  Be^d/j.€vo<;  TO  Soy  /ACL 
KOI  rat?  €\7rlffiv  £Trap6el<$  evQvs  e/?  ®erra\iav 
eVt  rov  <&i\i7T7rov  rroXe/JiOv  cop  /At]  (rev,  virep  e^atcicr- 


/ecu 


Alru)\ol  Tre^ou?  e^aKLa-^L\iov^  Kal  Irrrrel^  rerpa- 
Trapel^ov.     r)v  Be  Kal   TOV  QiXLTTirov  TO 
fjia  TO>  Tr\j']0ei  TrapariT\ii]a'iov. 
3       'E?rel  Be  /SaSt^o^re?  eV  aXX?;Xof?  /tal  yevo/uLevot 
jrepl  Ti]v  ^Korovcrav  evravOa  BiaKLvBvveveLV  6/ieX- 


1  Cf.  Livy,  xxxiii.  1  f. 
3  So  Livy,  xxxiii.  4. 


338 


TITUS  FLAMININUS,  vi.  3-vn.  3 

soluiers  were  in  his  following.  Titus,  however,  just 
as  though  the  city  were  not  in  his  power,  came  before 
their  assembly  and  tried  to  persuade  them  to  side 
with  the  Romans,  and  Attalus  the  king  seconded 
him  in  his  appeals  and  exhortations  to  the  Thebans. 
But  Attalus,  as  it  would  appear,  in  his  eagerness  to 
play  the  orator  for  Titus,  went  beyond  his  aged 
strength,  and  in  the  very  midst  of  his  speech,  being 
seized  with  a  vertigo  or  an  apoplexy,  suddenly  fainted 
and  fell,  and  shortly  afterwards  was  conveyed  by  his 
fleet  to  Asia,  where  he  died.  The  Boeotians  allied 
themselves  with  the  Romans. 

VII.  Philip  now  sent  an  embassy  to  Rome,  and 
Titus  therefore  dispatched  thither  his  own  repre- 
sentatives, who  were  to  induce  the  senate  to  vote 
him  an  extension  of  command  in  case  the  war  con- 
tinued, or,  if  it  did  not,  the  power  to  make  peace. 
For  he  was  covetous  of  honour,  and  was  greatly 
afraid  that  he  would  be  robbed  of  his  glory  if  another 
general  were  sent  to  carry  on  the  war.  His  friends 
managed  matters  so  successfully  for  him  that  Philip 
failed  to  get  what  he  wanted  and  the  command  in 
the  war  wras  continued  to  Titus.  On  receiving  the 
decree  of  the  senate,  he  was  lifted  up  in  his  hopes 
and  at  once  hastened  into  Thessaly  to  prosecute  the 
war  against  Philip.  He  had  over  twenty-six  thousand 
soldiers,  of  whom  six  thousand  infantry  and  four 
hundred  cavalry  were  furnished  by  the  Aetolians.1 
Philip's  army  also  was  of  about  the  same  size.2 

The  two  armies  advanced  against  each  other  until 
they  came  into  the  neighbourhood  of  Scotussa,  and 
there  they  proposed  to  decide  the  issue  by  battle.3 

8  On  the  same  battlefield  Pelopidas  had  been  defeated  and 
slain  by  Alexander  of  Pherae,  in  364  B.C.  Cf.  the  Pelopidas, 
xxxii 

339 


PLUTARCH'S   LIVES 


\ov,   ov%,   OTrep  ettfo?  rjv,    TT/JO?    Seou?    6\afiov  ol 
arparol  TTJV  aXX?;'Xa>j>  <yeiTViacriv,  aXXa  Kal  /naX\ov 
o/9/i/}?  KOI  <£tXoT  ifjiias  eirK^povvro,  'Prwynatot  jnei>, 
el  Ma/ceSo^wi/  KpaT^aovGiv,  wv  ovo^a  BL   'AXe^- 
avbpov    aX/cr}?    KOL    Swdfjiews    fir\ei(j'Tov   rjv   Trap" 
,   Ma/eeSoz'e?    Se   fP&)//,atou?   Tlepcrwv  rjyov- 
SicKpepeiv  ijXTri^ov,  el  Trepiyevoivro, 
4  repov  aTrobei^eiv  'A\e£dv$pov  Qiknnrov.     o 
ovv    Ttro?    irapeKciXei,    TOU?    <rr  par  LU>T  a<; 
d<ya0ov<?    yevecrOai     teal    7rpoQv/AOv$,    0)9    ev    rco 
Oedrpw  rf)  'EXXaSt  yLteXXoi^ra?  dycovi,- 
Trpbs  TOU?  dpicnov^  T&V  avraycoi'io-TCov     o 
&€  <E>tXi7T7ro9,  etre  diro  rv^^  etre  UTTO   (TTrouS?}? 
irapa  rov  /caipov  dyvotfcras,  r)v  yap  rt  7ro\vdvSptov 


TOU       a?a/co?,    eVi     TOUTO 


v,   ola   Trpb   fJid 
/cat  TrapopfJiav,  aQvpias  Se  Seivrjs  vryoo?  TOI'  olwvov 


VIII.  T^    8'    vcrrepaLa    irepl    TOV    opOpov,    e/c 
*-al    voriov    VVKTOS,    ei?    ofJii^(X.rjv 


TO  TreSiov,  /cal  /caTrjei  7ra%u?  e'/c  TCOZ^  atcpwv 
drjp  64?  TO  /jiera^v  TWV  GTpaTOTre&wv,  eu^u?  d 
/jLevrjS  rjfjiepas  d'jroKpv'jrTWv  TOU?  TOTTOU?.  ot 
UTT'  d/jL<f)OTep(i)v  aTrocrTaXei'Te?  etyeSpeias  eveica 
/caTacr/coTTT}?  eV  iravv  ^pa^el  TrepnTecrovres  aXX?;- 
Xoi?  €/jid^(ovTO  Trepl  TO,?  /caXouyCie^a?  Kuz^o?  tcetya- 
Xa?,  at  \6(f)0)V  ovaai  TTVKVWV  Kal  7rapa\,\t]\a)i> 

340 


TITUS  FLAMININUS,  vn.  3-vm.  i 

Their  mutual  proximity  did  not  inspire  them  with 
fear,  as  might  have  been  expected ;  on  the  contrary, 
they  were  filled  with  ardour  and  ambition.  For  the 
Romans  hoped  to  conquer  the  Macedonians,  whose 
reputation  for  prowess  and  strength  Alexander  had 
raised  to  a  very  high  pitch  among  them ;  and  the 
Macedonians,  who  considered  the  Romans  superior 
to  the  Persians,  hoped,  in  case  they  prevailed  over 
them,  to  prove  Philip  a  more  brilliant  commander 
than  Alexander.  Accordingly,  Titus  exhorted  his 
soldiers  to  show  themselves  brave  men  and  full  of 
spirit,  assured  that  they  were  going  to  contend 
against  the  bravest  of  antagonists  in  that  fairest  of 
all  theatres,  Greece  ;  and  Philip,  too,  began  a  speech 
of  exhortation  to  his  soldiers,  as  is  the  custom  before 
a  battle.  But,  either  by  chance  or  from  ignorance 
due  to  an  inopportune  haste,  he  had  ascended  for 
this  purpose  a  lofty  mound  outside  his  camp,  beneath 
which  many  men  lay  buried  in  a  common  grave,  and 
a  dreadful  dejection  fell  upon  his  listeners  in  view  of 
the  omen,  so  that  he  was  deeply  troubled  and  refrained 
from  battle  that  day. 

VIII.  Towards  morning  on  the  following  day,  after 
a  mild  and  damp  night,  the  clouds  turned  to  mist, 
the  whole  plain  was  filled  with  profound  darkness,  a 
dense  air  came  down  from  the  heights  into  the  space 
between  the  two  camps,  and  as  soon  as  day  advanced 
all  the  ground  was  hidden  from  view.  The  parties 
sent  out  on  either  side  for  purposes  of  ambush  and 
reconnaissance  encountered  one  another  in  a  very 
short  time  and  went  to  fighting  near  what  are  called 
the  Cynoscephalae,  or  Dog's  Heads.  These  are  the 
sharp  tops  of  hills  lying  close  alongside  one  another, 

VOL.  x.  34  * 


PLUTARCH'S   LIVES 

atcpai  \6irral  oY  o/AOiorrjra  rov  0"%tf/jt,aro$  oimy?   37 


2  u>vo\Ji,acrQr)crav.  yevo/uievwv  Be  olov  el/cbs  ev 
(r/c\i)pOLs  fj,eraj3o\wv  Kara  ra?  fyvyas  Kal 
e/cdrepot  rot?  TTOVOVCTIV  del  real  vTro^wpovo'iv  eVi- 
TreyCtTTO^re?  [BorjOeiav  CK  TMV  arpaTOTreSwv,  Kal  ijSrj 
rov  de/QO?  ava/caOcupofjievov  KaOopMvres  TO,  741/0- 


T&)  {lev  ovv  £e%iM  irepirjv  6  ^tXtTTTro?,  CK  TOTTWV 
o\r)v  eVepetcra?  rrjv  (frdXayya  rot? 
iois,  TO  ftdpos  rou  avvacrTria/jLOV  Kal  r^v 
rpa^vrrjra  rr}?  7TyOo/9o\^?  rwv  (rapicrcov  ov%  VTTO- 
3  fJ,civdvT(i)V  rou  8'  evwvvfjiov  Siacnracrjjibv  ava  TOU? 
Xo</>oi>5  «:al  TrepiKXacriv  \a{A/3dvovTos,  6  TITO?,  TO 
uef  r]TT(t)/j,evov  diroyvovs,  TT/^O?  Se  OaTepov  o^e 
TrapeXdcra?,  TrpocreftaXe  T0i9 


d\fcrj  T?}?  exevcov  Swaged)?,  KW\VO- 
Bta   Trjv   avw^a\lav   Kal    Tpa%vrr)Ta 

TTyOO?      S^     TO 

4  (Bapei  Kal  Bvcrepyo) 

77  (f>ci\ay^  eoiKev  afAdftcp  Tr)v  Icr^vv,  eco?  eV  ec 


rrjpe     rov  o~vi>aa-7rt(Tuv  ev 


eva 


rayv  jjLa^o^evwv  e/icacrTo?  Bid  re  rov  rpoTiov 
OTrXtVea)?  Kal  on,  iravros  o\ov  rois  Trap*  a\,\ij\wv 
fiepecri  fJbahXov  r)  Bi  avrov  lo"\(yei.  rpaTrofjievoiv 
Be  rovrwv  01  u€v  eBiwKOv  TOI>?  (pevyovras,  ol  Se 

r&v  MaKeBovajv 


342 


TITUS  FLAMININUS,  vra.  1-4 

and  got  their  name  from  a  resemblance  in  their  shape. 
As  was  natural  on  a  field  so  difficult,  there  were 
alternations  of  flight  and  pursuit,  each  party  sending 
out  aid  from  their  camps  to  those  who  from  time  to 
time  were  getting  the  worst  of  it  and  retreating,  until 
at  last,  when  the  air  cleared  up  and  they  could  see 
what  was  going  on,  they  engaged  with  all  their 
forces.1 

With  his  right  wing,  then,  Philip  had  the  advantage, 
since  from  higher  ground  he  threw  his  entire  phalanx 
upon  the  Romans,  who  could  not  withstand  the 
weight  of  its  interlocked  shields  and  the  sharpness 
of  its  projecting  pikes  ;  but  his  left  wing  was  broken 
up  and  scattered  along  the  hills,  and  Titus,  despair- 
ing of  his  defeated  wing,  rode  swiftly  along  to  the 
other,  and  with  it  fell  upon  the  Macedonians.  These 
were  unable  to  hold  their  phalanx  together  and 
maintain  the  depth  of  its  formation  (which  was  the 
main  source  of  their  strength),  being  prevented  by 
the  roughness  and  irregularity  of  the  ground,  while 
for  fighting  man  to  man  they  had  armour  which  was 
too  cumbersome  and  heavy.  For  the  phalanx  is  like 
an  animal  of  invincible  strength  as  long  as  it  is  one 
body  and  can  keep  its  shields  locked  together  in  a 
single  formation ;  but  when  it  has  been  broken  up 
into  its  parts,  each  of  its  fighting  men  loses  also  his 
individual  force,  as  well  because  of  the  manner  in 
which  he  is  armed  as  because  his  strength  lies  in  the 
mutual  support  of  the  parts  of  the  whole  body  rather 
than  in  himself.  This  wing  of  the  Macedonians 
being  routed,  some  of  the  Romans  pursued  the  fugi- 
tives, while  others  dashed  out  upon  the  flank  of  the 

1  For  a  fuller  description  of  the  battle,  cf.  Livy,  xxxiii.  7- 
10  (Polybius,  xviii.  20-27). 

343 


PLUTARCH'S    LIVES 

€K  Tr\ayiwv  e/ereivov,  cocrre  ra^u  teal  TOU? 
7repia"7rd(rdai     KOI    cfrevyeiv    ra    orr\a     Kara/3d\- 
5  \OVTCLS.      eTrecrov    fi€V     ovv     ofCTaKia'^LKiwv    OVK 
e'XttTTOi'?,  €a\waav  Be  irepl  TrevTaKKT%i\iOv<$.    TOV 
Be  TOV  <£>i\i7T7roi'  ttcr</)aXco?  a7T6\6elv  TTJV  alriav 
e\a/3ov    Airco\oi,    irepl     dpTrayijv    yevo/nevoi,    KOI 
TTopQijcriv    TOV   %dpaKO<;    en  TWV   'Pwjjiaiwv    Sico- 
KOVTWV,  cocrre  fjirjOev  evpelv  etceLvovs  eTraveXdovras. 
IX.   Tlp&Tov    /jLev    ovv    eyevovTO    \OL$oplai    KOI 
l   Trpo?    aXX^Xou?    avrois-    CK    Be   TOVTOJV 
ae\  TOV  TLTOV  eXvTrovv  eavTols  a 

TO   VLKrifJLCL  KOi  TTf   (j))]^T}  7TyOO/faTaXa/i/3aj'O^T69 

"EiXXrjvas,  wcTTe  KOL  ypd<peo'@aL  KOI  aSeaOat  TCpo- 

TCpOV?   €K€LVOVS    V7TO    TTOlTjTWV  KOI  IBiCOTWV  VjjLl'OVV- 

2  T(ov  TO  epyov.     wv  fJLaX.LO'Ta  &ia  <7TO/aaro9  rjv  TOVT\ 
TO 


*  'AK\aVO~TOl  KOl  ddaTTTOl,  oBoiTTOpe,  T&)S'  €7Tt  VCOTM 

©ecrcraXt^?  Tpicrcrai  K6i/jLe0a  fiv  places, 
AlTco\(ov  $  fJLir]6  evres  VTC1  "Apeo?  ?}Se  AaTivcov, 
ou?  Ttro9  evpeiris  j'jyay'  air 

7rr//jLa.    TO  &€  Opacrv  Kelvo 
Oowv  e\d(j)(t)v  &> 


3      ToOro  eVo^cre  fjiev  '  A\Kaios  etfrvftpifov 
Kal  TOV  apidjjiov  TO)V  drroOai'OVTcov  e 
\eyo/i,evov  B€  TroXXa^oO  KOI  VTTO  TTO\\WV 
rjvia  TOV  TLTOV  ff  TOV  <&i\LTnrov.      o  jmev  yap  a 
TOV  *  &.\Kalov  TO) 


344 


TITUS  FLAMININUS,  vm.  4  ix.  3 

enemy  who  were  still  fighting  and  cut  them  down,  so 
that  very  soon  their  victorious  wing  also  faced  about, 
threw  away  their  weapons,  and  fled.  The  result  was 
that  no  fewer  than  eight  thousand  Macedonians  were 
slain,  and  five  thousand  were  taken  prisoners.  Philip, 
however,  got  safely  away,  and  for  this  the  Aetolians 
were  to  blame,  who  fell  to  sacking  and  plundering 
the  enemy's  camp  while  the  Romans  were  still  pur- 
suing, so  that  when  the  Romans  came  back  to  it  they 
found  nothing  there. 

IX.  This,  to  begin  with,  gave  rise  to  mutual 
quarrels  and  recriminations ;  but  afterwards  the 
Aetolians  vexed  Titus  more  and  more  by  ascribing 
the  victory  to  themselves  and  prepossessing  the 
minds  of  the  Greeks  with  the  fame  of  it,  so  that 
they  were  mentioned  first  in  the  writings  and  songs 
of  poets  and  historians  who  celebrated  the  event. 
Of  these  the  one  most  in  vogue  was  the  following 
epigram  in  elegiac  verses  : — 

"  Unwept  and  without  graves  are  we,  O  traveller, 
who  on  this  ridge  of  Thessaly  lie  dead,  in  number 
thirty  thousand,  subdued  by  the  sword  of  the 
Aetolians,  and  of  the  Latins  whom  Titus  led  from 
spacious  Italy,  Emathia's  great  bane.  And  the  bold 
spirit  that  Philip  had  displayed  was  gone ;  it  showed 
itself  more  agile  than  swift  deer." 

This  poem  was  composed  by  Alcaeus  in  mockery 
of  Philip,  and  its  author  exaggerated  the  number  of 
the  slain ;  however,  being  recited  in  many  places 
and  by  many  persons,  it  gave  more  annoyance  to 
Titus  than  to  Philip.  For  Philip  simply  made  fun  of 
Alcaeus  with  an  answering  elegiac  distich  : — 

345 


PLUTARCH'S   LIVES 

Kal  a(jE>t>XXo9,  o&oiTTope,  TwS'  errl 
to)  aravpos  Tnjyvvrai  r)\i/3aro<; 


TirOV    <j)L\OrilJ,OV/Jl€VOV   7T/309    TOU9  " 

Trapoo^vve    ra   roiavra.     Bio  Kal  ra 

TWV    7T  payflCiTQiV    6TTpaTT€    KCL0*    eCtVTOV, 

ra>i>  AtrwXco^.    ol  Se 
Xoyovs  avTov  Kal 

€7rl     o-v/jL^daeai     irapa     rov     MaAre^o^o?,    rovro 
€K€ivoil  Trepilovres  eVt  ra?  aXXa?  7r6\et$ 
TrcoXelcrdat,  TTJV  elpijvrjv  ^CkiTnrw,  irapov 
rov    TroXe/xoy    ap^v    Kal    ave\eiv    dp%r)v    vfi 
5  TrpcoT?;?     e&ov\to0r)    TO    'EiX^tjuiKov.     rav-ra 
\eyovrcov     Kal     Siaraparrovrwv 

at'TO?   o    ^tTuTTTro?   €\0a>v   TT/JO?   Ta?   374 
Sia\vcr6i,<>     dvel\e    rrjv    viroiffiav, 


/cat       wuaot?   Ta   /ea       avTov.     Ka     ovrw 


/ea$' 


KaraXverai  rov  7ro/Ve/uoz>  o  TtVo?'  /cat 
a7re$wK6v  avrw  ftacrikeia 
Trpocrera^fv  dTroar^vaL,  %t\ioi<;  Be.  ra- 
e^rjfjiicocre,  ras  8e  vavs  vracra?  7Tapel\ero 
7T\rjv  SeKa,  ra)v  Be  Tralbcov  rov  crepov,  Arj^Tptov, 
ofjMjpevcrovra  \a/3ot)v  et9  fPcoyu,?/y  aTrecrreiXev,  cipiara 
rw  Kaipw  Xprjcrd/jLevos  Kal  Trpo\a(Bojv  TO  fj,e\\ov. 
6  'Avviftov  yap  rov  At/9f09,  dvBpos  iyQlcrrov  re 
'P&)/aatot9  Kal  (frvyddos,  ijBrj  rore  7T/909  'Avrio^ov 
r\Kovro<$  rov  /3acri\ea  Kal  rrapo^vvovros  avrbv  et9 


1  TOVTO  ^/ceTfoi  Coraes,  with  the  MSS.  :  TOI/TO  e/cel^o  after 
Reiske. 

346 


TITUS  FLAMININUS,  ix.  3-6 

"  Leafless  and  without  bark,  O  traveller,  on  this  ridge 
A  cross  is  planted  for  Alcaeus,  and  it  towers  in  the 

sun  "  ; 

but  Titus  was  ambitious  to  stand  well  with  the 
Greeks,  and  such  things  irritated  him  beyond 
measure.  For  this  reason  he  conducted  the  rest  of 
his  business  by  himself,  and  made  very  little  account 
of  the  Aetolians.  They  on  their  part  were  displeased 
at  this,  and  when  Titus  received  an  embassy  from 
the  Macedonian  king  with  proposals  for  an  agree- 
ment, they  went  round  to  the  other  cities  vociferously 
charging  him  with  selling  peace  to  Philip,  when  it 
was  in  his  power  to  eradicate  the  war  entirely  and 
destroy  a  power  by  which  the  Greek  world  had  first 
been  enslaved.  While  the  Aetolians  were  making; 

O 

these  charges  and  trying  to  make  trouble  among  the 
Roman  allies,  Philip  himself  removed  all  grounds  for 
suspicion  by  coming  to  terms  and  putting  himself 
and  his  realm  in  the  hands  of  Titus  and  the  Romans. 
And  in  this  manner  Titus1  put  an  end  to  the  war; 
he  returned  to  Philip  his  kingdom  of  Macedonia,  but 
ordained  that  he  should  keep  aloof  from  Greece, 
exacted  from  him  an  indemnity  of  a  thousand  talents, 
took  away  all  his  ships  except  ten,  and  taking  one  of 
liis  sons,  Demetrius,  to  serve  as  hostage,  sent  him  off 
to  Rome,  thus  providing  in  the  best  manner  for  the 
present  and  anticipating  the  future. 

For  Hannibal  the  African,  a  most  inveterate 
enemy  of  Rome  and  an  exile  from  his  native  country, 
had  already  at  that  time2  come  to  the  court  of  King 

1  Rather,  the  ten  commissioners  sent  from  Rome  to  settle 
the  affairs  of  Greece  (chapter  x.    1).     Cf.   Livy,  xxxiii.   30 
(Polybius  xviii.  44). 

2  In    196    B.C.,   according    to    Nepos,    Hannibal,    vii.    6. 
According  to  Livy  (xxxiii.  47),  it  was  in  the  following  year. 

347 


PLUTARCH'S    LIVES 

TO  irpoaOev  TTpoievai  rp  Ti^y?;  TT)?  Suva  pews  ev- 
poovo~ri<s,  J'jBrj  KOL  KaO^  eavTOV  VTTO  rrpay/idrwv 
/jLeydXcov,  a  KaTepyacrdfjievos  yueya?  eTrwvofj.daO^, 
7T/J09  Trjv  aTrdvrwv  rjye/JiovLav  aTroftXeTTovra,  /za- 
7  \Lcrra  Be  Kara  'P  'fa  {JLCLIMV  dvicrrd/jievov,  el  pr) 
TOVTO  Trpoi&cov  6  Ttro9  e/jicjipova)?  eveSwtce  TT/>O? 
•ra?  $id\.vaei<;,  d\\a  TOV  QiXiTTTTiKOv  6  'Ai/rto- 
ijfai  TToXe/zo?  eV  rfj  'EXXaSt,  KOI 
VTT  airiwv  afjL^orepoi  KOIVWV  ol 
TWV  rore  teal  SwaTMraroi  fiacrCkewv  eVt 


av  dwvas   et    virar^   KOI 


8    KIV&VVOV?  TWV    7T^09  '  'AvViftaV  OVK    6/\aTTOl/9.        VVV 

&e  TWV  TToXe/jicov  /jLea-Tjv  Kara  /caipbv  efji/3a\wv  rrjv 
elpi]vrjv  6  Ttro?,  /cal  jrplv  aptaaOai,  TOV  fieX\oi>ra 
Sia/co^a?  TOV  irapovra,  TOV  fjiev  TTJV 
eX-TTiSa,  TOV  &e  Trjv  TrpwTijv  v(fiei\ev. 
X.  'Evret  Se  ol  Be/co,  Trpeafteis,  ovs  77 

T&  Ttrw,  GvveftovKevov  rou?  fjiev  a\\ov<$ 
e\ev9epovv,  }Lopiv6ov  Be  KOI  Xa\KiBa  KOI 
&r)/nr)TpidBa  BiaTrjpetv  e/A<ppovpovs  eveica  rr}?  TT/OO? 
dcrtfiaheias,   evTavOa   Brj   rai?   /caTrjyo- 
\afjLrrpol  \afJLTrpws  ra9  7ro\ei<;  d 

A.LTO)\OL,  TOV    JJLZV    TiTOV  K€\6VOVT6 

fEXXaSo9  \veiv  (OVTW  yap  6  <t>tXt7T7ro9  el(*)9ei 
2  Trpoeipv)[Jievas  vroXe^  ovofid^et-v},  TOVS  B'  r/ 
e/30)rw^T69  el  K\OIOV  e^orre?  flapvTe 
\eiOTepov  Be  TOV  rrdXai  TOV  vvv,  ^aipovcri,  teal 
6avfjL(i^ovcri  TOV  TLTOV  a>9  evepyeTrjv,  OTL  TOV  7roSo9 
Xu<ra9  T^V  'EXXa^a  TOV  Tpa^\ov  BeBeKev.  e'01 
Oi9  d^do/jievo^  6  T/TO9  KOI  /3a/o€&>9  (frepwv,  teal 
Beo/Jievo?  TOV  evveBpiov,  reXo?  e^eTreta-e  teal 


348 


TITUS  FLAMININUS,  ix.  6-x.  a 

Antiochus,  and  was  trying  to  incite  him  to  further 
achievements  while  fortune  gave  his  power  successful 
course.  Antioclms  himself  also,  in  consequence  of 
the  magnitude  of  his  achievements,  by  which  he  had 
won  the  title  of  Great,  was  already  fixing  his  eyes  on 
universal  dominion,  and  had  a  particular  hostility  to 
the  Romans.  Therefore,  had  not  Titus,  in  view  of  all 
this,  made  favourable  terms  of  peace,  and  had  the  war 
with  Antiochus  in  Greece  found  the  war  with  Philip 
still  in  progress  there,  and  had  a  common  cause 
brought  these  two  greatest  and  most  powerful  kings 
of  the  time  into  alliance  against  Rome,  that  city 
would  have  undergone  fresh  struggles  and  dangers 
not  inferior  to  those  which  marked  her  war  with 
Hannibal.  But  as  it  was,  by  interposing  an  oppor- 
tune peace  between  the  two  wars,  and  by  cutting 
short  the  existing  war  before  the  threatening  war 
began,  Titus  took  away  the  last  hope  from  Philip, 
and  the  first  from  Antiochus. 

X.  And  now  the  ten  commissioners,  who  had  been 
sent  to  Titus  by  the  senate,  advised  him  to  give  the 
rest  of  the  Greeks  their  freedom,  but  to  retain  Corinth, 
Chalcis,  and  Demetrias  under  garrisons,  as  a  safeguard 
against  Antiochus.  Thereupon  the  Aetolians  stirred 
up  the  cities  with  the  most  vociferous  denunciations, 
ordering  Titus  to  strike  off  the  shackles  of  Greece 
(for  that  is  what  Philip  was  wont  to  call  these  three 
cities),  and  asking  the  Greeks  whether  they  were 
glad  to  have  a  fetter  now  which  was  smoother  than 
the  one  they  had  worn  before,  but  heavier;  and 
whether  they  admired  Titus  as  a  benefactor  because 
he  had  unshackled  the  foot  of  Greece  and  put  a 
collar  round  her  neck.  Titus  was  troubled  and  dis- 
tressed at  this,  and  by  labouring  with  the  commission 

349 


PLUTARCH'S    LIVES 


T&9  TroXet?  aveivai  TJ}?  (frpovpas,  OTTO)?  oXotfX>7/)o? 
77  %ayO£9  VTrdp^rj  Trap'  avrov  TO49  "EXX^cni/. 

3  'Ia0jjii(ov  ovv  dyofji&vwv  7rX?}#o9  /xez^  av6pu>7rwv 
ev  T£)  crraSico  KaOrjaro  rov  yvfivitcov  dywva  0ew- 
fjievuH',  ola  &r)  &ia  ^povwv  TreTrauyueVT/?  /ue^  TroXe- 
/xft)^  TT}?  'FAXa'So?  eV  e\iri(Tiv  e\ev6epias,  cra<pel 
Be  elpijrr}  Travrfyvpi^ova"!^'   ry  a"d\7riyyL   $€  aiw- 

4  TT/}?  ei?  airavTas  $iaSo&€icrris,  7rpoe\9u>v  et?  fieaov 
o  Krjpv£  avelrrev   oil    Pw/^aicov  rj  avyK\i]TO<;  fcai 
TITO?   Koi'imo?    crrpaTrjyos   viraTOS  Kara7ro\€/Jir)- 

/9acriXea      Qfanrirov     KOI 

ovs    KOI    e\€vOepou<;  KOI    d 
vocals    xpw/jievovs    roi? 


.  TO 


vBe 


ovv    Trpwrov    ov    TTCLVV    Tra^re?    ov 
£-ni]KOV(Tav,  aXX'  ai>M/jLa\o<$  KOI   @opv{3o)?)r]<$  Ki 
cr/9  ?^    eV    TW   crraStw   Oavjua^ovraiv  KOI   ^Lanrvv- 
5   Oavo/Jievwv  Kai  7rd\LV  dveiTreiv  /ceXevovrwv   w?  S' 
ta9  yevo/^evt]?  dvayayoov  6  rcr/pv^  Trjv 
v   €t?    diravTas    eyeywvei    fcal 
TO  K/jpvyfAa,  xpavyij  fJLev  aV^<7TO9  TO  /^eye- 
Sia  %apdv  e%Q>pei  ^XP1  GaXdm]^,  bp9ov  Se 
dv€i<TT)JK€i   TO    9ea,Tpov,   oi)Sei?    Oe    Xoyo?   r;z 
evwv,    ecnrevSov   Se   Trdvres    d 

KCU  irpoaeLirelv  rov  acorjjpa  TT}?   375 


real 


6       To  Se  7roXXa/c^9  \ey6/jLevov  els  v 

teal    /jieyedos    w(f)0t]    Tore.       KOpaKG?    yap 


350 


TITUS  FLAMININUS,  x.  2-6 

finally  persuaded  it  to  free  these  cities  also  from  their 
garrisons,  in  order  that  his  gift  to  the  Greeks  might 
be  whole  and  entire. 

Accordingly,  at  the  Isthmian  games,  where  a  great 
throng  of  people  were  sitting  in  the  stadium  and 
watching  the  athletic  contests  (since,  indeed,  after 
many  years  Greece  had  at  last  ceased  from  wars 
waged  in  hopes  of  freedom,  and  was  now  holding 
festival  in  time  of  assured  peace),  the  trumpet 
signalled  a  general  silence,  and  the  herald,  coming 
forward  into  the  midst  of  the  spectators,  made  procla- 
mation that  the  Roman  senate  and  Titus  Quintius 
Flamininus  proconsular  general,  having  conquered 
King  Philip  and  the  Macedonians,  restored  to  free- 
dom, without  garrisons  and  without  imposts,  and  to 
the  enjoyment  of  their  ancient  laws,  the  Corinthians, 
the  Locrians,  the  Phocians,  the  Euboeans,  the  Achae- 
ans  of  Phthiotis,  the  Magnesians,  the  Thessalians, 
and  the  Perrhaebians.  At  first,  then,  the  proclamation 
was  by  no  means  generally  or  distinctly  heard,  but 
there  was  a  confused  and  tumultuous  movement  in 
the  stadium  of  people  who  wondered  what  had  been 
said,  and  asked  one  another  questions  about  it,  and 
called  out  to  have  the  proclamation  made  again  ;  but 
when  silence  had  been  restored,  and  the  herald  in 
tones  that  were  louder  than  before  and  reached  the 
ears  of  all,  had  recited  the  proclamation,  a  shout  of 
joy  arose,  so  incredibly  loud  that  it  reached  the  sea. 
The  whole  audience  rose  to  their  feet,  and  no  heed 
was  paid  to  the  contending  athletes,  but  all  were  eager 
to  spring  forward  and  greet  and  hail  the  saviour  and 
champion  of  Greece. 

And  that  which  is  often  said  of  the  volume  and 
power  of  the  human  voice  was  then  apparent  to  the 

35' 


PLUTARCH'S    LIVES 

V7T6  pirerofjievoi  Kara  rv^rji>  errevov  els  TO  GrdBiov. 


atria   Be  rj    rov  depos  pr/t^w    orav    yap    rj 

Kal    fjieyakri    (freprjrai,     Biacnrco/jLevos 
OVK  dvrepeiBei,  rot?  rrerofjievois,  aA.V  o\L- 

rroiei  KaOdrrep    Kevepfiarovaiv,   el 
Ata  rrKrjyr)  TIVI  /jiaX\.ov  a>?  vrro  /3eXof 

Trirrrei    Kal   arcoQvi]GKGi.      Svvarai   Be    Kal 
elvai    rov    aepos,     olov     eXtyyuoy    ev 


Kal  rra\ippvp/r)v  rov  crdXov  Bid 
\a/j./3dvovros. 

XI.  'O   8'   ovv  TtVo?,  el  firj  rd^iara  TT}? 
Bia\v0eLar]<$   vm^ofjievo^  rrjv   cfropdv  rov 
Kal    rov    Bpo/jiov    e%eK\.ivev,   OVK   av 

roo~ovrwv  6/j.ov  Kal  rrdvroOev  avrw 
&>?  S'  drreKa/jLOv  rrepl  rr^v  (TKrjvrjv 
avrov  y3ow^T69  7/S?;  vvKros  OL'CT?;?,  av0L^  ovanvas 
IBoiev  T)  (f)i\ov^  rj  vroXtra?  dcnra^6/j,€i>oi  Kal  rcepL- 
7T\€Ko/iLevoi,  TTyOo?  tielrrva  Kal  TTOTOU?  erpzrrovro 

2  /ACT'  d\\ij\a)v.      ev  co  Kal  /nd\\ov,  &)?  ei/co?,  rjBo- 
uevois  ercyet,  \oyL%ecr0ai  Kal  Bia\eye<j0ai  irepl 
'EA,\a&o?,  ocrof?  Tro\€fj.)ja-aaa  rro\ep,ov^  Bid 
eXevfleplav   ovrcw    rv-^ot,   ftefiaibrepov  ovBe 

ereptov  rrpoaywvia'afjLevtov  oXiyov  Beiv 
avrrj  Kal  drrevOr]?  (f)epofj,evr)  TO  Ka\- 
\Larov  Kal  rrepifJia'^rorarov  dO\ov.  rjv  S'  dpa 
andviov  fjiev  dvBpeia  Kal  (frpovijcris  ev  di'6pu>rrois, 
(TTraviwrarov  Be  rcov  d\\u>v  dyaOwv  6 

3  ol  yap  yAyrfcri\aoi  Kal  A.vaavBpOL   Kal  ol 

352 


TITUS  FLAMININUS,  x.  6-xi.  3 

eye.  For  ravens  which  chanced  to  be  flying  overhead 
fell  down  into  the  stadium.  The  cause  of  this  was 
the  rupture  of  the  air;  for  when  the  voice  is  borne 
aloft  loud  and  strong,  the  air  is  rent  asunder  by  it 
and  will  not  support  flying  creatures,  but  lets  them 
fall,  as  if  they  were  over  a  vacuum,  unless,  indeed, 
they  are  transfixed  by  a  sort  of  blow,  as  of  a  weapon, 
and  fall  down  dead.1  It  is  possible,  too,  that  in  such 
cases  there  is  a  whirling  motion  of  the  air,  which 
becomes  like  a  waterspout  at  sea  with  a  refluent  flow 
of  the  surges  caused  by  their  very  volume. 

XI.  Be  that  as  it  may,  had  not  Titus,  now  that  the 
spectacle  was  given  up,  at  once  foreseen  the  rush 
and  press  of  the  throng  and  taken  himself  away,  it 
would  seem  that  he  could  hardly  have  survived  the 
concourse  of  so  many  people  about  him  at  once  and 
from  all  sides.  But  when  they  were  tired  of  shouting 
about  his  tent,  and  night  was  already  come,  then, 
with  greetings  and  embraces  for  any  friends  and 
fellow  citizens  whom  they  saw,  they  betook  them- 
selves to  banqueting  and  carousing  with  one  another. 
And  here,  their  pleasure  naturally  increasing,  they 
were  moved  to  reason  and  discourse  about  Greece, 
saying  that  although  she  had  waged  many  wars  for 
the  sake  of  her  freedom,  she  had  not  yet  obtained  a 
more  secure  or  more  delightful  exercise  of  it  than 
now,  when  others  had  striven  in  her  behalf,  and  she 
herself,  almost  without  a  drop  of  blood  or  a  pang  of 
grief,  had  borne  away  the  fairest  and  most  enviable 
of  prizes.  Verily,  they  would  say,  valour  and  wisdom 
are  rare  things  among  men,  but  the  rarest  of  all 
blessings  is  the  just  man.  For  men  like  Agesilaiis, 
or  Lysander,  or  Nicias,  or  Alcibiades  could  indeed 

1  Cf.  the  Pompey,  xxv,  7- 

353 


PLUTARCH'S   LIVES 

KCU  ol  *A\Kij3id8at  TroXe/zou?  /JLCV  ev  Sierrew  KOI 
fid^as  VIK.CLV  Kara  re  yrjv  KOI  QaKacraav  ap^ov- 
res  r)7TLcrrav70,  Xprjo-Oai  Be  Trpbs  %dpiv  evyevij 
real  TO  KCL\OV  ols  Karwpdovv  OVK  eyvaxrav,  dXX' 
el  TO  hlapa8a)vi6v  Tt?  epyov  d<pe\oi  KOA, 
ev  SaXayatw  vav^a^iav  real  HXaraias  KOL 
yuoTTuXa?  «:at  TO,  ?r/)o?  1&vpv/j,e8ovTi  KOL  ra  irepl 
Kvirpov  KL/AWVOS  epya,  Tracra?  Ta?  yLta^a?  77 
'EXXa?  eVt  8ov\€ia  /LLe/uid'^'rjTat  Trpo?  avnjv,  Kal 
TTCIV  TpoTTCtiov  avrrjs  (Tvj^<popa  Kal  oveibos  eV 
avrrjv  ecrrrjKe,  ra  TrXelcrra  KaKia  Kal 

4  TWV    rjyovjuevwv    TTepirparreio'^^.      d\\6<pv\oi 
,   evavcr/mara  /jiiKpa  KOI  <y\i(T%pa 
Tra\aiov  ryevovs    e^eiv    SoKovvres,  d<$*    wv 
l  \6yw  re  Kal  yvai/jir]  ra)i>  ^prjo-i/jiw 
rfj  'EXXaSt   OavfJiacrrov  fjv,  OVTOI  Tot? 

Kal  rrovoL?  ef;e\6/jL€voL  rrjv  'EXXaSa 
%a\e7ru)V  Kal  rvpdvvwv  e\ev6epovcn. 
XII.  Tavra  Srj  rov<$  ''EXX^i^a?  vTrrjei'  Kal  ra 
rwv  epycov  o/jboXoyovvra  Tot?  Kr)pvy/jL,acriv.  a/za 
yap  e^eTre^LTrev  6  TITO?  Aevr\ov  fjiev  els  'A<7/az> 
J&apyvXirfra?  e^evOepwaovra,  ^reprivtov  Be  els 
©pd/crjv  ras  avrofli  TroXet?  Kal  VIJGOVS  drca\\d- 
%ovra  rwv  <&t\L7nrov  fypovpwv.  IIoTrXio?  Be 
QVL\\IO$  eVXei  Bia\e^6aevos  'Avri6%q)  rrepl  TT}? 

2  T6'i>  UTT'  avrov  'EXX^co^  e\£v6epia<$.  avros  Be  o 
Tiros  els  XaX«tSa  rrape\9(jL>v,  elra  rr\everas 
€KeWev  errl  Mayvrjcriav,  e^rjye  rds  (fipoupds  Kal 
rds  iro\LTeias  aTreBiBov  rols  B)j/j.ois.  dywvoOerrjs 
Be  Ne/jieiwv  aTroBet^ftels  ev  "Apyeu  rr)v  re  iravij- 
yvpiv  aptcrra  Biedi)Ke,  Kal  rrd\iv  eKel  rots 
f/EXX>/crt  rrjv  e\evdepl,av  VTTO  tcrjpvKOS  dvelrrev. 

354 


TITUS  FLAMININUS,  xi.  3-.\n.  2 

conduct  wars  well,  and  understood  how  to  be  victori- 
ous commanders  in  battles  by  land  and  sea,  but  they 
would  not  use  their  successes  so  as  to  win  legitimate 
favour  and  promote  the  right.  Indeed,  if  one  excepts 
the  action  at  Marathon,  the  sea-fight  at  Salamis, 
Plataea,  Thermopylae,  and  the  achievements  of  Cimon 
at  the  Eurymedon  and  about  Cyprus,  Greece  has 
fought  all  her  battles  to  bring  servitude  upon  herself, 
and  every  one  of  her  trophies  stands  as  a  memorial  of 
her  own  calamity  and  disgrace,  since  she  owed  her 
overthrow  chiefly  to  the  baseness  and  contentiousness 
of  her  leaders.  Whereas  men  of  another  race,  who 
were  thought  to  have  only  slight  sparks  and  insignifi- 
cant traces  of  a  common  remote  ancestry,  from  whom 
it  was  astonishing  that  any  helpful  word  or  purpose 
should  be  vouchsafed  to  Greece — these  men  under- 
went the  greatest  perils  and  hardships  in  order  to 
rescue  Greece  and  set  her  free  from  cruel  despots  and 
tyrants. 

XII.  So  ran  the  thoughts  of  the  Greeks  ;  and  the 
acts  of  Titus  were  consonant  with  his  proclamations. 
For  at  once  he  sent  Lentulus  to  Asia  to  set  Bargylia 
free,  and  Stertinius  to  Thrace  to  deliver  the  cities 
and  islands  there  from  Philip's  garrisons.  Moreover, 
Publius  Villius  sailed  to  have  a  conference  with 
Antiochus  concerning  the  freedom  of  the  Greeks  who 
were  under  his  sway.  Titus  himself  also  paid  a  visit 
to  Chalcis,  and  then  sailed  from  there  to  Magnesia, 
removing  their  garrisons  and  restoring  to  the  peoples 
their  constitutions.  He  was  also  appointed  master  of 
ceremonies  for  the  Nemeian  games  at  Argos,  where 
he  conducted  the  festival  in  the  best  possible  manner, 
and  once  more  publicly  proclaimed  freedom  to  the 


355 


PLUTARCH'S    LIVES 

3  eTTifyoirwv    re    Tat?    7r6\eaiv    evvo^iav    a/j,a    teal 
Siterjv    7ro\\r)v     Ofiovoidv    re    KOI    <j)i\o(f)pocrvvr)v 
Tr/90?    d\\ij\ov<;     Trapel^e,    KaraTravwv    /j,ev     Ta? 

,  Kardywv  £e  TO?  fyvyds,  a/yaAXoyuei/o?  &e 
7T6L061V  Kal  ^La\\d(TcreLV  Tou?  f/EXX?^a?  ov% 
rjrrov  rj  rw  KeKparrficevai  TWV  Marcebovcov,  (bare 
fjiLKporarov  ?;S?;  rrjv  e\ev0epiav  Sofceiv  wv  evepye- 
rovvro. 

4  B.evofcpdrrjv  /JLCV  ovv  rov  (^ikocrofyov,  ore  Av-   376 
Kovpyos  avrbv  6  ptfrap  VTTO  rwv  re\wvwv  0,70/1,6- 

vov  7T/30?  TO  ^eroiKiov  d(j)ei\ero  Kal  Tot?  ayovcriv 
€7T€0r}K€  ^>iKt]v  TT}?  d(T€\y€ia<s,  Xeyerai  TO??  rraicrlv 
diravnjcyavra  rov  Av/covpyov,  "  KaXijv  ye  v/j.cov, 


ff 


rear  pi, 

rcdvrzs  yap  avrov  irraivovcnv  efi  ot? 
TtTW  5e  Kal  fPo)/^atoi?  a)V  TOL»?  f/EXX?;^a?  evepye- 
rrjvav  OVK  et?  eTraivov?  fiovoi',  d\\d  Kal  rcianv 
ev  TTCLCTLV  dvO  pctyTrois  Kal  Svi'a/miv  r)  %«/oi?  diryvra 
5  Strata)?.  ov  ydp  irpocr^e^ofjievoi  {JLQVOV  TOU? 
7776/101/0?  avrwv,  d\\a  Kal 


Ka\ovvre<;   eve-eii^ov   at»Tou?.      ovSe 


'-\-\V  v/i  >      "         r    §  '       f      /  >pv  / 

,    aX\a    Kai   pacri\eLS    v<p     erepwv   aoi.Kov- 
(3acTL\€wv    Karefyevyov     et?    Ta? 
,   ware   ev  /Spa^el  ^povw,    rd%a   TTOV 
deov    (TweffraTTTOfievov,     rcdvra     avrols 
yeveaOai.     Kal  avros  Be  /JLeyicrrov  e<^povr](rev  errl 
6  rf)  T?7?  'EXXa'So?  eXevOepweeL.     dvariOels  yap  et? 
i/?  d(TTTL$a<$  dpyvpds  Kal  rov  eavrov  Ovpeov 


356 


TITUS  FLAMININUS,  MI.  3-6 

Greeks.  Then  he  visited  the  different  cities,  estab- 
lishing among  them  law  and  order,  abundant  justice, 
concord,  and  mutual  friendliness.  He  quieted  their 
factions  and  restored  their  exiles,  and  plumed  himself 
on  his  persuading  and  reconciling  the  Greeks  more 
than  on  his  conquest  of  the  Macedonians,  so  that  their 
freedom  presently  seemed  to  them  the  least  of  his 
benefactions. 

Xenocrates  the  philosopher,  as  the  story  runs,  was 
once  being  haled  away  to  prison  by  the  tax-collectors 
for  not  having  paid  the  alien's  tax,  but  was  rescued 
out  of  their  hands  by  Lycurgus  the  orator,  who  also 
visited  the  officials  with  punishment  for  their  impu- 
dence. Xenocrates  afterwards  met  the  sons  of 
Lycurgus,  and  said  :  "  My  boys,  I  am  making  a  noble 
return  to  your  father  for  his  kindness  towards  me ; 
for  all  the  world  is  praising  him  for  what  he  did." 
In  the  case  of  Titus  and  the  Romans,  however, 
gratitude  for  their  benefactions  to  the  Greeks  brought 
them,  not  merely  praises,  but  also  confidence  among 
all  men  and  power,  and  justly  too.  For  men  not  only 
received  the  officers  appointed  by  them,  but  actually 
sent  for  them  and  invited  them  and  put  themselves 
in  their  hands.  And  this  was  true  not  only  of 
peoples  and  cities,  nay,  even  kings  who  had  been 
wronged  by  other  kings  fled  for  refuge  into  the  hands 
of  Roman  officials,  so  that  in  a  short  time — and 
perhaps  there  was  also  divine  guidance  in  this — 
everything  became  subject  to  them.  But  Titus  him- 
self took  most  pride  in  his  liberation  of  Greece. 
For  in  dedicating  at  Delphi  some  silver  bucklers 
and  his  own  long  shield,  he  provided  them  with  this 
inscription : — 


357 


PLUTARCH'S    LIVES 


a)  Kpanrvalcn  ryeyaores    iTTrocrvvaia't, 
Koupoi,  LCD  ^Trdpras  TvvSapiSai  /3acrtXet5, 
A.ivedSa<5  Tiro?  V^LJJLIV  vireprarov  WTracre  Swpov, 
rev^a^  iraicrlv  e\ev6epiav. 


7  ai>€0rjK€  Se  KOI  ^pvaovv  ry  'A7roXXa>j^ 


TovSe  rot,  d/jbjSpocrioKTiv  eVl  TrXoKafioicriv  eoi/ce1 

KeicrOai,  AaroiSa,  ^pvao^aij  arefyavov, 
ov*     Tropev     AiveaSdv     ra^o? 


TOO  Oeiu)  /cvBo?  oira^e  TLTW. 


8  Tfj  S'  ovv5  KopivOiteV  7ro\ei  Trpo?  TOv<$r'E\\r]vas 
TO  auro  ^t?  rjSrj  crv/ji/3€/3r)K6'  KOL  <ydp  Ttro?  ev 
\\opiv6w  rore  KOI  Nepwv  avflis  Kad'  7/yU.a?  eV 


€\€v6epov<$  KOI  O-VTOVO/JLOV?  dfprjKav,  o 
ev  bid  Krjpvfcos,  w?  eip^rai,  Nepwv  Be  auro?  eVl 
a/yopa?  aTro  /Sr^taro?  eV   TW  7rX?;$et 

aXXa  ravra  p,ev  varepop. 
XIII.  'O  ^e  Tiro?  Tore  Ka\\icrrov  KCLI 

rov   Tr/oo?   Na/9^   dp^djjievos  iroKe/JLOV,  TOV 
ifjioviwv  e^w^ararov  /cal  7rapai>o/jLa}TaTOV 
rvpavvov,  ev  rro  re\CL  BietytixraTO  rav  T/}?  'EiXXaSo? 

Trapacr^ov    OVK    e^eX?;(ja9,    aXXa 


$ov\€vovcrav,  eire  Cetera?  /it^/  TOI)  TroXe^ou 

Xa/i  jSdvowros  a'XXo?  a?ro  'Pw/Lt?;?  eVeX^w^   arpa- 


an  anonymous  correction  adopted  by  Sintenis2  and 
Blass  ;  Corae's  and  Bekker  retain  the  vulgate 

2  Sv  Bekker  corrects  to  8s,  after  Jacobs. 

3  3'  oSy  Bekker  and  Blass  : 

358 


TITUS  FLAMININUS,  xn.  6-xm.  i 

"O  ye  sons  of  Zeus,  whose  joy  is  in  swift  horse- 
manship^ O  ye  Tyndaridae,  princes  of  Sparta,  Titus, 
a  descendant  of  Aeneas,  has  brought  you  a  most 
excellent  gift,  he  who  for  the  sons  of  the  Greeks 
wrought  freedom." 

He  also  dedicated  a  golden  wreath  to  Apollo,  and  it 
bore  this  inscription  : — 

'  This  will  fitly  lie  on  thine  ambrosial  locks,  O 
son  of  Leto,  this  wreath  with  sheen  of  gold ;  it  is 
the  gift  of  the  great  leader  of  the  children  of 
Aeneas.  Therefore,  O  Far-darter,  bestow  upon  the 
god-like  Titus  the  glory  due  to  his  prowess." 

It  follows,  then,  that  the  city  of  Corinth  has  twice 
now  been  the  scene  of  the  same  benefaction  to  the 
Greeks  ;  for  it  was  in  Corinth  that  Titus  at  this  time, 
and  at  Corinth  that  Nero  again  in  our  own  times — in 
both  cases  at  the  Isthmian  games — made  the  Greeks 
free  and  self-governing,  Titus  by  voice  of  herald,  but 
Nero  in  a  public  address  which  he  delivered  in  person, 
on  a  tribunal  in  the  market-place  amidst  the  multi- 
tude. This,  however,  came  at  a  later  time.1 

XIII.  Titus  now  began  a  most  honourable  arid 
righteous  war,  the  war  against  Nabis,  that  most 
pernicious  and  lawless  tyrant  of  Sparta,  but  in  the 
end  he  disappointed  the  hopes  of  Greece.  For  though 
it  was  in  his  power  to  capture  the  tyrant,  he  refused 
to  do  so,  and  made  peace  with  him,  thus  leaving 
Sparta  to  the  fate  of  an  unworthy  servitude.  He  was 
led  to  this  step  either  by  his  fear  that  a  protraction 
of  the  war  would  bring  another  general  from  Rome 

1  In  67  A.D. 

359 


PLUTARCH'S   LIVES 

os   dve\i]Tai    T///;    Sofav,   et're   <f>l\oveifcia   teal 

2  ^7/XoTfTrur.  TO)/'  (l>£\o7rot/A6;'Ov  Tf/zo)/',  ov  cv  re  TO  is 
aXXot?   ("(Tra(Tti>   civBpa   8eiVOTdTOV   TO)/'     Ei\\r)VQ)V 
o/'Ttt  teal  TTCpl  GK€WOV  TOV  fTO\€fJiOV  epyCt  OaVfuHTTa 

K(U  BeiVOTTJTOS  aTTO^ei^ii  fitvov  laa  TO")  TtTO) 
'A^aiol  /cal  TifJiwvTes  ev  TO?V  Oedrpots 

€Kcil>Ol>,    oiiff    UftOVVTCl      PcOfJLCLLCOV    UTTdTtp 

?    avBpCOTTOV  'AjO/Cafittj 

/cal    6/j.opfoi'    7TO\t/JL(i)V    (TTpanjyoi',    OfJLOtct 

3  6av/J,d%€O'6ai  Trap    auTOtv.      ov  fJLijv  aXX'  auTov  o 

VTTt:p    TOVTCOV    a7T€\oy€lTO,    KQi 

a)v   e(i)pa  avr  KdKy  /ueyaXft)  TOJ/'   (f' 
a7ro\ovfjievoi>  TOV  TVpCtVVOV. 

vroXXa 

evepyeffa? 


TTy 


o 

€V      TO) 

wvioi  ^/cvofji€voi   /rat 
ev  Se  T^    EvXXaOf  %i\i()i  KCLI  oiatcoffioi 


TO   7rXr}<9o?  fjaav,  del  fJ&V  olrcrpol  T//V   fJLeTa/3o\fj?t 
Tore  Be  /cal  /j,a\\ov,  wv  el/cos,  lvTvy%dvovT€$  ol 
fj,ev  viol?,  ol  $e  aoeXf^otv,  o/  Se  <rvwr)dea'iv)  iKevOi* 
5  pot?  SovXoi  KOL  viK&triv  al%fj,d\coTOt.     TOVTOVS  o  377 
ei>  TtVo?  OUA:  a(j>ei\ero  TO>/>  KSKTvjfievcov,  fcatirep 
tV  avroiv,  OL  Be  \\%<tiol  \VTpd)  ffdfJLfVOl 


1  Cf.  the  Philopoemen,  xv.  1-3. 

360 


TITUS  FLAMININUS,  xm.  1-5 

to  succeed  him  and  rob  him  of  his  glory,  or  by  his 
jealous  displeasure  at  the  honours  paid  to  Philopoe- 
men.  For  in  all  other  matters  Philopoemen  was  a 
most  capable  man  among  the  Greeks,  and  in  that  war 
particularly  he  displayed  astonishing  deeds  of  ability 
and  daring,  so  that  lie  was  extolled  by  the  Achaeans 
as  much  as  Titus,  and  equally  honoured  in  their 
theatres.  This  annoyed  Titus,  who  thought  it  out  of 
keeping  that  a  man  of  Arcadia,  who  had  held  com- 
mand in  small  border  wars,  should  receive  just  as 
much  admiration  from  the  Achaeans  as  a  Roman 
consul,  who  was  waging  war  in  behalf  of  Greece.1 
However,  Titus  himself  had  this  to  say  in  defence  of 
his  course,  namely,  that  he  put  an  end  to  the  war 
when  he  saw  that  the  destruction  of  the  tyrant  would 
involve  the  rest  of  the  Spartans  also  in  serious 
disaster.2 

The  Achaeans  voted  Titus  many  honours,  none  of 
which  seemed  commensurate  with  his  benefactions 
except  one  gift,  and  this  caused  him  as  much  satis- 
faction as  all  the  rest  put  together.  And  this  was 
the  gift :  The  Romans  who  were  unhappily  taken 
prisoners  in  the  war  with  Hannibal  had  been  sold 
about  hither  and  thither,  and  were  serving  as  slaves. 
In  Greece  there  were  as  many  as  twelve  hundred  of 
them.  The  change  in  their  lot  made  them  pitiful 
objects  always,  but  then  even  more  than  ever,  natur- 
ally, when  they  fell  in  with  sons,  or  brothers,  or 
familiar  friends,  as  the  case  might  be,  slaves  with 
freemen  and  captives  with  victors.  These  men  Titus 
would  not  take  away  from  their  owners,  although  he 
was  distressed  at  their  condition,  but  the  Achaeans 

2  Titus  offered  this  defence  of  his  course  to  the  congress  of 
Greek  states  at  Corinth  (Livy,  xxxiv.  48  f.). 

361 


PLUTARCH'S    LIVES 

7revT6  JJLVWV  eKaarov  civSpa  tcai  crvvayayovres 
ravTO  Trdvras  ijBtj  irepl  TT\OVV  OVTI  TO>  TLTW  irape- 
,  wcrre  avTov  evfypaLvofjitvov  airoirXelv,  CLTTO 
epycov  Ka\a$  d/jioifias  /cal  7rp€7rovaa<?  dvbpl 
6  yueyaXw  teal  (j)i\07ro\iTrj  KeKO^La^vov  o  STJ 
7T/30?  TOV  Opia/JL^ov  avru)  Trdvrwv  virdp^ai 
TdTOV.  ol  yap  az^Syoe?  ovroi,  KaOdrcep  e9o$  earl 
TO??  al/cerais  orav  e\ev9epw9wcrLV,  ^vpecrdau  re 
ra?  KetyaXds  teal  TTiXia  (ftopeiv,  Tavra 
avrol  Opia^/BeuovTL  ra>  TYrco  TrapeiTrovro. 

XIV.   KaXXtco  Se  /cal  TO.  \d(pupa  7ro/JL7rev6/Jieva 
O^TLV,    'Ej\\r)viKd    Kpdmi    KOI 
teal  adpiaai,.     TO  re  ra)V  ^ 
ov/c  o\L<yov  TJV,  co?  avaypdtyovcriv  ol  Trepl 
TovSiravbv   ev  TG> 


errra- 


Be/carpeis,    dpyvpov     Se 
SiaKO&ias   efiSo/JujfcovTa, 


O€K  area  a-a  pas,  X^pls  Se  TOVTWV  rd 
^tXtTTTTO?  w<^etXe^.  aXXa  ravra  ^v  varepov 
€7reLcr0r]a'av  fPa)yua40f,  ^taX^crra  TOV  Tirov  avfiTrpd- 
^avro^,  dfyelvai  TW  QiXiTTTra),  KOL  av^^a^ov 
d\lri](f)iaavTO,  Kol  TOV  viov  drTTi]\\a^av  aura)  rT/9 


XV.  'E-Trel  be  6  'Ai/Tto^o?  et?  Trjv  'EXXa8a 
vaval  TroXXat?  /cat  arpaTfo  TrepaicoOels  d^icrT^ 
ra?  TroXej?  /cat  bieaTacria^ev,  AtVwXwz^  avT& 

KOI  TraXat  8iaK€ifjLeva)v 


1  The   mina   was   one   sixtieth   part    of    a   talent,  or  one 
hundred  drachmas. 

362 


TITUS  FLAMININUS,  xm.  5-xv.  i 

ransomed  them  all  at  five  minas  l  the  man,  collected 
them  together,  and  made  a  present  of  them  to  Titus 
just  as  he  was  about  to  embark,  so  that  lie  sailed  for 
home  with  a  glad  heart;  his  noble  deeds  had  brought 
him  a  noble  recompense,  and  one  befitting  a  great 
man  who  loved  his  fellow  citizens.  This  appears  to 
have  furnished  his  triumph  with  its  most  glorious 
feature.  For  these  men  shaved  their  heads  and  wore 
felt  caps,  as  it  is  customary  for  slaves  to  do  when 
they  are  set  free,  and  in  this  habit  followed  the 
triumphal  car  of  Titus. 

XIV.  But  a  more  beautiful  show  was  made  by  the 
spoils  of  war  which  were  displayed  in  the  procession 
— Greek  helmets  and  Macedonian  bucklers  and  pikes. 
Besides,  the  amount  of  money  exhibited  was  large. 
Tuditanus    records  that  there   were   carried   in   the 
procession  three  thousand  seven  hundred  and  thirteen 
pounds    of  gold   bullion,   forty-three   thousand    two 
hundred  and  seventy  pounds  of  silver,  and  fourteen 
thousand  five  hundred  and  fourteen  gold  coins  bear- 
ing   Philip's    effigy.2     And    apart    from   this  money 
Philip  owed  his  fine   of  a  thousand  talents.3     This 
fine,  however,  the  Romans  were  afterwards  persuaded 
to  remit  to  Philip,  and  this  was  chiefly  due  to  the 
efforts  of  Titus  ;  they  also  made  Philip  their  ally,  and 
sent  back  his  son  whom  they  held  as  hostage. 

XV.  Presently,  however,   Antiochus   crossed   into 
Greece 4   with   many  ships   and   a   large    army,    and 
began  to  stir  the  cities  into  faction  and  revolt.     The 
Aetolians  made  common  cause  with  him,  a  people 
which  had  long  been  most  inimically  disposed  towards 

2  These  "Philips"  were  nearly  equivalent  to  sovereigns. 
Of.  Livy's  description  of  the  triumph  (xxxiv.  52). 

3  Cf.  chapter  ix.  5.  4  In  the  autumn  of  192  B.C. 

363 


PLUTARCH'S    LIVES 


rov  'Pay/jiaiwv  BIJJULOV  ej^Opw^  fcal  TroXe/u  «:&>?,  viro- 
Oecriv  rov  rro\e^ov  Kal  Trpcxfracriv  SiSovrwv  e\ev- 
Oepovv  TQVS  "EXX^m?  ovbev  Beopevovs  (e\ev9epoi 
2  yap  r)aav\  aXX'  evTrpeTrearepas  alrlas  airopla  ru> 
fca\\L(TTa>  TWV  OVO/JLCLTWV  xprjaOai 
Kal  a(j)6$pa  beiuavTes  ol  'Pw/j-aioi  TTJV  a 
l  &o%av  avrov  TT}?  Su^a/zew?,  crpar^ybi' 

rov  TroXe/zou  Mdviov  '  AKL\LOV  KaTeirefJi'^rav, 
rriv  Be  Ttrov  Sia  TOW?  f/EXX?;z;a?,  wv  TOU? 
ev0v<f  o^^el?    ejroirjae  /SefiaLorepov?,  TOL»?  Be 


vocreiv  wairep  n  l  ev  /caipw 
rrjv    irpos     aurov    evvoiav    ecrr^cre     real 


3  Si€K(t)\vcr6i>  e^a/Liapreiv.    oXf/yot  Se  CLVTOV  €^€(j)  vyov 

TrpoKareiX.rf/ufjievoi  /cal  $ie(f)0ap[jievoi.  Travrd- 
VTTO  rwv  AlrajXcov,  01)9  Ka'nrep  opyicrOels 
l  Trapo^vvOels  OJJLW^  //era  r^v  fAafflv  Trepie- 
ifTtV^o?  jap  rjrT^Oels  ev  ®ep/JLOTrv\ais 
€v@v$  et?  'Acrtai/  dTriifkevcre,  Mai/to9 
8'  o  inraTOS  TOL>?  ytte^  auro?  eVtcoz/ 
e7ro\iopK6i,  TOU?  Se  rw  {3acTL\ei 

4  priaev  e^atpelv.      dyo^evwv  8e  Kal  <^epo^ei>wv  VTTO 
rov  Ma/eeSo^o?  rovro  fiev  AoXoTrcoz;  /cal  Ma7^?;Tft>^, 
rovro   Be  'AQafJidvcov   Kal  *Krrepavrwv,  avrov   Se 
rov  Martou  T?)^  fjLev'HpaKXeiav  Bia7re7rop0^Koro<;) 
rr)V  Se  NaJTra/tTOt'  A/TfoXcoz^  e^ovrwv  7ro\iopKOVv- 
T09,  oiKreipcov  701)9  f/EXX?;z^a9  o  Ttro? 


Ti  Coraes,   Bekker,  and  Blass,  after  Stephanus  : 
rts. 


364 


TITUS  FLAMININUS,  xv.  1-4 

the  Romans,  and  they  suggested  to  him,  as  a  pretext 
that  would  account  for  the  war,  that  he  should  offer 
the  Greeks  their  freedom.  The  Greeks  did  not  want 
to  be  set  free,  for  they  were  free  already;  but  for 
lack  of  a  more  appropriate  ground  for  his  action  the 
Aetolians  taught  Antiochus  to  make  use  of  that  fair- 
est of  all  names.  The  Romans,  greatly  alarmed  by 
reports  of  defection  among  the  Greeks  and  of  the 
power  of  Antiochus,  sent  out  Manius  Acillius  as 
consular  general  for  the  war,  but  made  Titus  his 
lieutenant  to  please  the  Greeks.  The  mere  sight 
of  him  confirmed  some  of  these  in  their  loyalty  to 
Rome,  while  to  others,  who  were  beginning  to  be 
infected  with  disloyalty,  he  administered  a  timely 
medicine,  as  it  were,  in  the  shape  of  good  will 
towards  himself,  and  thus  checked  their  malady  and 
prevented  them  from  going  wrong.  A  few,  however, 
escaped  his  influence,  having  been  already  won  over 
beforehand  and  totally  corrupted  by  the  Aetolians, 
but  even  these,  in  spite  of  his  vexation  and  anger, 
were  spared  by  him  after  the  battle.  For  Antiochus 
was  defeated  at  Thermopylae  l  and  put  to  flight,  and 
at  once  sailed  back  to  Asia;  while  Manius  the  consul 
went  against  some  of  the  Aetolians  himself  and 
besieged  them,  leaving  others  to  King  Philip  to 
destroy.  And  so  it  came  about  that  the  Dolopians 
and  Magnesians  here,  the  Athamanians  and  Aperan- 
tians  there,  were  harried  and  plundered  by  the 
Macedonians,  while  Manius  himself,  after  sacking 
Heracleia,  was  engaged  in  the  siege  of  Naupactus, 
which  the  Aetolians  held.  Then  Titus,  out  of  pity 
for  the  Greeks,  sailed  across  from  Peloponnesus  to 

1  In  191  B.C.     For  a  description  of  the  battle,  cf.  Livy, 
xxxvi.  14-21. 


PLUTARCH'S    LIVES 

€K  '[\e\OTTOVVl]a'OV    TTyOO?    TOV  VTCaTOV.        Kal   TTpWTOV 

IJLCV  eTreTiurjaev  el  veviKi]Kcbs  auro?  ra  eTraO\a  TOV 
7ro\e/jiov  QfaiTTTTOv  ea  c^epeadai,  KOI  rpifio/jievos 
Trepl  p.i(i  vroXet  KdOrjTai  Si  opyr/v,  Wvr]  Be  OVK 
5  6\iya  Kal  /SacrtXeta?  Ma/ce5of6?  aipovauv.  eVetra 
TMV  7ro\iOpKovfJLevwv,  w?  elbov  avroi',  UTTO  TOV 
Ter^ou?  avatca\ovvTCi)v  KOI  %et/;a? 
8eo/julv6)vt  Tore  n*.v  ovoev  eLTrwv,  a\\ 

vcras  d7rtj\0ev,  va"repov  oe 
tw  Kal  KaraTravffas  TOV  OvfJiov  avTov 
rot?   AtVwXo?9  a/^o^a?   So0ffvai,  Ka 
eV    w   TrpefT/BevaavTes    et?    'Vw^v    jieTpiov 


XVI.   IlXetcrToi>    ^e    tvywva    Kal    TTOVOV    avTw   378 

<u    Trepl    XaX/aSew*'    Se^'crci?    TT/JO?    TO^ 
,  eV  0/97^  yeyovoTwv  &ia  TOV  yd/iov  ov  Trap1 


,  01)  «a(9  ajpav  ovtie  KCLTCI  Kaipoi>,  aXX* 
epaffdels  dvtjp  7rpeo-/3vTepo$  Koprjs,  v)  QvyaTrjp  fjiev 
r/v  KXeoTTroXe/xof,  /caXXicrr^  8e  Xe^/erat  TrapOevMV 
2  yevecrffai,.  TOVTO  rou?  XaX/a£et?  eTroirjae  fjaai\l- 
crai  TrpoOv/jsOTaTa  Kal  TTJV  Trukiv  avTM  Trpus  TOV 
7ro\eaov  oparjTrjpioi>  Trapafr^clv.  i/eewoq  uev  ovv 
(09  Ta^icrTa  ueTci  Tr]V  fjid^v  (f)evya)v  Trpocreui^e 
Trj  XaX/a'Sf,  rryi^  re  Koprjv  dvaXafioiv  Kal  TO, 
Xptff&aTa  Kal  TOU9  <j)i\ovq  et9  'Acrtaz 
TOV  ce  Mdviov  evBvs  ejrl  701/9  XaAvaoet? 


TITUS  FLAMININUS,  xv.  4-xvi.  2 

the  consul.  At  first  he  chided  Manius  because, 
although  the  victory  was  his  own,  he  was  permitting 
Philip  to  carry  off'  the  prizes  of  the  war,  and  to 
gratify  his  anger  was  wasting  time  in  the  siege  of  a 
single  city,  while  the  Macedonians  were  subduing 
many  nations  and  kingdoms.  Then,  when  the  be- 
sieged citizens  caught  sight  of  him  from  their  walls 
and  called  aloud  upon  him  and  stretched  out  their 
hands  to  him  imploringly,  he  turned  away,  burst  into 
tears,  and  left  the  place,  without  saying  anything 
more  at  the  time;  afterwards,  however,  he  had  an 
interview  with  Manius,  put  an  end  to  his  wrath,  and 
induced  him  to  grant  the  Aetolians  a  truce,  and  time 
in  which  to  send  an  embassy  to  Rome  with  a  plea  for 
moderate  terms. 

XVI.  But  the  hardest  toils  and  struggles  fell  to 
Titus  when  he  interceded  with  Manius  in  behalf  of 
the  Chalcidians.  They  had  incurred  the  consul's 
wrath  because  of  the  marriage  which  Antiochus  had 
made  in  their  city  after  the  war  had  already  begun, 
a  marriage  which  was  not  only  unseasonable,  but 
unsuitable  for  the  king's  years,  since  he  was  an  elderly 
man  and  had  fallen  in  love  with  a  girl  (the  girl  was 
a  daughter  of  Cleoptolemus,  and  is  said  to  have  been 
most  beautiful  among  maidens).1  This  marriage  in- 
duced the  Chalcidians  to  take  the  king's  side  most 
zealously  and  allow  their  city  to  be  his  base  of  opera- 
tions for  the  war.  Antiochus,  therefore,  fleeing  with 
all  speed  after  the  battle  at  Thermopylae,  came  to 
Chalcis,  and  taking  with  him  his  girl-wife,  his 
treasure,  and  his  friends,  sailed  back  to  Asia ;  but 
Manius  immediately  marched  against  Chalcis  in  a 
rage.  He  was  accompanied,  however,  by  Titus,  who 

1  Cf.  the  Philopoemen,  xvii.  1. 

367 


PLUTARCH'S    LIVES 

Tropevop-evov  6  Tiro?  7rapaico\ov6u)v  eyitaXarre  real 
7rapr)T€LTo  /cal  TeXo<?  eTrei&e  fcal  /careTrpdvvev, 
avTov  re  KOI  rwv  ev  T€\€i  'Vw^a'iwv  Seo^^o?. 

3  OI/TW  $ia(ra)@evT€S  ol  XaX/a8et?  TO, 

teal   fjiejiara    rwv   irap     aurois    avaffrj^drcov 
Ttrw   KaOiepay&av,  MV  emypa^a^    ecrri 
a%pi  vvv  opav  "'O  S^/zo?  Ttrw  /cat  'Hyoa^Xet  TO 
yv^i'dcriov,"  erepwOi  Se  7ra\n>,   "  'O   BijjjLOs   Ttrw 

4  /cat    '  A  TTO  XXwzu  TO  &e\<$>iviov"     eri  $e   /cal  /ca$' 
?;/ua9  icpevs  %eipOTOvr]Tbs  aTreSeiKwro  TLTOV,  teal 
Ovcravres   avrw    TWV   (nrovBwv   jevo^evwv   a 

eTTOL^p.evov,   ov  ra\\a  Sia  //,/}/co? 
dveypdtya/jiev    a    'jravofJievoi    TT)? 


e  'Pco/naitov  c 
i/  /jLeyaXevKTOTarav  op/cots  <pu\d(rcr€iv 

fJL€\7T€T€  KOVpCtl, 

/jteyav  'Pco/iiav  re  Tirov  9'  dfia  *J?(QfjLai(OV 


re 

>  / 


..       -ft  /  •?     rr\r 

(6  LLaiav,  a)  Lire 


XVII.  "*Hcrav  3e  real  irapa  rcav  a 
yual    TrpeTrovcrai,    KOI     TO    Ta? 

TTOIOVV,  evvoia  dav/jLacrrr)  SS  €7Ti6L/ceiavr)0ovs.  /cal 
yap  ei  riaiv  e/c  Trpajp.drwv  r)  0tXoTt/ita?  eveica, 
KaOaTrep  QiXoTroifjLeiJL  /cal  7rd\iv  Aicxfidvei  o-rparr)- 
yovvn  TWV  '  A-%aiwi>,  TrpcxjeKpovGev,  ov/c  rji>  ftapvs 
ouS'  ei?  ep7a  cjiaTelvwv  o  0u/n6s,  aXX'  eV 
TrapprjaLav  rtvd  7ro\t,Tirc>jv  eyowri 
2  TTi/cyoo?  yu-ez/  OL>^  ovbevi,  TroXXoi?  8e  o^u?  eSo/cei  /cal 


ajy  a.\\cat>  'EXA^vwi/  Coraes  and  Blass,  after  Biyan  : 
368 


TITUS   FLAMININUS,  xvi.  2-xvn.  2 

tried  to  mollify  and  intercede  with  him  and  at  last 
won  him  over  and  calmed  him  down  by  entreaties 
addressed  both  to  him  and  the  other  Romans  in 
authority. 

Having  been  thus  saved  by  Titus,  the  Chalcidians 
dedicated  to  him  the  largest  and  most  beautiful  of 
the  votive  offerings  in  their  city,  and  on  them  such 
inscriptions  as  these  are  still  to  be  seen  :  "  This 
gymnasium  is  dedicated  by  the  people  to  Titus  and 
Heracles,"  and  again  in  another  place,  "  This  Del- 
phinium is  dedicated  by  the  people  to  Titus  and 
Apollo."  Moreover,  even  down  to  our  own  day  a 
priest  of  Titus  is  duly  elected  and  appointed,  and 
after  sacrifice  and  libations  in  his  honour,  a  set  hymn 
of  praise  to  him  is  sung:  it  is  too  long  to  be  quoted 
entire,  and  so  I  will  give  only  the  closing  words  of 
the  song : 

"And  the  Roman  faith  we  revere,  which  we 
have  solemnly  vowed  to  cherish  ;  sing,  then,  ye 
maidens,  to  great  Zeus,  to  Rome,  to  Titus,  and 
to  the  Roman  faith :  hail,  Paean  Apollo !  hail, 
Titus  our  saviour ! " 

XVII.  He  also  received  from  the  rest  of  the 
Greeks  fitting  honours,and  these  were  made  sincere  by 
the  astonishing  good  will  which  his  equitable  nature 
called  forth.  For  even  if  the  conduct  of  affairs  or 
the  spirit  of  rivalry  brought  him  into  collision  with 
any  of  them,  as,  for  instance,  with  Philopoemen,  and 
again  with  Diophanes  the  general  of  the  Achaeans, 
his  resentment  was  not  heavy,  nor  did  it  carry  him 
into  violent  acts,  but  when  it  had  vented  itself  in 
the  outspoken  language  of  free  public  debate,  there 
was  an  end  of  it.  However,  he  was  never  bitter, 

369 


PLUTARCH'S   LIVES 

elvau   Trjv  fyvcriv,   aXXco?   Sc 


TTCLVTWV    T/SfCTTO?    KOI    €LTTeiV    67Tt^a0£?    /JL€TCL 

T77TO?.      'A^afou?    /JLev  yap    (rtyeTepi^o/JLevovs    TT)I> 

,  av 


at   %£\wvcu  Troppwrepco  rrjv  K€(ba\,rjv 
T]e\07rovvijcrov  irpoTeivuxri*  QiXiTTTrov  Be, 

7T€pl    CTTTOvStoV    Kal    €iprfvr)S    TO 


,  etTro^ro?  //era  TTO\\WV  IJKCIV  etceivov, 
avrbv  £e  fjiovov,  V7ro\a/3a>v  6  TITO?,  "  Avrbv  7"p," 
efyr],  "  fjiovov  CTrolrjcras  aTTOKTelvas  rou?  <pi\ov<; 

3  Kal  crvyyevels"    eVet  Se  Aetz/o/cpar?;?  o  Mecro-?;Vi09 
eV  'Pcoyu//  Trapa  TTOTOV  fjLeOvadeis  cop^ijaaro  \afBwv 
i/jLariov  yvvaiKelov,  rfj  5'  varrepaia  TOP  Tirov  rjj;iov 
fio^Qeiv   avTto   &iavoov/j[€vy    rr)V 

crrdvai  TWV  'A^a/wf,  ravra  pew 

OavjjLa^eiv    Se    e/celvov,  el 

pr)/ca)<;  irpd^ea-LV  op^elcrOai   Svvarat  Trapa   TTOTOV 

4  KOI    aSeiv.      TT^O?    8e    TOU?   'A^aiou?    rwv    Trapa 


KaTa\ey6vTa>v  real  KaTapi9fJLovp,€i><i)i> 
TroXXa?  TrpO(Tr)<yopias,  o  Ttro9  etp^  &€iTTVOvvro<$ 
avrov  Trapa  TO)  £evw  Kal  /ne/jL^ofiei^ov  TO  Tr\r)9o<s 
TMV  Kpewv  Kal  Oavfjid^ovTOS  iroOev  OVTO>  Trot/ctX);? 
dyopds  evTroprjcrev,  elrreiv  TOV  %evov,  co?  veia  iravra 
ecrrl  TT;  aKevao-ia  Sia(f)epovTa  Kal  rot9  ^v 
5  "  M^  roivvv"  ecfrrj,  "  /J,T)$€  t»/xet?,  co  avSpe?  ' 


Ti   Coraes   and   Bekker    have   TrAfjflos    re,    after 
Bryan. 

370 


TITUS  FLAMININUS,  xvn.  2-5 

although  many  imputed  hastiness  and  levity  to  his 
nature,  and  in  general  he  was  a  most  agreeable 
companion  and  able  to  say  a  graceful  thing  with 
force.  For  instance,  when  he  was  trying  to  dissuade 
the  Achaeans  from  appropriating  the  island  of  Zacyn- 
thos,  he  said  it  would  be  dangerous  for  them,  like  a 
tortoise,  to  stick  their  head  out  of  its  Peloponnesian 
shell.1  Again,  when  he  held  his  first  conference 
with  Philip  concerning  a  truce  and  peace,  and  Philip 
remarked  that  Titus  had  come  with  many  attendants 
while  he  himself  had  come  alone,  Titus  answered, 
(e  Yes,  thou  hast  made  thyself  alone  by  slaying  thy 
friends  and  kindred."  2  Again,  when  Deinocrates 
the  Messenian,  who  had  taken  too  much  wine  at  a 
drinking-party  in  Rome,  and  after  putting  on  a 
woman's  robe  had  executed  a  dance,  on  the  following 
day  asked  Titus  to  assist  him  in  his  plan  to  separate 
Messene  from  the  Achaean  league,  Titus  said  he 
would  consider  the  matter ;  "  But  I  am  amazed,"  said 
he,  "  that  when  thou  hast  matters  of  so  great  moment 
in  hand,  thou  canst  dance  and  sing  at  a  drinking- 
party."  3  And  once  more,  when  an  embassy  from 
Antiochus  was  recounting  to  the  Achaeans  the  vast 
multitude  of  the  king's  forces  and  enumerating  them 
all  by  their  various  appellations,  Titus  said  that  once, 
when  he  was  dining  with  a  friend,  he  criticised  the 
multitude  of  meats  that  were  served,  wondering 
where  he  had  obtained  so  varied  a  supply  ;  where- 
upon his  host  told  him  they  were  all  swine's  flesh, 
and  differed  only  in  the  way  they  were  cooked  and 
dressed.  "And  so  in  your  case,"  said  he,  "men  of 


1  Cf.  Livy,  xxxvi.  32 ;  Plutarch,  Morals,  p.  197  b. 

2  Cf.  Morals,  p.  197  a  (Folybius,  xviii.  7). 

3  Cf.  the  Philopoemen,  xviii.  ff.  (Polybius,  xxiii.  5). 


37i 


PLUTARCH'S   LIVES 


0av/nd%€T€  Tr]V  'Azmo^ou  Bvva/j.tv\oyxo<t>6povs  teal 
gucrrotyopovs  /cal  rre^eTaipovs  dtcovovTe?'  rrdvTe? 
yap  OVTOL  2vpoi  elcrlv  6rr\apioi^  SicKpepovres. 

XVIII.   Mera  Be  ra?  'EXXyvi/cas   rrpd^e^  teal   379 
TOP  'AvTioxifcbv  rroXe/AOv  a 


evrlv   apxrj  fj,eji(rrri  /cal  rporrov  Tiva  TT? 


T€ta?  eVtTeXetcDO-f?.     «ral  avvripx*  pev  avru)  Map- 

K6\\ov  TOV  7T€VTaKL<;  vTTciTevcravTOS  u/ 

Be  TT}?  /rfofX?)?  TWZ^  ov/c  a7«^  ein$>av£)V  Te 

TTpoa-eSe^avro  Be  TroXtra?  aTroypafyofJie 

ocrot,  yovecov  e\ev0epa)v  r]<rav,  dvayKaadevres  VTTO 

TOV  Brj/^dpxov  TepevTiov  Kof  Xew^o?,  o?  e 

rot?    dpia-TOKpariKots    eireKre    TOV    BTJJAOV 


Se  yvwpifjifj)TdTwv  KCLT    CIVTOV  avBp&v  Kal 
ev  Trj  TToXei  Bia(f>epo/jieva)v   TT/CIO?  aXX?;- 

lKai'OV  ^KrjTTLMVOS  KOi  MdpKOV  KttTft)^09, 

TOI^  yw-ev  Trpoejpa^e  TT}?  /3ouA,?}9,  a>9  apidTOv  civBpa 
Kal  TrpwTOi',  KaTwvi  &  et?  e^Opav  r)\6e  av^opa, 
TOiavrr)  -%pYi<rdiJL€VO<$.      a8eX(/)o?  ^  Ttrw  Aev/cios 
<$>\afJLivlvo<s,    OUTE    TO,    aXXa    rrpocreoiKtos    eice'iv 
Ti]V  (frvcriv  ev  T6  rat?  ijSovais  dve\ev6epo<^ 
3  Aral   6\iywpoTaTO$   TOV  TrperrovTOS.     TOVTM 
fjieipaKia  KOS    e/ow/ze^o?,    bv    /cal    crrpaTLds 
emjyeTO    /cal    BieTrwv    eVa/?%ta5     el^ev    del    rrepl 
avTOV.     eV  ovv  TTOTW  Tivl  OpVTTTOfJLevos  irpos  TOV 


1  Cf.  Morals,  p.  197  o  (Livy,  xxxv.  49). 
372 


TITUS   FLAMINIXUS,  xvn.  5-xvm.  3 

Achaia,  do  not  be  astonished  when  you  hear  of  the 
Spear-bearers  and  Lance-bearers  and  Foot-compan- 
ions in  the  army  of  Antiochus ;  for  they  are  all 
Syrians  and  differ  only  in  the  way  they  are  armed."1 

XVIII.  After  his  achievements  in  Greece  and  the 
war  with  Antiochus,  Titus  was  appointed  censor.2 
This  is  the  highest  office  at  Rome,  and  in  a  manner 
the  culmination  of  a  political  career.  Titus  had  as 
colleague  in  this  office  a  son  of  the  Marcellus3  who 
had  been  five  times  consul,  and  the  two  censors 
ejected  from  the  senate  four  men  of  lesser  note,  and 
received  into  citizenship  all  who  offered  themselves 
for  enrolment,  provided  they  wrere  born  of  free 
parents.  To  this  step  they  were  forced  by  the 
tribune  Terentius  Culeo,  who  wanted  to  spite  the 
nobility  and  so  persuaded  the  people  to  vote  the 
measure. 

The  two  men  of  his  time  who  were  most  notable 
and  had  the  greatest  influence  in  the  city,  Scipio 
Africanus  and  Marcus  Cato,  were  at  variance  with  one 
another.  Of  these,  Titus  appointed  Scipio  to  be  Dean 
of  the  Senate,4  believing  him  to  be  its  best  and  fore- 
most man ;  but  with  Cato  he  came  into  hostile 
relations,  owing  to  the  following  unfortunate  circum- 
stances. Titus  had  a  brother,  Lucius,  who  was 
unlike  him  in  all  other  ways,  and  especially  in  his 
shameful  addiction  to  pleasure  and  his  utter  contempt 
of  decency.  This  brother  had  as  companion  a  young 
boy  whom  he  loved,  and  took  him  about  and  kept 
him  always  in  his  train,  whether  he  was  commanding 
an  army  or  administering  a  province.  At  some 
drinking  party,  then,  this  boy  was  playing  the  coquet 

2  In  189  B.C.  3  Cf.  chapter  i.  3. 

4  Cf.  the  Tiberius  Gracchus,  iv.  1  ;  Cato  the  Elder,  xvii.  1. 

voi  .  x.  ..      373 


PLUTARCH'S   LIVES 

AevKiov   ourco?   e<pr)   o~>68pa  <£L\€IV    avrov, 


OUTTCO 


TTOV  (j)ovevofj,€vov  $eaT?;?,  TO  rrpbs  e/ceivov  -}}Bv  TOV 
7T/3O?  avTov  ev  TrXeiovi  \6jft)  0e/j,evos.  o  Se  A€VKIO<$ 
f)(j6e\$  "  OvSev,"  e<pr],  "  Seivov  Idcrofiai  <yap  eyo> 

4    (TOV  T1]V  GTT  L0  V  /JiiaV  "     KOL   K€\€VGa<$  6VO,  TWV  KaTCL- 

ti'iKoiv  IK  rov  &€cr/j.(t)T'j]pLov  TrpoaxOr/vai,  KOL  TOV 
vTnjpeTrjv  [j,€Ta7r6/ji^d/jievos,  ev  TW  avf^Trocnw  rrpoa-- 
era^ev  cnroKo^rat,  TOV  di'OpwTrov  TOV 
QvaXXepios  Be  'Avrta?  OVK  epa)/j,evy 
epci)jji€vrj  TOVTO  ^apiaraaOaL  TOV  A€VKIOV.  6  oe 


co?  Ta\aTi]v  avTOfjioXov  e\dovTd  /^era  Trai&wv  KOI 

ryvvaiKos  €7rl  Ta?  Bvpas  o'e^d/u.evos  et?  TO  avf-irroo'iov 

6  Aeu/ao?  drreKTeivev  IBia  xeiP^ 

5  £6/.i€vos.   TOVTO  jjiev  ovv  el/cos  6t 

fcaTijyopias    VTTO    TOV   KaTco/'o?'    OTL   Se    OVK 
yttoXo?  ijVf   d\\d  8ecr/zcoT^?    o    dvaipedels   KCU 

€K    TWV    KaTdSiKCOV,   a\\Ol    T6    7TO\\ol  KOI 


6    p/)TO)p    €V    T<y    rrepl    ^yj/oty?    aura)       aTam   TTI/ 


XIX.  Evrl  TOVTW  KaTd)V  TifMrjTTjs  ycvo/uevos 
KOI  KaOaLpwvT^v  crvyK\ijTov  d7nj\a<r€  TT}?  (3ov\f]<? 
rov  ACVKLOV,  VTraTiKov  /j,ev  di;  tctJ^aaTO?  OVTCL,  avva- 
TifJiov(j0aL  Se  TOV  d$6\<f)ov  SOKOVVTOS  O.VTW.  Sio 
/col  7rpoe\0ovT€<;  et?  TOI^  Sf)jj,ov  du<poT€poi  Tcnreivol 


1  Cf.  Livy,  xxxix.  43. 
374 


TITUS  FLAMININUS,  xvm.  3-xix.  i 

with  Lucius,  and  said  he  loved  him  so  ardently  that 
he  had  come  away  from  a  show  of  gladiators  in  order 
to  be  with  him,  although  he  had  never  in  all  his  life 
seen  a  man  killed ;  and  he  had  done  so,  he  said, 
because  he  cared  more  for  his  lover's  pleasure  than 
for  his  own.  Lucius  was  delighted  at  this,  and  said  : 
"  Don't  worry  about  that !  I  will  give  thee  thy  heart's 
desire."  Then  ordering  a  man  who  had  been  con- 
demned to  death  to  be  brought  forth  from  his  prison, 
and  sending  for  a  lictor,  he  commanded  him  to 
strike  off  the  man's  head  there  in  the  banquet-hall. 
Valerius  Antias,  however,  says  it  was  not  a  lover,  but 
a  mistress  whom  Lucius  thus  sought  to  gratify.1  And 
Livy  says  that  in  a  speech  of  Cato  himself  it  is 
written  that  a  Gaulish  deserter  had  come  to  the  door 
with  his  wife  and  children,  and  that  Lucius  admitted 
him  into  the  banquet-hall  and  slew  him  with  his  own 
hand  to  gratify  his  lover.  This  feature,  however, 
was  probably  introduced  by  Cato  to  strengthen  the 
force  of  his  denunciation ;  for  that  it  was  not  a 
deserter,  but  a  prisoner,  who  was  put  to  death,  and 
one  who  had  been  condemned  to  die,  is  the  testimony 
of  many  others,  and  especially  of  Cicero  the  orator  in 
his  treatise  "  On  Old  Age,"  where  he  puts  the  story 
in  the  mouth  of  Cato  himself.2 

XIX.  In  view  of  this,  when  Cato  became  censor  3 
and  was  purging  the  senate  of  its  unworthy  members, 
he  expelled  from  it  Lucius  Flamininus,  although  he 
was  a  man  of  consular  dignity,  and  although  his 
brother  Titus  was  thought  to  be  involved  in  his 
disgrace.  Therefore  the  two  brothers  came  before 
the  people  in  lowly  garb  and  bathed  in  tears,  and 

3  Cf.  Cato  the  Elder,  xvii.  1-4  ;  Livy,  xxxix.  42. 
»  In  184  B.C. 

VOL.  x.  N  2    375 


PLUTARCH'S    LIVES 


TMV    Tro\iTO)V 


alrtav  elirelv  TOV  Karwz'a  KCU 


\6yov,  <w  %pr]o-d]LLei>os  OLKOV 

2  7repi/3e/3\r]Kev.   ovSev  ovv  vrn  oaTeCkd/jievos  o  K.drayv 
7rpor)\6e,  KOI    Karaara^    /jiera    TOV    avvdp^ovro^ 
r]pa)Tij(T€    rov    TLTOV    el    ytvoba'Kei   TO   crv/j,7rocriov. 
dpvovfjiivov  Se  e/ceivov,  Sirjyrfa-djjievos  et?  opLdfJiov 
Trpoe/fa\.€iTo  TOV  AevKiov  ei  TL(j>r)crt  TO>V  elprjpevcov 
yur/  aX?7^e?  elvai.     TOV  Se  Aevxiov 

6  /A€v  &fj/jLos  eyvo)  SiKaLav  yeyovevai  Trjv 

KCU   TOV   KaTwva   irpoeTre/JL^e  Xa/^Trpco?  avro  TOV 

3  /3i]fj,a.To<;,  6    &e   Ttro?    Ty  crv^opa   TOV    d&e\(j)ov 
TrepLTcaOwv   avvkcrTi]  yuera  TWV  ird\ai  [JLHJOVVTWV 
TOV  KaTcova  teal  Trdcras  fjiev  a? 

TWV  Br}fjLO(riajv  eV5o«rei?  KOI  fALaOuxreis  KCU 
rjKvpwae    KCU    dvi\varev    ev   TTJ  /3ov\f) 
TroXXa?  Be  teal  /ze^aA-a?  ^tVa?  KCLT    avTov  Trape- 
OVK  otS'  OTTW?  ev  KOI  Tco\iTiKws 

VOjAlfAOV       KOL       7TO\LTr)V      dpLO~TOV 

olxeiov  fjLev,  dva^iov  Be  tcai  ra 

oTOS  dvij/ceaTOv  e%9pav  dpd/jievos.      ov  pr)v   380 
d\\a  TOV  'Paj/jidLcov  TTOTC  o~rjfj,ov  6eav  e^ovTOS  ev 
TO)  OeaTpw  Kal  T/}?  @ov\f)S,  wcrirep  eicofle,  KOCT/JLOS 
,  6<p8els  6  AevKios  eV  ecr^aTOi?  TTOV 


Kal  TaTreiva)?  OLKTOV 


TO    7r\)}0os    OVK   r)vear-%<-TO   Trjv  otyiv,   aXX'  eftowv 


avTov  els  eavTovs  T£>V 


376 


TITUS  FLAMININUS,  xix.  1-4 

made  what  seemed  a  reasonable  request  of  their 
fellow  citizens,  namely,  that  Cato  should  state  the 
reasons  which  had  led  him  to  visit  a  noble  house 
with  a  disgrace  so  great.  Without  any  hesitation, 
then,  Cato  came  forward,  and  standing  with  his 
colleague  before  Titus,  asked  him  if  he  knew  about 
the  banquet.  Titus  said  he  did  not,  whereupon  Cato 
related  the  incident  and  formally  challenged  Lucius 
to  say  whether  any  part  of  the  story  told  was  not 
true.  But  Lucius  was  dumb,  and  the  people  there- 
fore saw  that  he  had  been  justly  disgraced,  and  gave 
Cato  a  splendid  escort  away  from  the  rostra.  Titus, 
however,  was  so  affected  by  the  misfortune  of  his 
brother  that  he  leagued  himself  with  those  who  had 
long  hated  Cato,  and  after  getting  the  upper  hand  in 
the  senate,  revoked  and  annulled  all  the  public 
rentals  and  leases  and  contracts  which  Cato  had 
made,  besides  bringing  many  heavy  indictments 
against  him.1  That  he  acted  the  part  of  a  good  man 
or  a  good  citizen  I  cannot  affirm,  in  thus  cherishing 
an  incurable  hatred  against  a  lawful  magistrate  and 
a  most  excellent  citizen  on  account  of  a  man  who, 
though  a  kinsman,  was  nevertheless  unworthy  and 
had  suffered  only  what  he  deserved.  However,  as 
the  Roman  people  was  once  enjoying  a  spectacle  in 
the  theatre,  and  the  senate,  according  to  custom,  had 
seats  of  honour  in  the  foremost  rows,  Lucius  was 
seen  sitting  somewhere  in  the  rear  among  the  poor 
and  lowly,  and  excited  men's  pity.  The  multitude 
could  not  bear  the  sight,  but  kept  shouting  to  him 
to  change  his  place,  until  he  did  change  his  place, 
and  was  received  among  their  own  number  by  the 
men  of  consular  rank. 

1  Cf.  Cato  the  Elder,  xix.  2  ;  Livy,  xxxix.  44. 

377 


PLUTARCH'S   LIVES 

XX.  To  B*  ovv  (j)vcrei  TLTOV  (f)i\6rL/j,ov,  ci^pi 
i/cavTjv  el%ev  v\rjv  Trepl  TOU?  elprj/nevovs 
,    evBo/ci/jiei'    real    jap    e 


\\f  / 

/jL€ra    rr^v    vTrareiav,    ovevo? 


Be  rov  ap%eiv  KCLI  TrpecrfivTepos 
v,  ev  OVK  eovri  trdeis  eri 


\OLTTU)  /3tco  (TTrapywvTa  TT/JO?  S6j;av  KOI 
2  TW  Trddei  Kare%€iv  eavrov  ov  Suvdjuevos. 
yap  TIVI  fcal  TO  Trepl  'AvvlfSav  <f>opa  cSorcei 
€Tra'%0r)'$  yevevBai  rot?  TroXAot?.      o  yap  'Avvi/3a$ 
OLfcoOev   fAev   e/c   Kap^So^o?   V7r€fc8pas  ^ 


€K€iVOV 


TV^OVTOS,  av6^  fyevywv  KOI 
ir\avr)6el<$  iro\\a  reXo?  ev  rfj  T&tOvvia  /carecrr?) 
Tlpovacav  OepaTrevwv,  ov&evo?  'Putfjiaiwv  dyvo- 
ovvros,  d\\a  Trapoptovrwv  ajravrcov  oY  dadeveLav 
KOI  7^pa?  axTirep  eppi/jL/jtevov  UTTO  r^5  rvx^S- 
3  Ttro?  Be  7T/36cr/9eL'Tr/9  Si  erepa?  6^;  Ti^a?  TTpa^et? 
VTTO  r^9  /3ou\rj<?  TT/oo?  Tov  TIpovaiav  d(f>iKOfJLevos 
KOI  TOV  AvvifBav  I8u>v  avroQi  &iaiTa>[Ji€VOV,  rjyavd- 
KTrjcrev  el  £f),  teal  7ro\\d  rov  Tlpova-iov  Beofj,evov 
teal  \L7rapovvTO<s  VTrep  dvBpos  i/ceTOV  Kal  (rvvrjOovs 
ov  Traprjxe.  ^prjafiov  Be  TWOS,  co?  eoitce,  iraXaiov 
Trepl  rfjs  '  'Avviftov  reXeyrt)?  ourw?  e 


1  The  battle  at  Magnesia,  in  Lydia,  191  B.C.     Under  the 
terms  of  peace,  Antiochus  was  to  deliver  Hannibal  to  the 


Romans.     Cf.  Livy,  xxxvii.  45. 
373 


TITUS  FLAMININUS,  xx.  1-3 

XX.  Now,  the  native  ambition  of  Titus,  as  long 
as  it  had  sufficient  material  to  gratify  it  in  the  wars 
which  I  have  mentioned,  met  with  praise,  as,  for 
instance,  when  he  served  a  second  time  as  military 
tribune  after  having  been  consul,  though  there 
was  no  necessity  for  it ;  but  after  he  had  ceased  to 
hold  office  and  was  well  on  in  years,  he  met  the 
rather  with  censure,  because,  although  the  portion  of 
life  which  still  remained  to  him  did  not  admit  of 
great  activity,  he  was  unable  to  restrain  his  passion 
for  glory  and  his  youthful  ardour.  For  by  some  such 
fierce  impulse,  as  it  would  seem,  he  was  led  to  his  treat- 
ment of  Hannibal,  which  made  him  odious  to  most 
people.  Hannibal  had  secretly  fled  from  his  native 
Carthage  and  spent  some  time  at  the  court  of  Anti- 
ochus ;  but  when  Antiochus,  after  the  battle  in 
Phrygia,1  had  gladly  accepted  terms  of  peace,  Hanni- 
bal took  to  flight  once  more,  and  after  many  wander- 
ings, finally  settled  down  at  the  court  of  Prusias  in 
Bithynia.  No  one  at  Rome  was  ignorant  of  this,  but 
all  ignored  him  on  account  of  his  weakness  and  old  age, 
regarding  him  as  a  castaway  of  Fortune.  Titus,  how- 
ever, who  had  been  sent  by  the  senate  as  ambassador 
to  the  court  of  Prusias  on  some  other  business,2  and 
saw  that  Hannibal  was  staying  there,  was  incensed 
that  he  should  be  alive,  and  although  Prusias  made 
many  fervent  intercessions  in  behalf  of  a  man  who 
was  a  suppliant  and  familiar  friend,  would  not  relent. 
There  was  an  ancient  oracle,  as  it  would  appear, 
concerning  Hannibal's  death,  and  it  ran  as  follows  : — 

Libyssan  earth  shall  cover  the  form  of  Hannibal." 


ct 


2  According  to  Livy  (xxxix.    51),  Hannibal's  presence  in 
Bithynia  was  part  of  Rome's  complaint  against  Prusias. 

379 


PLUTARCH'S   LIVES 

o  /nev  apa  AifivTjv  v7T€i>o€i  real  ras  ev 


ev   Se 

T07T09  ecrrl  OivcoBt^  eVl  6a\d(Tcn~i<;  KGU  TT/JO?  avrq) 

NlfBvcrcra  KaKelrai.      irepl  rav~ 


T7]v  eru^e  Siarpificdv  'A^,/5a?.      aet  Se  a 
fj  rov  Upovcriov  /jLoXaKia  KOI  <f)O/3ovfjievos   TOU? 
rr/y  oiKiav  en  Trporepov 
(7vvT€Tpr)/j.€wjv  €K  TT}?  eavrou 
,  aXXou  /car'  a\\o  TMV  inrovo^wv,  iroppw  Se 
5  TrdvTWV  dS?;Xa>?  £K<fyepovrwv.      609  o^  ij/covce  rore 
TO  Trpoaray/jia  rov  TITOV, 

TWV    VTTOVOfjlCOV,  €VTV%O)V 

ejva)  Si  avrov  T6\€vrav.     evioi  p,ev  ovv  \eyovaiv 


o-nicrQev  epeicravTa  Kara  TOV  lar^iou  TO 
>yovv  Kal  cr(j5o8yoco9  avaK\a.<javTCL  crvvTeivai  KOI 
TrepiGTpe-fyai,  /J<e%pi  av  €K6\i^rai  TO 
Bia(j)0eipei€V  avTov  cvioi  Se  fJUfiTjcrdfJiev 
crTOK\ea  /cal  MtSav  alfia  TavpeLov  Tuel 

p/jiaKOv  e^ovra  Kepdaai  Kal  TTJV  Ki>\iKa 
eiTrelv  "  'AvaTravawjAev  77877  Trore  TTJV 
7ro\\rjv  (frpovTiSa  'Pw/jLaicov,  o'l  /jiaKpov  r)yr)cravTo 
Kal  ftapv  fJLidovfJievov  yepovros  ava^lvai  QdvaTOV. 
ov  ^]V  ovSe  Ttro9  d%io£)j\a)TOV 
oj)Se  TO>V  Trpoyovayv  d^iav,  o'i  Tlvppy 
Kal  KpaTovvTi  Tt]i>  fj.e\\ovcrav  inTOTreiA-fyavTes  Kare- 


380 


TITUS  FLAMININUS,  xx.  3-6 

Hannibal  thought  this  referred  to  Libya  and  a  mirial 
at  Carthage,  and  believed  that  he  would  end  his  days 
there  ;  but  there  is  a  sandy  tract  in  Bithynia  on  the 
sea-shore,  and  on  its  border  a  large  village  called 
Libyssa.  Near  this  village  Hannibal  was  living. 
But  he  had  always  distrusted  the  weakness  of 
Prusias  and  feared  the  Romans,  and  therefore  even 
before  this  time  his  house  had  been  provided  with 
seven  underground  exits  leading  from  his  own 
chamber.  These  ran  in  different  directions  beneath 
the  surface  of  the  ground,  but  all  had  secret  issues 
far  away.  Accordingly,  when  he  now  heard  of  the 
behest  of  Titus,  he  set  out  to  make  his  escape  by 
way  of  the  underground  passages,  but  encountered 
guards  of  the  king,  and  therefore  determined  to 
take  his  own  life.  Some  say  that  he  wound  his 
cloak  about  his  neck  and  then  ordered  a  servant  to 
plant  his  knee  in  the  small  of  his  back,  pull  the  rope 
towards  him  with  all  his  might  until  it  was  twisted 
tight,  and  so  to  choke  and  kill  him  ;  some,  too,  say 
that  he  drank  bull's  blood  in  imitation  of  Themis- 
tocles l  and  Midas ;  but  Livy  says  2  that  he  had 
poison  which  he  ordered  to  be  mixed,  and  took  the 
cup  with  these  words  :  "  Let  us  now  at  last  put  an 
end  to  the  great  anxiety  of  the  Romans,  who  have 
thought  it  too  long  and  hard  a  task  to  wrait  for  the 
death  of  a  hated  old  man.  Nevertheless,  Titus  will 
riot  bear  away  an  enviable  victory,  nor  one  worthy 
of  his  forefathers,  who  sent  secret  information  to 
Pyrrhus,  when  he  was  at  war  with  them  and  a  victor 
over  them,  of  the  poisoning  that  was  going  to  be 
attempted."  3 


1  Of.  the  Themistocles,  xxxi.  5. 

9  Livy,  xxxix.  51.         8  Cf.  the  Pyrrhus,  xxi.  1-3. 


381 


PLUTARCH'S    LIVES 

XXI.  OVTCO  /mev  TOV  'Avviftav  diroOavelv  \e- 
yov&iv.  a7rayy6\0€i>ru)v  $e  TOVTWV  rrpos  rrjv 
crvy/cXrjTov,  OVK  o\iyoLs  eVa^j)?  eSo^ev  6  Ttro? 

KCll    TT€plTTO<$    ajCLV     KOI     WyCtO?,     0)O~7Tep     OpVlV     VTCO 

ryijpws  aTTrfji'a  Kal  K0\ovpov   a 

poi']6ri    TOV    'Avvifiav    aTTOKTelvas, 

fyovTOS,  a\\a  Sia  B6%ai>,  &>?  eVco^L'^o?  roO  Oavdrov 

2  ryevoiro.     Kal    rrjv   'A(£>piKavov    ^KrjTTiwvos    €KTI- 


/ca     JL€<aorviav  eri 


,    a)?    ar)TTr)Tov    ovra    Kal    ^>oj3epoi>    ev 
Aiftvy  KaraTToX-e/jbijcra^   'Avviftav   ovre   €%ij\acr€v  381 
ovre  e^Ttjaaro  Trapa  TMV  7ro\irS)v)  a\\a  Kal  Trpo 


es*     oof?  eoov  eeLuxraro  Kal 


rrjv  fjid^rfv  c77reySoyue^o?   ov&ev  e 

3  eTreveftij  Trj  TV^y  TOV  avSpos.     \eyerai,  Se  av0t<$ 
eV  'E^ecrw  o~v/ji/3a\€iv  avrovf  Kal  Trpwrov  p,ev  ev 
TW  (rvfJurepiTrarelv  TOV'  Avviftov  Trjv  TrpocnJKOvcrav 

to/jLari,  TCL^LV  eKeivw1    rjrpo\a(BovTo<s  dve^G- 
Kal    TrepiTrareiv     a<£eXw?    TOV    *A(f)piKavov, 
\6jov  Trepl  GTpaTrj'ywv  efJUTeaovTOs  Kal  TOV 

oV  KpOLTKTTOV  a7TO(f)r)VafjL€VOV    ^fG^Ovkvai    TWV 

'A\ej;ai'$pov,  elra  Hvppov,  TpiTov  8e 
xei^LaaavTa  TOV  'A<ppt,Kavbv  eiTrelv, 

1'  ?''  'v  f  "XX'A        '  n 

L  o  ,  €i  fit]  <J6  €700  veviKrjKCiv;     Kai  TOV  Avvipav, 

4  "  OVK  av,  w  ^Ktjrriayv,"  §dvai,  "  TpiTov  ej 
d\\a  Trp&Tov  eTTOLOviJirfv  T&V  o-Tparrj 

Taura  5    TOV  ^KTTIWVO^  ol  TroXXol 


Coraes  and  Bekker,  after  Reiske  :  eivat.       Blass 
corrects  to  irpor}Kov<Tav  %i>  d.  Ta|tr. 

382 


TITUS  FLAMININUS,  xxi.  1-4 

XXI.  Such  are  the  accounts  of  the  death  of 
Hannibal.  When  the  story  of  it  was  brought  to  the 
senate,  many  of  them  thought  the  conduct  of  Titus 
odious,  officious,  and  cruel ;  for  he  had  killed  Hanni- 
bal when  he  was  like  a  bird  permitted  to  live  a  tame 
and  harmless  life  because  too  old  to  fly  and  without 
a  tail,  and  there  had  been  no  necessity  for  his  doing 
this,  but  he  did  it  to  win  fame,  that  his  name  might 
be  associated  with  the  death  of  Hannibal.  Men  also 
pointed  to  the  clemency  and  magnanimity  of  Scipio 
Africanus  and  admired  it  all  the  more,  since  after 
defeating  a  Hannibal  who  had  not  been  conquered 
before  and  was  filling  Africa  with  fear,  he  neither 
drove  him  from  the  country  nor  demanded  his 
surrender  by  his  fellow  citizens,  nay,  he  actually 
gave  him  a  kindly  greeting  when  he  held  conference 
with  him  before  the  battle,  and  after  the  battle,  in 
making  terms  of  peace,  he  did  not  insult  or  trample 
upon  the  fortunes  of  his  foe.1  Moreover,  we  are  told 
that  the  two  men  met  again  at  Ephesus,  and  in  the 
first  place,  that  when,  as  they  were  walking  about 
together,  Hannibal  took  the  side  which  more  properly 
belonged  to  Scipio  as  the  superior,  Scipio  suffered 
it  and  walked  about  without  paying  any  heed  to  it ; 
and  again,  that  when  they  fell  to  discussing  generals 
and  Hannibal  declared  Alexander  to  have  been  the 
mightiest  of  generals,  and  next  to  him  Pyrrhus,  and 
third  himself,  Scipio  asked  with  a  quiet  smile,  "  And 
what  wouldst  thou  have  said  if  I  had  not  conquered 
thee  ?  "  To  which  Hannibal  replied,  "  In  that  case, 
Scipio,  I  should  not  have  counted  myself  third,  but 
first  of  generals.  "  2 

Such  conduct  on  the  part  of  Scipio  most  people 

1  Cf.  Livy,  xxx.  29  ff.         2  Cf.  Livy,  xxxv.  14. 

383 
N3 


PLUTARCH'S    LIVES 

TOV   TLTOV  009    d\\oTpia>  veKp&>   Trpoae- 
ra?  ^etpa?.     evioi  $e  rjcrav  ol  TO  ireirpa- 
yfjievov  eTraivovvres   Kal    TOV   'Avvi/3av,  IX)?    6^77, 
5  Trvp  rjyov/Jievoi  beo^evov  TOV  PLTTL^OVTOS'  jurjoe  yap 


avTov    TO    cra)/j,a    Pw^tatoi?    KOI   rrjv 


dv,  d\\a  TTJV  BeivoTrjTa  KCU  Trjv 
piav   yeyovevai  (JLETO.    T^?    £IJL$>VTOV    TriKpias    teal 
v    ovSev    dcfraipeiv    TO    yrjpas,    a\X' 
Tr)V  (frvcriv  ev  T&)  ijdei,  Trjv  Se  TV%rjv  ov 
6/jLoiav,  d~\J\a  ^TaTflirTovaav  eKKa\el- 
adcn  rat?  e\7TL,cri  TT/JO?  ra?  eVt^ecrei?  TOU?  del  TO* 
6  fjLKreiv    TroXejjLouvTas.     teal    TO,    vo~Tepd    TTW?    GTL 

/J,d\\OV    6/J,apTVprj(7€   Tft)    TtTW,  TOVTO   fieif  *Apt(TTO- 

VIKOS  o  TOV  KiOapwSov  BLO,  TTJV  Eu/zeroD?  S6£av 
€/jL7r~\.i](Ta<;  aTracrav  dTTOGTacrewv  Kal  TroXe^wz/  Trjv 
'A(riav,  TOVTO  Be  Mt^/atSari;?  /zera  ^v\\av  /cal 
Kal  ToaovTov  o\e6pov  (JTpaTevfjLaTwv 
o-TpaTTjywv  avOis  eirl  Aei>KO\\ov  QK  yrjs  OJJLOV 


Ov  firjv  ovBe  Yatov  Mapiov  T  air  CIVOT  epos  'Avvi- 
/5a?  eKeiTO.     TO)  /AW  yap  ySacrtXei/?  ^>tX 
Kal  /9to5  771^  avvJ}Qr]<s  Kal  SiaTpiftal  Trepl  vavs 

17T7TOVS  Kal  (TTpaTLWTWV  €7TlfJL€\eiaV    Tfl?  ^ 

cPa)/jLaloi  yeX&VTes  a\wfievov  KOI 
ev  Aifivrj  /ji€Ta  /jiiKpbv  eV  'Pco/^rj 
KOL  fJLao~Tiyovfjievoi  TrpocreKvvovv.  OUT&)? 


1  In  131-130  B.C.  2  In  88-84  B.C. 

384 


TITUS   FLAMININUS,  xxi.  4-7 

admired,  and  they  blamed  Titus  for  having  laid 
violent  hands  on  one  whom  another  had  slain.  But 
some  there  were  who  praised  what  he  had  done  and 
thought  that  Hannibal,  as  long  as  he  was  alive,  was 
a  consuming  fire  which  needed  only  to  be  fanned ; 
for  when  he  was  in  his  prime,  they  said,  it  was  not 
his  body  nor  his  arm  that  had  been  formidable  to 
the  Romans,  but  his  ability  and  experience  coupled 
with  his  ingrained  bitterness  and  hostility,  and  from 
these  naught  is  subtracted  by  old  age,  but  the 
natural  characteristics  remain  unchanged  :  whereas 
fortune  does  not  remain  the  same,  but  changes  sides, 
and  summons  with  hope  to  fresh  undertakings  those 
whom  hatred  makes  perpetual  foes.  And  sub- 
sequent events  were  perhaps  still  more  a  justification 
of  Titus ;  for  Aristonicus,  the  son  of  a  harpist's 
daughter,  used  his  reputed  connexion  with  Eumenes 
to  fill  all  Asia  with  wars  and  rebellions,1  and  Mithri- 
dates,  notwithstanding  his  defeats  by  Sulla  and 
Fimbria  and  his  great  losses  in  armies  and  generals,2 
rose  once  more  to  be  a  formidable  antagonist  of 
Lucullus  by  land  and  sea.8 

However,  not  even  Hannibal  was  reduced  to  a 
lower  level  than  Caius  Marius.  For  Hannibal  had  a 
king  as  his  friend,  and  his  days  as  usual  were  occu- 
pied with  ships  and  horses  and  the  care  of  soldiers  ; 
whereas  Marius  in  his  misfortunes  was  a  laughing- 
stock to  the  Romans  as  he  wandered  about  and 
begged  his  way  in  Africa,  though  after  a  little  while 
he  was  in  Rome  with  his  axes  at  their  necks  and  his 
rods  at  their  backs,  and  they  were  humbly  begging 
his  mercy.  So  true  is  it  that  nothing  in  the  present 

3  In  74-67  B.C.  The  argument  is  that  if  so  great  dangers 
to  Rome  were  latent  in  Asia,  the  presence  of  Hannibal  there 
was  a  menace. 

385 


PLUTARCH'S   LIVES 

ovSev  ovre  futcpbv  ovre  /ueya  rcov  rrapovrwv 
TO  /ji6\\oi>  eariv,  aXXa  fiia  rov 
8  r€\evrrj  /cal  rov  elvai.  Bib  Kai  fyaa-iv  evioi,  Tirov 
OVK  dcfS  eavrov  ravra  Trpd^ai,  Tre/jL^^ijvaL  Se  Trpecr- 
ftevrrjv  /Aero,  AevKiov  ^,Kr)7riwvos,  ovSev  aXXo  r/}? 
TTyoecr/^eia?  e'^oucr?;?  epyov  17  rbv* Avvifiov  Odixnov. 
'E?rel  &€  ovbe/Jiiav  eri  TOVTCOV  KCLTOTTIV  ovre 
7ro\LTiKrjv  rov  Ttrof  Trpa!*iv  OVT6  TroX.e/jLiKrjv  laro- 
prjKaiJieVy  d\\a  KOI  reXevrrj^  erv)(ev 
wpa  rrjv  avyKpicriv 


KAI    TITOY 

I.  MeyeOei  fJLev  ovv  rcov  el?  roi)?  ^ 
evepyeaicov  ovre  <&i\07roi/ji€va  T/TW  TrapaBdXXeiv 
ovre  rrdvv  TroXXou?  rwv  ^iXoTrot/^et'o?  dfjieivovwv 
dvopa)!'  afybv  eVrt.  Tot?  pev  <ydp  "RXXtja-i  77/^09 
01  TroXe/iot,  TW  Se  ov%('  E\\r]vi,  teal  vrrep 
'  KOL  ore  (&i\07TOLji/r]v  dArjavwv  rot? 


eavrov  TroXtrat?  dp,vveiv  TroXe/iOf/xe^Oi?  els 
drrrjpe,   rore    viKYjcras   Ttro?   ev  yuecr?;  rfj 
<&i~\.i7T7rov    r)\ev0epov    /cal    rd    Wvt]    /cal 
2  aTracra?.       et    Se    Tf?    e^erd^oi    ra?    /za^a?    e/ca- 
repov,    TrXeiou?    "EXX-^a? 

rj  Ma/ce^o^a?  T/TO9  r/ 


ia    roivvv    u/^aprrj/nara    rov    /j,ev 
386 


PHILOPOEMEN,  TITUS  COMPARED,  i  1-2 

is  either  small  or  great  in  view  of  what  may  happen 
in  the  future,  but  change,  like  life,  can  only  end 
with  death.  For  this  reason  some  say  that  Titus 
did  not  take  this  step  on  his  own  account,  but  that 
he  was  sent  as  ambassador  with  Lucius  Scipio,  and 
their  embassy  had  no  other  object  than  the  death  of 
Hannibal. 

We  do  not  find  that  Titus  was  active  after  this, 
either  as  statesman  or  soldier,  and  his  end  was  a 
peaceful  one.  It  is  therefore  time  to  think  of  our 
comparison. 


COMPARISON   OF    PHILOPOEMEN    AND 

TITUS 

I.  ACCORDINGLY,  in  the  magnitude  of  their  bene 
factions  to  the  Greeks,  neither  Philopoemen  nor  any 
one  of  the  Greeks  who  were  better  men  than 
Philopoemen  is  worthy  of  comparison  with  Titus. 
For  they  were  Greeks  and  waged  their  wars  against 
Greeks ;  whereas  Titus  was  not  a  Greek  and  waged 
war  in  behalf  of  Greeks  ;  and  at  a  time  when  Philo- 
poemen was  unable  to  defend  his  own  countrymen 
from  the  attacks  of  their  enemies,  and  had  gone  off' 
into  Crete,  at  that  very  time  Titus  won  a  victory 
over  Philip  in  the  heart  of  Greece  and  set  her 
peoples  and  all  her  cities  free.  And  if  we  examine 
into  the  battles  which  each  fought,  we  shall  find 
that  the  Greeks  slain  by  Philopoemen  as  general 
of  the  Achaeans  were  more  in  number  than  the 
Macedonians  slain  by  Titus  as  helper  of  the  Greeks. 

And  then  as  to  their  errors,  in  the  one  they  were 


PLUTARCH'S   LIVES 

TOV  Be  (f)i\oveiKias  yeyove,  KOI  Trpo?  opyrjv  o 
evtcivrjTos,   6   Be    teal   BvcrTrapaiTrjTOS.     Ttro?   /j,€v   382 
yap     teal     QiK'nnrw    TO     a^Lw/Jia    rrjs 
e(f)v\aj;e  teal  rrpos  AtrcoXou?   evyvwfJLOvrjcre, 
Troifi^v  &e  TT}?  Trar/oi'So?   St'  opyrjv   d<pei\ero    rrjv 
3  Trepioi/ciSa    crvvre\eiav.     en    Be    o    /uez'    TO!?    eu 
TraOovcnv   ael   /SeySato?,   o   Se  ^u/.tw   Xucrai   XaPiv 
Aafce&ai/jiovLcov  yap  evepyerr)?  irpoTepov 
vcrrepov    teal    ra    rei^rj    tcarecrKa-^e    teal    rrjv 
pieKo^re  teal  reXo?  avrr/v  yuere/SaXe  Kal 
TYJV  7ro\iTeiav.     eSo/cei  Be  teal  TOV  jSiov 
opyf)   irpoeaOai    Kal  $>L\oveiKLa,  fxrj  Kara  tcaipdv, 
a\X'  ogvrepov  TOV  SeovTOs  ei?  Mecrcrt]vr)v  67re£%^6t?, 
ovy  wa-rrep  Ttro?  TrdvTa  \oyicr  JHM  teal  TT/JO?  acrcpd- 
\eiav  a-TpaTrjyijaas. 

II.  'AXXa  TC\r)6eL  ye  rroke/jicav  teal  Tpoiraiwv  77 
<&i\07roL/jLevos  e^Treipia  fieftaioTepa.  TO>  fj,ev  yap 
TO,  7T/30?  <$>i\nnrov  etcpidrj  Svoiv  dycovoiv,  6  8e 
jjivpias  yita^a?  /taro/j^oocra?  ovBe/^iav  dju,(j)i(T/3iJT'r)crLV 

dTTo\e\onrev.     ert 


o    /xet'    T^    'PfouaLwv    dtc^rjv   e^ovcrrj 


,   6   Se    Tt}9  cE\Xa8o9    ijSrj 
erraK/Jidcras,  Bogav  ea-^ev,  coo-re  TOV  fiev  VSiov,  TOV 
Be  KOIVOV   epyov   elvcu    TO  KaTOpOov^evov    o   pep 
yap  r)pxev  dyaOwv,  6  Be  apywv   dyaOovs  errolei. 
2  Kal  /JLijV  TO  ye  7rposr'Ei\\rjvas  TOVTtpyepeaOai 
dycovas  OVK 
388 


PHILOPOEMEN,  TITUS  COMPARED,  i.  2-11.  2 

due  to  ambition,  in  the  other  to  a  spirit  of  conten- 
tion. For  Titus  preserved  Philip's  royal  dignity  and 
showed  favour  to  the  Aetolians ;  whereas  the  anger 
of  Philopoemen  led  him  to  rob  his  native  city  of  its 
supremacy  over  the  surrounding  villages.  And 
further,  the  one  was  always  constant  towards  his 
beneficiaries,  while  the  other,  to  indulge  his  wrath, 
was  ever  ready  to  cancel  a  kindness.  For  instance, 
though  he  had  once  been  a  benefactor  of  Sparta,  he 
afterwards  tore  down  her  walls,  reduced  her  terri- 
tory, and  finally  altered  and  destroyed  her  very 
constitution.  And  it  would  appear  that  he  threw 
away  his  life  in  a  fit  of  anger  and  contentiousness, 
by  hastening  to  attack  Messene  before  occasion 
offered  and  more  quickly  than  was  feasible ;  for  he 
did  not,  like  Titus,  conduct  all  his  military  opera- 
tions with  deliberation  and  a  due  regard  for  safety. 

II.  But  surely  the  multitude  of  his  wars  and 
trophies  put  the  military  experience  of  Philopoemen 
on  a  firmer  basis.  For  the  campaign  of  Titus 
against  Philip  was  decided  by  two  conflicts,  whereas 
Philopoemen  was  successful  in  countless  battles  and 
left  no  room  for  the  claim  that  his  victories  were 
due  to  fortune  rather  than  to  skill.  And  besides, 
Titus,  in  his  quest  of  fame,  availed  himself  of  the 
culminating  power  of  Rome  ;  whereas  Philopoemen 
flourished  when  Greece  was  already  in  declension. 
Therefore  the  success  of  Philopoemen  was  his  own 
work,  while  that  of  Titus  was  the  result  of  a  com- 
munity of  effort ;  for  the  latter  was  commander  of 
good  soldiers,  while  the  former,  as  commander,  had 
to  make  his  soldiers  good.  And  surely  the  fact  that 
Philopoemen's  conflicts  were  with  Greeks  furnished 
a  proof  of  his  valour  which  was  convincing  even 

389 


PLUTARCH'S    LIVES 

Trapel^ev  ol?  yap  ofwia  raXXa,  TO> 
aperfj  Kparovat.  Kal  yap  Bij  TroXe- 
Ei\\i]V(0v  Kpijcrl  Kal 

7roXeyu,?;cra9,   rwv  ^ev    Travovpyordrcdv   B6\(o, 

8*  a\Ki/j,ooTdra)i>  TO\/^TJ  Trepieyevero. 

3          11/30?      8e      TOUTO69     TtTO?      fJ,€l>     €%     VTTOK61  [Ji€VWV 

evifca,  %p(t)/j.€i'os  6rr\icrp.oL^  KOL  rd^ctrtv  al?  rrape- 
\a/3e,  QiXoTTOi/jMiv  Se  ai)ro?  eTreicreveyKcbi'  /cal 
/j.€ra/3a\ci)v  TOV  irepl  ravra  KOCT^OV,  cocrre  TO 
v<fi*  ov  p.€v  OVK  ov  evpfjaOai,  ra>  Be 
/SoijOelv.  Kara  ^elpa  TOIVVV  <&i\07roi- 
epya  7roX\a  /cal  /j,6yd\a,  Oarepov  8e 
ov$€v,  d\\a  Kal  TWV  AITO»\&V  rt?  avrov  'Ap%e- 
STJ/J.OS  eTrecrKCOTrTev  w?,  ore  ai^ro?  ecrTracryae^o?  rrjv 
fj,d%aipav  Wei  Bpo/^w  TT/OO?  TOU?  yu-a^o/zeVov?  KOI 
TOU?  o-f^ecrrwra?  ra)i>  MaxeSovcov,  TOV  TLTOV  ra? 
%€ipas  et?  Toy  ovpavov  uTrrta?  avaTtivavros  ecrra)- 
TO?  Kal  Trpoo-ev^o/jLevov. 

III.  Kal  firjv  Ttrw  fjiev  ap^ovTi  crvve/3^  Kal 
TtpecrfSevovTi  irdvra  Trpa^ai  TCL  KaXd, 
Be  ov  %eipova  Trapecr^ev  ovBe  cnrpaKTOTepov 
ISl&Trjv  rj  (TTpaTijyov  roi9  'A^aioT?.  lBtct)TTj<; 
yap  <bv  Na/3t^  ege/BaXev  IK  Mecrcr?; 
yiOL»9  r)\ev6epwcrev,  ^106x779  Be  Aio<pdv>]v  TOV 
crTpaTtjybv  Kal  TLTOV  eTrep^oju-evovs  d7reK\€icr€ 
2  S7rap-n;9  /cat  AaKeBaifiioviovs  Si 
390 


PHILOPOEMEN,  TITUS  COMPARED,  n.  2-111.  2 

though  unfortunate :  for  where  other  things  are 
equal,  they  prevail  who  surpass  in  valour.  And  so 
it  was  that  although  he  carried  on  war  with  the 
most  warlike  of  the  Greeks,  namely,  the  Cretans 
and  Lacedaemonians,  he  surpassed  the  first  in  wiles, 
though  they  were  most  crafty,  and  the  second  in 
daring,  though  they  were  most  brave. 

In  addition  to  this  it  mav  be  said  that  Titus  won 

•/ 

his  victories  by  using  what  lay  ready  to  his  hand, 
since  he  availed  himself  of  styles  of  armour  and 
formation  which  had  come  down  to  him,  whereas 
Philopoemen  won  his  successes  by  making  contribu- 
tions and  changes  of  his  own  in  these  matters,  so 
that  in  the  one  case  what  was  most  essential  for 
victory  did  not  exist  and  had  to  be  discovered, 
while  in  the  other  it  lay  ready  for  service.  In 
the  way  of  personal  prowess,  moreover,  Philopoe- 
men performed  much  that  was  great,  but  Titus 
nothing  at  all ;  nay,  an  Aetolian  named  Archedemus 
mocked  at  him  because,  when  he  himself  had  drawn 
his  sword  and  was  running  at  full  speed  against  the 
Macedonians  who  were  holding  together  and  fight- 
ing, Titus  was  standing  with  his  hands  stretched  up 
towards  heaven  and  praying  for  help. 

III.  And  further,  Titus  was  either  a  commander 
or  an  ambassador  when  he  did  all  his  noble  deeds, 
whereas  Philopoemen  showed  himself  no  less  active 
and  effective  for  the  Achaeans  when  he  was  a 
private  citizen  than  when  he  was  their  general. 
For  it  was  as  a  private  citizen  that  he  expelled 
Nabis  from  Messene  and  set  the  Messenians  free, 
and  as  a  private  citizen  that  he  shut  the  gates  of 
Sparta  against  the  coming  of  Diophanes  the  general 
and  Titus,  and  so  saved  the  Lacedaemonians. 

391 


1'LrTARCH'S    I.1VKS 


jjj6/.toriKtji'  cfu'cr/r  <.'  -\<sr  or  Kara  rov*  ro/^n's-,  i\\\a 


T&vvofJMw  ap%€iv  vjirtimiTO  wpbs  TO  trvp 

ov  $€OfA€VO$  Trapa  rior  ap%O/JL£voi>V\a/3€lV  TO  ap\€iv, 

,  07TOU    A'a/pOs"  t'nj,  TOI'  VTTfp 
tfrpOVOVVTO   /.ia\\oi'  )}  Tor  VTT"  dVT&V  ?;/ 


3        Vtrraiu   /.itr   ovr  Tirov  ra   irpbs 


)  ica\ 

TO.  c 


-     paov    jap     \apL±ta-fiai     TOI$     ^to/ic'ro/?    ?} 
avrtreivovra  TOVS  SwaTwrcDOV?.     tVei  Se 


ias  TTO\€- 

l  ffrparrjyia^  are^avov,  Ty  £>€    Pa>//.ai$) 
roi'  &(Kaioo-i>i'))<;  Kal  ^J/CTTOT^TO?  aTroS/Soj'Tes'  oi< 


392 


PHILOPOEMEN,   TITUS   COMPARED,   in.    2-3 

Having  this  natural  gift  of  leadership,  he  not  only 
knew  how  to  use  it  in  accordance  with  the  laws, 
but  also  how  to  dominate  the  laws  for  the  common 
good ;  he  did  not  think  it  necessary  to  be  appointed 
commander  by  the  people,  but  took  them  under  his 
command  when  occasion  required  it,  considering 
that  he  who  took  wise  counsel  in  their  behalf,  rather 
than  he  who  had  been  elected  by  them,  was  their 
real  general. 

Nobly  generous,  then,  was  the  clemency  and 
humanity  which  Titus  showed  to  the  Greeks,  but  more 
nobly  generous  was  the  firmness  and  love  of  freedom 
with  which  Philopoemen  opposed  the  Romans ; 
for  it  is  easier  to  confer  favours  on  suppliants  than 
it  is  to  vex  with  opposition  those  who  are  more 
powerful.  But  since,  after  this  examination,  the 
difference  between  the  two  men  is  hard  to  define, 
I  leave  it  to  my  reader  to  say  whether,  if  we  award 
to  the  Greek  the  crown  for  military  experience  and 
generalship,  and  to  the  Roman  that  for  justice  and 
goodness  of  heart,  we  shall  not  make  a  fair  decision. 


393 


A   PARTIAL    DICTIONARY   OF 
PROPER  NAMES 


A   PARTIAL   DICTIONARY   OF 
PROPER   NAMES 


A 


Acrotatus,  11,  elder  son  of  Cleo- 
menes King  of  the  Lacedae- 
monians, died  before  coming  to 
the  throne. 

Acrotatus,  11,  grandson  of  above, 
became  King  of  the  Lacedae- 
monians ca.  265  B.C. ;  defeated 
and  slain  at  Megalopolis,  11. 

Agathocleia,  Mistress  of  Ptolemy 
IV  Philopator,  her  influence,  125. 

Agesilaiis,  uncle  of  King  Agis, 
supported  him  in  his  reforms,  15  ; 
his  motives  corrupt,  17 ;  ap- 
pointed ephor,  29  ;  his  deception 
of  Agis,  31 ;  tampered  with  the 
calendar,  35 ;  driven  into  exile, 
37. 

Agesilaiis,  king  of  the  Lacedae- 
monians, his  descendants  in  the 
royal  line,  9. 

Agesipolis,  9,  king  of  the  Lace- 
daemonians in  395  B.C. 

Agesipolis,  9,  king  of  the  Lace- 
daemonians after  Cleombrotus. 

Agesistrata,  11,  mother  of  King 
Agis ;  supported  him  in  his  re- 
forms, 17  ;  her  death,  47. 

Agiatis,  wife  of  King  Agis,  married 
Cleomenes,  son  of  King  Leoni- 
das,  51 ;  his  great  love  for  her, 
her  death,  99. 

Agis,  9,  third  in  descent  from 
Agesilaiis,  slain  by  Antipater  at 
Megalopolis  in  330  B.C. 

Agis,  9,  king  of  the  Lacedae- 
monians, sixth  in  descent  from 
Agesilaiis. 

Agis,  9,  king  of  the  Lacedaemonians 
from  244  B.C. ;  his  qualities  and 
achievements,  passim  in  his  Life. 

Amphares,  betrayal  of  Agis,  41. 

PLUT.  X. 


Antigonos  Doson,  king  of  Macedon, 
intervened  in  Peloponnesian 
affairs  by  invitation  of  Aratus, 
83  ;  captured  Argos,  97  ;  victory 
over  Cleomenes  at  Sellasia,  113, 
267  ;  captured  Sparta,  119. 

Antiochus  II,  king  of  Syria,  made 
war  with  the  Romans  in  Greece 
in  191  B.C.,  303,  349  ;  defeated 
by  Titus  Flamininus,  365. 

Antipater,  second  son  of  Cassander, 
regent  of  Alexander,  attempt  to 
corrupt  Phocion,  5 ;  slew  Agis 
at  Megalopolis  in  330  B.C.,  9. 

Aratus,  general  of  the  Achaean 
League,  was  assisted  by  Agis  in 
opposing  the  Aetolian  invasion 
of  the  Peloponnesus,  33  ;  attempt 
to  bring  Sparta  into  the  League, 
55 ;  captured  Mantineia,  61  ; 
refused  the  generalship  of  the 
League  after  the  defeat  at  Dymae, 
81 ;  invited  the  intervention  of 
Antigonus,  83 ;  dependence  of 
the  League  upon  Macedonian 
help  during  his  life,  275. 

Arcesilaiis,  betrayed  Agis,  41. 

Archidamia,  11,  grandmother  of 
King  Agis ;  supported  him  in  his 
reforms,  17  ;  her  death,  47. 

Archidamus,  son  of  Agesilaiis  king 
of  the  Lacedaemonians,  slain  by 
the  Messapians  at  Mandurium  in 
Italy  in  338  B.C.,  9. 

Archidamus,  brother  of  King  Agis, 
placed  on  the  throne  of  Sparta  by 
Aratus,  but  put  to  death  by  the 
murderers  of  Agis,  61. 

Areus,  11,  son  of  Acrotatus,  king 
of  the  Lacedaemonians,  11 ;  fell 
in  battle  at  Corinth  about  265 
B.C. 

Argos,  occupied  by  Cleomenes,  89 ; 

397 


DICTIONARY    OF    PROPER    NAMES 


successfully  revolted  from  Cleo- 

menes    and    joined    Antigonus, 

95,  97. 
Aristomenes,   king  of  the  Messen- 

ians,     wounded     and     slew     the 

Spartan     king     Theopompus    in 

battle,  49. 
Attalus    Pliilometor,    king   of   Per- 

gamum,  made  the  Roman  people 

his  heir,  177. 


B 


Belbina,  precinct  of  Athena  on  the 
borders  of  Arcadia  and  Lace- 
daemon,  57. 

C 

Cassandra,  daughter  of  Priam, 
supposed  to  give  oracles  as  Pasi- 
pliae  at  Thalamae  in  Laconia,  21. 

Centaurs,  begotten  by  Ixion,  who 
embraced  a  cloud,  not  Hera,  3. 

Chalcis,  saved  by  Titus  Flamininus, 
367. 

Chilpnis,  daughter  of  Leonidas  and 
wife  of  King  Cleombrotus,  her 
loyalty  to  both  father  and  hus- 
band, 37. 

Claudius,  Appius,  marries  his 
daughter  to  Tiberius  Claudius, 
151. 

Cleombrotus,  9,  king  of  the  Lace- 
daemonians after  his  brother 
Agesipolis. 

Cleombrotus,  only  Spartan  king  to 
be  slain  in  battle,  49. 

Cleombrotus,  son-in-law  of  Leoni- 
das, became  king  of  the  Lace- 
daemonians in  his  stead  ca.  242 
B.C.,  29  ;  was  deposed,  37  ;  his 
life  spared  by  the  supplications 
of  his  wife  Chilonis,  40. 

Cleomenes,  9,  king  of  the  Lace- 
daemonians after  his  brother 
Agesipolis. 

Cleomenes,  son  of  Leonidas, 
married  the  wife  of  Agis,  51  ; 
came  to  the  throne  of  Sparta  in 
235  B.C.,  53  ;  his  character  and 
achievements,  passim  in  his  Life. 

Cleonymus,  11,  son  of  Cleomenes 
king  of  the  Lacedaemonians,  did 
not  succeed  to  the  throne. 


Corinth,    occupied    by    Cleomenes, 

92. 
Cornelia,    mother   of  the    Gracchi, 

her  demeanour  after  the  death 

of  her  sons,  241. 
Cratesicleia.  mother  of  Cleomenes, 

61  ;  went  to  Egypt  as  host.-igc, 

99;  executed  by  Ptolemy,  !;>'.). 
Cynoacepbalae,  defeat  of  Philip  V 

by  Titus  Flamininus,  341  11'. 


D 


Daphne,  daughter  of  Amyclas, 
fleeing  from  Apollo,  was  meta- 
morphosed into  a  tree,  becoming 
the  oracular  Pasiphae,  21. 

Pemochares,  betrayer  of  Agis,  41. 

Diophanes,  general  of  the  Achaean 
League,  opposed  to  Philopoemen, 
301. 

Drusus,  I.ivius,  popular  tribune 
with  Cnius  (Jracchus,  took  the 
side  of  the  Senate  in  the  conflict 
with  Caius,  215. 

Dymae,  battle  at,  between  Cleo- 
menes and  the  Arcadians,  81. 


B 


Ectrephes,  ephor  at  Sparta,  cut 
out  two  of  the  ninn  strings  in  the 
harp  of  Phrynis,  25. 

Epitadeus,  ephor  at  Sparta,  changed 
the  law  regulating  inheritance, 
13. 

Eudamidas,  9,  king  of  the  Lace- 
daemonians after  the  death  of 
A  sis  in  :>IH>  B.C. 

Eudamidas,  9,  king  of  the  Lace- 
daemonians after  Archidamus. 


F 


Flamininus,  Titus,  defeated  Philip 
V  of  Macedon  at  Cynoscephalae, 
293 ;  became  jealous  of  Philo- 
poemen, 297  ;  his  character  and 
achievements,  passim  in  his  Life. 


39* 


DICTIONARY    OF    PROPER   NAMES 


Fulvius  Flaccus,  friend  and  sup- 
porter of  Cains  Gracchus.  21  (J  ; 
murdered  by  the  agents  of  Opi- 
ruius,  235  ff.  ;  his  high  char- 
acter, 239. 


G 

Gracchus,  Cains,  character  and 
achievements,  passim  in  his  Life. 

Gracchus,  Tiberius,  character  and 
achievements,  passim  in  his  Life. 


H 


Hannibal,  Carthaginian  general, 
stirred  Antiochus  against  the 
Romans,  347  :  his  death  through 
the  persecution  of  Titus  Flamin- 
inus,  381. 

Hera,  loved  by  Ixion,  3. 

Hippomedon,  supported  the  re- 
forms of  King  Agis,  17. 


Ixion,  embraced  a  cloud  instead  of 
Hera  and  begat  the  Centaurs,  3. 


Leuctra,  rout  of  the  Arcadians  by 
Cleomenes  there,  61. 

Lycurgus,  founder  of  the  Spartan 
institutions,  13 ;  his  memory 
detested  by  Spartans  in  later 
times,  15. 

Lysander,  supported  the  reforms  of 
King  Agis,  15;  became  ephor, 
and  introduced  a  bill  for  the 
abolition  of  debts,  19  ;  indicted 
Leonidas,  25 ;  was  indicted  in 
turn,  29. 

M 

Machanidas,  tyrant  of  Sparta, 
defeated  and  killed  by  Philo- 
poemen  at  Mantineia,  281  ff. 

Mancinus,  Caius,  campaign  against 
Numantia,  153. 

Mandrocleidas,  supported  the  re- 
forms of  King  Agis,  15  ;  indicted 
for  this,  29. 

Megalopolis,  captured  by  Cleo- 
menes, 103. 

Megistonoiis,  step-father  of  King 
Cleomenes  of  Sparta,  assisted  the 
latter  in  overthrowing  the 
ephors,  65. 


Laelius,  Caius,  attempted  without 
success  to  remedy  the  social  and 
economic  condition  of  the 
Romans,  161. 

Leonidas.  king  of  the  Lacedae- 
monians, eighth  in  descent  from 
the  Pausanias  who  defeated 
Mardonius  at  Plataea  in  488  B.C., 
9. 

Leonidas,  11,  became  king  of  the 
Lacedaemonians  ca.  256  B.C., 
luxury -loving  and  weak  ;  assisted 
the  rich  in  opposing  the  reforms 
of  Agis,  19,  24  ;  was  indicted  for 
having  children  by  a  foreign 
woman,  27 ;  deposed  as  king 
about  242  B.C.,  29  ;  was  brought 
back  to  Sparta  by  his  partisans, 
37 ;  expelled  the  ephors  from 
office,  41. 


Nabis,  tyrant  of  Sparta,  yielded  to 
Philopoemen  at  Messene,  289 ; 
defeated  Philopoemen  at  sea, 
293  ;  was  defeated  at  Sparta  by 
Philopoemen,  295  ;  assassinated, 
297. 

Xasica,  P.  Cornelius  Scipio,  leader 
of  the  Senate  in  the  murder  of 
Tiberius  Gracchus.  193 ;  in- 
curred thereby  the  popular 
hatred,  195. 

Nicanor.  Messenian,  enemy  of  King 
Cleomenes  of  Sparta,  plotted 
against  him  in  Egypt,  129. 


0 


Octavius,  Marcus,  popular  tribune., 
opposed  the  m°asures  of  Tiberius 
Gracchus,  167  ;  was  ejected  from 
his  office  by  Tiberius,  173. 

399 


DICTIONARY    OF    PROPER    NAMES 


Opimius,  Lucius,  as  consul  led  in 
the  opposition  to  Caius  Gracchus, 
223,  227,  229,  233  ;  restored  the 
Temple  of  Concord,  239  ;  guilty 
of  corruption,  239. 


him  asylum  after  his  defeat  at 
Sellasia,  123. 

Ptolemy  IV,  Philopator,  his  char- 
acter and  his  attitude  toward 
King  Cleomenes  of  Sparta,  125. 


Pasiphae",  her  temple  and  oracle  at 
Thalamae  in  Laconia ;  she  was 
daughter  of  Atlas  and  mother  by 
Zeus  of  Hermes,  or  else  was 
another  name  for  Cassandra, 
daughter  of  Priam,  or  else 
identical  with  Daphne,  21. 

Pausanias,  9,  king  of  the  Lace- 
daemonians, defeated  Mardonius 
at  Plataea  in  488  B.C. ;  his  suc- 
cessors on  the  throne  down  to 
Agis,  9. 

Pausanias,  9,  son  of  Pleistoanax, 
king  of  the  Lacedaemonians, 
went  hi  exile  to  Tegea. 

Pherecydes,  though  a  foreigner,  was 
honoured  in  Sparta,  25. 

Philip  V,  king  of  Macedon,  opposed 
Philopoemen,  287  ;  the  campaign 
of  Titus  Flamininus  against  him, 
329  ff.,  339  ff. ;  his  defeat  at 
Cynoscephalae,  341  ff. 

Philopoemen,  successor  of  Aratus  as 
leader  of  the  Achaean  League,  his 
character  and  achievements, 
passim  in  his  Life;  aroused  the 
jealousy  of  Titus  Flamininus, 
361  ;  kept  Megalopolis  faithful  to 
the  League,  105,  265. 

Phrynis,  harpist,  was  obliged  in 
Sparta  to  modify  his  harp  of  nine 
strings,  25. 

Pleistoanax,  king  of  the  Lace- 
daemonians after  his  father 
Pausanias,  9. 

Ptolemy  II,  Euergetes,  aided  King 
Cleomenes  of  Sparta,  99 ;  gave 


S 


Sellasia,  decisive  defeat  of  King 
Cleomenes  there  by  Antigonus, 
113,  267. 

Sosibius,  minister  of  Ptolemy  IV, 
Philopator,  hostile  to  King 
Cleomenes  of  Sparta,  125. 

Sparta,  the  two  lines  of  kings  in 
descent  from  Agesilaus  and  Pau- 
sanias, 9  ff. ;  after  its  overthrow 
of  Athens  became  wealthy  and 
corrupt,  11 ;  decline  in  Spartan 
families  and  concentration  of  the 
wealth  in  the  hands  of  a  few.  15  ; 
its  wealth  in  the  hands  of  the 
women,  17  ;  economic  and  social 
condition  when  Cleomenes  came 
to  the  throne  in  235  B.C.,  54 ; 
defeated  by  Philopoemen  and 
forced  into  the  Achaean  League, 
297. 


Terpander,  though  an  alien,  was 
honoured  at  Sparta,  25. 

Thalamae,  in  Laconia,  seat  of  the 
oracle  of  Pasiphae,  21. 

Thales,  though  a  foreigner,  was 
honoured  at  Sparta,  25. 

Theopompus,  king  of  the  Lace- 
daemonians, wounded  (or  slain) 
by  Aristoiuenes  in  battle,  49. 


Xenares,  friend  of  King  Cleomenes 
of  Sparta,  55. 


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and  II.  3rd  Imp.,  Vols.  Ill .-IX.  2nd  Imp.) 
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Vol.  XL     F.Walton.    (Vol.  1. 3rd  Imp.,  Vols.  II.-IV.  2nd  Imp.) 
DIOGENES  LAERTIUS.     R.  D.  Hicks.     2  Vols.     (5th  Imp.). 
DIONYSIUS   OF   HALICARNASSUS  :     ROMAN   ANTIQUITIES.     Spel- 

man's  translation  revised  by  E.  Cary.     7  Vols.     (Vols.  I.-V. 

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II.  8th  Imp.,  Vol.  III.  6th  Imp.)     Verse  trans. 
EUSEBIUS:      ECCLESIASTICAL     HISTORY.     Kirsopp     Lake     and 

J.  E.  L.  Oulton.  2  Vols.  (Vol.  I.  3rd  Imp.,  Vol.  II.  5th  Imp.) 
GAXEN:  ON  THE  NATURAL  FACULTIES.  A.  J.  Brock,  (4th  Imp.) 
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5th  Imp.,  Vol.  V.  3rd  Imp.) 
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J.  M.  Edmonds.     (1th  Imp.  revised.) 
GREEK  MATHEMATICAL  WORKS.     Ivor  Thomas.     2  Vols.     (3rd 

Imp.) 

HERODES.     Cf.  THEOPHRASTUS  :   CHARACTERS. 
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II.  and  III.  5th  Imp.,  Vol.  IV.  3rd  Imp.) 
HESIOD    AND    THE   HOMERIC    HYMNS.      II.    G.    Evelyn    White. 

(7 th  Imp.  revised  and  enlarged.) 
HIPPOCRATES  and  the  FRAGMENTS  OF  HFKACLEITUS.     VV.  H.  S. 

Jones  and  E.  T.  Withington.     4  Vols.     (Vol.  I.     4th  Imp., 

Vols.  II.-IV.  3rd  Imp.) 

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HOMER:    ODYSSEY.     A.  T.  Murray.     2  Vols.     (8th  Imp.) 
ISAEUS.     E.  W.  Forster.     (3rd  Imp.) 
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ST.  JOHN  DAMASCENE:    BARLAAM  AND  IOASAPH.     Rev.  G.  R. 

Woodward  and  Harold  Mattingly.      (3rd  Imp.  revised.) 
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Vols.  I.-VII.     (Vol.  V.  4th  Imp.,  Vol.  VI.  3rd  Imp.,  Vols.  I.-IV. 

and  VII.  2nd  Imp.) 
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3rd  Imp.,  Vol.  III.  2nd  Imp.) 
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Vol.  II   revised  and  enlarged,  and  III.  4th  Imp.) 
LYSIAS.     W.  R.  M.  Lamb.     (3rd  Imp.) 
MANETHO.     W.  G.  Waddell:    PTOLEMY:    TETRABIBLOS.     F.  E. 

Robbins.     (3rd  Imp.) 

MARCUS  AURELIUS.     C.  R.  Eainos.      (4th  Imp.  revised.) 
MENANDER.     F.  G.  Allinson.     (3rd  Imp.  revised.) 
MINOR    ATTIC    ORATORS    (ANTIPHON,    ANDOCIDES,    LYCURGUS, 

DEMADES,  DINARCHUS,  HYPEREIDES).     K.  J.  Maidment  and 

J.  O.  Burrt,     2  Vols.     (Vol.  I.  2nd  Im-p.) 

NONNOS:  DIONYSIACA.  W.  H.  D.  Rouse.  3  Vols.  (2nd  Imp.) 
OPPIAN,  COLLUTHUS,  TRYPHIODORUS.  A.  W.  Mair.  (2nd  Imp.) 
PAPYRI.  NON-LITERARY  SELECTIONS.  A.  S.  Hunt  and  C.  C. 

Edgar.       2     Vols.       (2nd     Imp.)      LITERARY     SELECTIONS. 

(Poetry).     D.  L.  Page.     (3rd  Imp.) 

6 


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Vols.   and   Companion   Vol.   arranged  by   R.   E.    Wycherley. 

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Whitaker      Vols.  VI.-IX.;    F.  H.  Colson.     (Vols.  I-IL,  V.- 

VII.,  3rd  Imp.,  Vol.  IV.  4th  Imp.,  Vols.  III.,  VIII.,  and  IX. 

2nd  Imp.) 
PHILO:     two  supplementary  Vols.     (Translation  only.)      Ralph 

Marcus. 
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Conybeare.      2  Vols.     (Vol.  I.  4th  Imp.,  Vol.  II.  3rd  Imp.) 
PHILOSTRATUS  :      IMAGINES;      CALLISTRATUS  :      DESCRIPTIONS. 

A.  Fairbanks.      (2nd  Imp.) 

PHILOSTRATUS     and     EUNAPIUS:      LIVES     OF    THE     SOPHISTS. 

\\ilmer  Cave  Wright.     (2nd  Imp.) 
PINDAR.     Sir  J.  E.  Sandys.     (Sth  Imp.  revised.) 
PLATO:    CHARMIDES,  ALCIBIADES,  HIPPARCHUS,  THE  LOVERS, 

THEAGES,    MINOS    and    EPINOMIS.     W.    R.    M.    Lamb.     (2nd 

Imp.) 
PLATO:     CRATYLUS,   PARMENIDES,   GREATER   HIPPIAS,    LESSER 

HIPPIAS.     H.  N.  Fowler.     (4th  Imp.) 
PLATO:     EUTHYPHRO,    APOLOGY,    CRITO,    PHAEDO,    PHAEDRUS. 

H.  N.  Fowler,     (llth  Imp.) 
PLATO:   LACHES,  PROTAGORAS,  MENO,  EOTHYDEMUS.     W.  R.  M. 

Lamb.     (3rd  Imp.  revised.) 

PLATO:    LAWS.     Rev.  R.  G.  Bury.      2  Vols.     (3rd  Imp.) 
PLATO:    LYSIS,  SYMPOSIUM  GORGIAS.     W.  R.  M.  Lamb.     (5th 

Imp.  revised.) 
PLATO:    REPUBLIC.     Paul  Shorey.      2  Vols.  (Vol.   I.   5th  Imp., 

Vol.  II.  4th  Imp.) 
PLATO:   STATESMAN,  PHILEBUS.    H.  N.  Fowler;   ION.    W.  R.  M. 

Lamb.     (4th  Imp.) 

PLATO:    THEAETETUS  and  SOPHIST.     H.  N.  Fowler.     (4th  Imp.) 
PLATO:   TIMAEUS,  CRITIAS,  CLITOPHO,  MENEXENUS,  EPISTULAE. 

Rev.  R.  G.  Bury.     (3rd  Imp.) 
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Vol.  VI.     W.  C.  Holmbold.     Vol.  VII.     P.  H.  De  Lacy  and 

B.  Einarson.     Vol.     X.     H.     N.     Fowler.     Vol.     XII.     H. 
Cherniss  and  W.  C  Helmbold.    (Vols.  I .-VI.  and  X.  2nd  Imp.) 

PLUTARCH:     THE    PARALLEL    LIVES.      B.    Perrin.       11    Vols. 

(Vols.  I.,  II.,  VI.,  VII.,  and  XI.  3rd  Imp.,  Vols.  III.-V.  and 

VIII.-X.     2nd  Imp.) 

POLYBIUS.     W.  R.  Paton.     6  Vols.     (2nd  Imp.) 
PROCOPIUS:    HISTORY  OF  THE  WARS.     H.  B.  Dewing.     7  Vols. 

(Vol.  1.  3rd  Imp.,  Vols.  II.-VII.  2nd  Imp.) 
PTOLEMY:   TETRABIBLOS.     Cf.  MANETHO. 

QUINTUS  SMYRNAEUS.     A.  S.  Way.     Verse  trans.      (3rd  Imp.) 
SEXTUS  EMPIRICUS.     Rev.  R.  G.  Bury.     4  Vols.     (Vol.  I.  4th 

Imp.,  Vols.  II.  and  III.  2nd  Imp.) 
SOPHOCLES.     F.  Storr.      2  Vols.     (Vol.  I.  KM  Imp.     Vol.  II. 

Imp.)     Verse  trans. 


STBABO:  GEOGRAPHY.     Horace  L.  Jones.     8  Vols.     (Vols.  L,  V., 

and  VIII.  3rd  Imp.,  Vola.  II.,  III.,  IV.,  VI.,  and  VII.  2nd  Imp.) 
THEOPHRASTUS  :     CHARACTERS.     J.    M.    Edmonds.     HERODES, 

etc.     A.  D.  Knox.     (3rd  Imp.\ 
THEOPHRASTUS:     ENQUIRY    INTO    PLANTS.     Sir    Arthur    Hort, 

Bart.     2  Vols.     (2nd  Imp.) 
THUCYDIDES.     C.  F.  Smith.     4  Vols.     (Vol.  I.  5th  Imp.,  Vols. 

II.  and  IV.  4th  Imp.,  Vol.  III.,  3rd  Imp.  revised.) 
TRYPHIODORUS.     Cf.  OPPIAN. 
XENOPHON:     CYROPAEDIA.     Walter  Miller.      2  Vols.     (Vol.   I. 

4th  Imp.,  Vol.  II.  3rd  Imp.) 
XENOPHON:   HELLENICA,  ANABASIS,  APOLOGY,  and  SYMPOSIUM. 

C.  L.  Brownson  and  O.  J.  Todd.      3  Vols.     ( Vols.  I.  and  III 

3rd  Imp.,  Vol.  II.  4th  Imp.) 
XENOPHON:   MEMORABILIA  and  OECONOMICUS.     E.  C.  Marchani 

(3rd  Imp.) 
XENOPHON:    SCRIPTA  MINORA.     E.  C.  Marchanfc.     (3rd  Imp.) 


IN   PREPARATION 


Greek  Authors 

ARISTOTLE:    HISTORY  OF  ANIMALS.     A.  L.  Peck. 
PLOTINUS:    A.  H.  Armstrong. 


Latin  Authors 

BAERIUS  AND  PHAEDRUS.     Ben  E.  Perry. 
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Cambridge,  Mass.  HARVARD   UNIVERSITY    PRESS 


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CICERO:  DE    REPUBLICA,    DE    LEGIBUS 

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FLORUS.     CORNELIUS  NEPOS 

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LUCAN 

LUCRETIUS 

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MINOR    LATIN   POETS:    from   Publilius    Syrus    to   Rutilius 

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Avianus,  and  others 

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PLINY:  LETTERS.     2  vols. 

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PRUDENTIUS.     2  vols. 

QUINTILIAN.     4  vols. 

REMAINS  OF  OLD  LATIN.     4  vols. 

SALLUST 

SCRIPTORES  HISTORIAE  AUGUSTAE.     3  vols. 

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SENECA:  MORAL  ESSAYS.     3  vols. 

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SILIUS  ITALICUS.     2  vols. 

STATIUS.     2  vols. 

SUETONIUS.     2  vols. 

TACITUS:  DIALOGUS,  AGRICOLA,  GERMANIA 

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LYRA  GRAECA.     3  vols. 

LYSIAS 

MANETHO.     PTOLEMY:  TETRABIBLOS 

MARCUS  AURELIUS 

MENANDER 

MINOR  ATTIC  ORATORS.     2  vols. 

NONNOS:  DIONYSIACA.     3  vols. 

OPPIAN.     COLLUTHUS.     TRYPHIODORUS 

PAPYRI:  SELECTIONS.     5  vols.     Vols.  I-III 

PAUSANIAS:  DESCRIPTION  OF  GREECE.     5  vols. 

PHILO.     10  vols.     Vols.  I-IX.  AND  2  supplementary  vols.  (translation  only 

PHILOSTRATUS:  LIFE  OF  APOLLONIUS  OF  TYANA.     2  vols. 

PHILOSTRATUS  AND  EUNAPIUS:  LIVES  OF  THE  SOPHISTS 

PHILOSTRATUS:  IMAGINES.    CALLISTRATUS:  DESCRIPTIONS  5 

PINDAR 

.T*LATO :  CHARMIDES,  ALCIBIADES  I  &  II.    HIPPARCHU'S,  THE  LOVERS,  THEAGES,  MINOS  .? 

EPINOMIS  • 

PLATO:    CRATYLUS,    PARMENIDES,    GREATER    AND    LESSER    HIPPIAS  * 

PLATO:    EUTHYPHRO,    APOLOGY,    CRITO,    PHAEDO,    PHAEDRUS  s' 

PLATO:  LACHES,  PROTAGORAS,  MENO.  EUTHYDEMUS 

PLATO:  LAWS.     2  vols. 

PLATO:  LYSIS,  SYMPOSIUM,  GORGIAS 

PLATO :  REPUBLIC.     2  vols. 

PLATO:    STATESMAN,    PHILEBUS,    ION 
PLATO:    THEAETETUS,    SOPHIST 

PLATO:  TIMAEUS,  CRITIAS,  CLEITOPHON,  MENEXENUS.  EPISTLES 

PLUTARCH:  PARALLEL  LIVES.     11  vols. 

PLUTARCH:  MOR ALIA.     15  vols.     Vols.  I-VII,  X  and  XII 

POLYBIUS.     6  vols. 

PROCOPIUS.     7  vols. 

PTOLEMY:  TETRABIBLOS  (with  MANETHO 

QUINTUS  SMYRNAEUS 

SEXTUS  EMPIRICUS.     4  vols. 

SOPHOCLES.     2  vols. 

STRABO:  GEOGRAPHY.     8  vols.  5 

THEOCRITUS 

THEOPHRASTUS:    CHARACTERS.     HERODES,    CERCIDAS     and    the    GREEK 

CHOLIAMBIC  POETS 

THEOPHRASTUS:  ENQUIRY  INTO  PLANTS.     2  vols. 
THUCYDIDES.     4  vols. 
XENOPHON:  CYROPAEDIA.     2  vols. 

XENOPHON:  HELLENICA,  ANABASIS,  APOLOGY,  SYMPOSIUM.     3  vols 
XENOPHON:  MEMORABILIA  and  OECONOMICUS 
XENOPHON:  SCRIPTA  MINORA 

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AMMIANUS  MARCELLINUS.     3  vols. 
APULEIUS:  THE  GOLDEN  ASS  (METAMORPHOSES) 
ST.  AUGUSTINE:  CITY  OF  GOD.     7  vols.     Vol.  I 
ST.  AUGUSTINE:  CONFESSIONS.     2  vols. 
ST.  AUGUSTINE:  SELECT  LETTERS 
AUSONIUS.     2  vols. 
BEDE:  HISTORICAL  WORKS.     2  vols. 

BOETHIUS:  TRACTATES  and  DE  CONSOLATIONS  PHILOSOPHIAE 
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